本篇文章作为Lua基础部分的一个小结,演示两个小程序,来表现Lua的不同特性。第一个例子说明Lua如何作为一门数据描述性语言使用。第2个例子,是一个马尔可夫链算法的实现。
**ps**:个人觉得书中的这一章有点莫名其妙,感觉两个例子也没有起到什么总结作用,反而感觉讲得有点云里雾里的。
## 1. 数据描述
在Lua的网站上保留了一个数据库,存储了世界上使用Lua的项目的一些示例代码。我们用一个结构体来表示数据库中的每一个条目,如下所示:
~~~
entry{
title = "Tecgraf",
org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio",
url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/",
contact = "Waldemar Celes",
description = [[
Tecgraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
and <a HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</a>,
the Brazilian Oil Company.
Tecgraf is Lua's birthplace,
and the language has been used there since 1993.
Currently, more than thirty programmers in Tecgraf use
Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
final products.]]
}
~~~
含有一系列这样条目的一个数据文件,居然也是一个Lua程序,它以table为参数去对函数*entry* 进行一系列调用。
我们要写一个程序将这些数据以HTML格式展示出来,这些数据就变成网页 http://www.lua.org/uses.html。 因为有很多项目,最终的页面先列出所有项目的主题,再展示每个项目的细节。如下所示,是程序的一个典型输出:
~~~
<html>
<head><title>Projects using Lua</title></head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Here are brief descriptions of some projects around the
world that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
<br>
<ul>
<li><a href="#1">Tecgraf</a>
<li> <other entries>
</ul>
<h3>
<a name="1" href="http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/">Tecgraf</a>
<br>
<small><em>Computer Graphics Technology Group,
PUC-Rio</em></small>
</h3>
Tecgraf is the result of a partnership between
...
distributed among dozens of final products.<p>
Contact: Waldemar Celes
<a name="2"></a><hr>
<other entries>
</body></html>
~~~
为了读取数据,程序简单定义了*entry* ,然后用*dofile* 运行该数据文件。注意,我们必须遍历所有的条目两遍,第一次是为了获取主题列表,第二次来获取项目描述信息。一种方法是将所有的条目手收集到一个array中。但是,还有另一个比较吸引人的方法:运行这个数据文件两次,每次使用不同的*entry* 定义。下面我们使用第二种方法。
首先,我们定义一个格式化写入的函数:
~~~
function fwrite (fmt, ...)
return io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end
~~~
函数*writeheader* 简单的写入page header,如下:
~~~
function writeheader()
io.write([[
<html>
<head><title>Projects using Lua</title></head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Here are brief descriptions of some projects around the
world that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
<br>
]])
end
~~~
*entry* 的第一个定义,将每一个项目主题写入到list中为一个条目,参数*o* 是描述项目的table:
~~~
function entry1 (o)
count = count + 1
local title = o.title or '(no title)'
fwrite('<li><a href="#%d">%s</a>\n', count, title)
end
~~~
如果*o.title* 为**nil**(也就是说这个域没有被提供),函数使用一个固定的"(no title)"。
*entry* 的第二个定义如下,写入一个项目的所有有用数据。有一点复杂,因为所有的选项都是可选的。(HTML中使用双引号,为了避免跟HTML冲突,我们在程序中使用单引号)。
~~~
function entry2 (o)
count = count + 1
fwrite('<hr>\n<h3>\n')
local href = o.url and string.format(' href="%s"', o.url) or ''
local title = o.title or o.org or 'org'
fwrite('<a name="%d"%s>%s</a>\n', count, href, title)
if o.title and o.org then
fwrite('<br>\n<small><em>%s</em></small>', o.org)
end
fwrite('\n</h3>\n')
if o.description then
fwrite('%s<p>\n',
string.gsub(o.description, '\n\n+', '<p>\n'))
end
if o.email then
fwrite('Contact: <a href="mailto:%s">%s</a>\n',
o.email, o.contact or o.email)
elseif o.contact then
fwrite('Contact: %s\n', o.contact)
end
end
~~~
最后一个函数*writetail* ,写page tail。
~~~
function writetail ()
fwrite('</body></html>\n')
end
~~~
主程序如下所示。程序打开页面,加载数据文件,用*entry* 的第一个定义(entry1)来创建主题列表,然后重置计数器,再用*entry* 的第二个定义(entry2)来运行数据文件,最后关闭页面。
~~~
local inputfile = 'db.lua'
writeheader()
count = 0
f = loadfile(inputfile) -- loads data file
entry = entry1 -- defines 'entry'
fwrite('<ul>\n')
f() -- runs data file
fwrite('</ul>\n')
count = 0
entry = entry2 -- redefines 'entry'
f() -- runs data file again
writetail()
~~~
汇总了一下上面的程序代码如下:
~~~
function fwrite (fmt, ...)
