# 验证码
## 验证码
* 在用户注册、登录页面,为了防止暴力请求,可以加入验证码功能,如果验证码错误,则不需要继续处理,可以减轻一些服务器的压力
* 使用验证码也是一种有效的防止crsf的方法
* 验证码效果如下图:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/8f9fa12a0ad5b759e471d98fc0cef0fb_200x50.png)
### 验证码视图
* 定义vrrifycode函数视图
* 使用pillow,pip install pillow
* Image标识画布对象
* ImageDraw表示画笔对象
* ImageFont表示字体对象
* 代码如下:
```text
from django.http import HttpResponse
def verifycode(request):
#引入绘图模块
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
#引入随机函数模块
import random
#定义变量,用于画面的背景色、宽、高
bgcolor = (random.randrange(20, 100), random.randrange(
20, 100), 255)
width = 100
height = 25
#创建画面对象
im = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), bgcolor)
#创建画笔对象
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
#调用画笔的point()函数绘制噪点
for i in range(0, 100):
xy = (random.randrange(0, width), random.randrange(0, height))
fill = (random.randrange(0, 255), 255, random.randrange(0, 255))
draw.point(xy, fill=fill)
#定义验证码的备选值
str1 = 'ABCD123EFGHIJK456LMNOPQRS789TUVWXYZ0'
#随机选取4个值作为验证码
rand_str = ''
for i in range(0, 4):
rand_str += str1[random.randrange(0, len(str1))]
#构造字体对象
font = ImageFont.truetype('arial.ttf', 36)
#构造字体颜色
fontcolor = (255, random.randrange(0, 255), random.randrange(0, 255))
#绘制4个字
draw.text((5, 2), rand_str[0], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((25, 2), rand_str[1], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((50, 2), rand_str[2], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((75, 2), rand_str[3], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
#释放画笔
del draw
#存入session,用于做进一步验证
request.session['verifycode'] = rand_str
#内存文件操作
from io import BytesIO
buf = BytesIO()
#将图片保存在内存中,文件类型为png
im.save(buf, 'png')
#将内存中的图片数据返回给客户端,MIME类型为图片png
return HttpResponse(buf.getvalue(), 'image/png')--
```
## 配置url
* 在urls.py中配置路由,请求验证码视图的url
```text
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from . import views
app_name = 'myapp'
urlpatterns = [
url('^image/$',views.verifycode),
]
```
## 显示验证码
* 在模板中使用img标签,src指向验证码视图
```text
<img id='verifycode' src="/verifycode/" alt="CheckCode"/>
```
* 启动服务器,查看显示成功
* 扩展:点击"看不清,换一个"时,可以换一个新的验证码
```text
<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
$('#verifycodeChange').css('cursor','pointer').click(function() {
$('#verifycode').attr('src',$('#verifycode').attr('src')+1)
});
});
</script>
<img id='verifycode' src="/verifycode/?1" alt="CheckCode"/>
<span id='verifycodeChange'>看不清,换一个</span>
```
* 为了能够实现提交功能,需要增加form和input标签
```text
<form method='post' action='/verifycodeValid/'>
<input type="text" name="vc">
<img id='verifycode' src="/verifycode/?1" alt="CheckCode"/>
<span id='verifycodeChange'>看不清,换一个</span>
<br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
```
## 验证
* 接收请求的信息,与session中的内容对比
```text
def verifycodeValid(request):
name = request.POST['name']
if name.upper() == request.session['verifycode']:
return HttpResponse('ok')
else:
return HttpResponse('no')
```
## 完整代码
login.html模板
```text
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="{% url 'myapp:verifycodeValid' %}">
{% csrf_token %}
<input type="text" name="name"><br />
<img src="verifycode" srcset="{% url 'myapp:verifycode' %}?1" alt="CheckCode"/>
<span id="verifycodeChange">看不清,换一个</span><br />
<input type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$('#verifycodeChange').css('cursor','pointer').click(function () {
$('#verifycode').attr('src',$('#verifycode').attr('src')+1)
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
```
views.py视图
```text
from django.http import HttpResponse
def verifycode(request):
# 引入绘图模块
from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont
# 引入随机函数模块
import random
# 定义变量,用于画面的背景色、宽、高
# random.randrange(start,stop,step),随机选取一个
bgcolor = (random.randrange(20,100),random.randrange(20,100),255)
width = 200
height = 50
# 创建画面对象
im = Image.new('RGB',(width,height),bgcolor)
# 创建画笔对象
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
# 调用画笔的point()函数绘制噪点
for i in range(0,100):
xy = (random.randrange(0,width),random.randrange(0,height))
fill = (random.randrange(0,255),255,random.randrange(0,255))
draw.point(xy,fill=fill)
# 定义验证码的备选值
str1 = 'ABCD123EFGHIJK456LMNOPQRS789TUVWXYZ0'
# 随机选取4个值作为验证码
rand_str = ""
for i in range(0,4):
rand_str += str1[random.randrange(0, len(str1))]
# 构造字体对象
font = ImageFont.truetype('arial.ttf', 36)
# 构造字体颜色
fontcolor = (255,random.randrange(0,255),random.randrange(0,255))
# 绘制4个字
draw.text((5,2),rand_str[0],font=font,fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((25, 2), rand_str[1], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((50, 2), rand_str[2], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
draw.text((75, 2), rand_str[3], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
#释放画笔
del draw
# 存入session,用于做进一步验证
request.session['verifycode'] = rand_str
# 内存文件操作
from io import BytesIO
buf = BytesIO()
# 将图片保存在内存中,文件类型为png
im.save(buf,'png')
# 将内存中的图片数据返回给客户端,MIME类型为图片png
return HttpResponse(buf.getvalue(),'image/png')
def verifycodeValid(request):
name = request.POST['name']
if name.upper() == request.session['verifycode']:
return HttpResponse('ok')
else:
return HttpResponse('no')
def login(request):
return render(request,'myapp/login.html')
```
urls.py配置路由
```text
url(r'^login/$',views.login,name="login"),
url('^image/$',views.verifycode,name="verifycode"),
url(r'^verifycodeValid/$',views.verifycodeValid,name="verifycodeValid"),
```