return io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end
function writeheader()
io.write([[
<html>
<head><title>Projects using lua</title></head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Here are brief description of some projects around the world
that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
<br>
]])
end
function entry1 (o)
count = count + 1
local title = o.title or '(no title)'
fwrite('<li><a href="#%d">%s</a>\n', count, title)
end
function entry2 (o)
count = count + 1
fwrite('<hr>\n<h3>\n')
local href = o.url and string.format(' href="%s"', o.url)
local title = o.title or o.org or 'org'
fwrite('<a name="%d"%s>%s</a>\n', count, href, title)
if o.title and o.org then
fwrite('<br>\n<small><em>%s</em></small>', o.org)
end
fwrite('\n</h3>\n')
if o.description then
fwrite('%s<p>\n',
string.gsub(o.description, '\n\n+', '<p>\n'))
end
if o.email then
fwrite('Contact: <a href="mailto:%s">%s</a>\n',
o.email, o.contact or o.email)
elseif o.contact then
fwrite('Contact: %s\n', o.contact)
end
end
function writetail ()
fwrite('</body></html>\n')
end
local inputfile = 'db.lua'
writeheader()
count = 0
f = loadfile(inputfile) -- loads data file
entry = entry1 -- defines 'entry'
fwrite('<ul>\n')
f() -- runs data file
fwrite('</ul>\n')
count = 0
entry = entry2 -- redefines 'entry'
f() -- runs data file again
writetail()
~~~
db.lua文件的内容如下:
~~~
entry{
title = "Tecgraf",
org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio",
url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/",
contact = "Waldemar Celes",
description = [[
TeCGraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
and <A HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</A>,
the Brazilian Oil Company.
TeCGraf is Lua's birthplace,
and the language has been used there since 1993.
Currently, more than thirty programmers in TeCGraf use
Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
final products.]]
}
entry{
title = "Tecgraf_02",
org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio, the 2nd entry",
url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/, the 2nd entry",
contact = "Waldemar Celes 02",
description = [[
This is the 2nd entry,
TeCGraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
and <A HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</A>,
the Brazilian Oil Company.
TeCGraf is Lua's birthplace,
and the language has been used there since 1993.
Currently, more than thirty programmers in TeCGraf use
Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
final products.]]
}
~~~
运行结果如下:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-09-06_57ce5ef2a654a.jpg)
## 2. 马尔可夫链算法
第2个例子是马尔可夫链算法的实现.这个程序基于文本中的前n个词来生成随机的文本,这里我们假设n为2。
程序的第一部分,读取基本文本,并创建一个table,每两个单词为一个前缀,将基本文本中在该前缀之后的单词(可能有多个)存入table中。创建完该table后,程序用这个table去随机生成文本,每个前缀后的单词出现的概率跟在基本文本中大致相同。这样,我们就得到一个相当随机的文本。
我们会把两个单词用一个空格“ ”链接起来,编码为前缀:
~~~
function prefix (w1, w2)
return w1 .. " " .. w2
end
~~~
我们使用字符串 NOWORD("\n")来初始化前缀单词,并且标记文本的结尾。例如:
~~~
the more we try the more we do
~~~
生成的table将会是:
~~~
{ ["\n \n"] = {"the"},
["\n the"] = {"more"},
["the more"] = {"we", "we"}, -- 有两处"the more we"
["more we"] = {"try", "do"}, -- 两处"more we try", "more we do"
["we try"] = {"the"},
["try the"] = {"more"},
["we do"] = {"\n"},
}
~~~
程序将它的table保存到变量statetab中。我们用下面的函数在这个table的前缀list中插入一个新的单词
~~~
function insert (index, value)
local list = statetab[index]
if list == nil then
statetab[index] = {value}
else
list[#list + 1] = value
end
end
~~~
它首先检查这个前缀是否有list了;如果么有,那么用这个新值创建一个新的list;否则,就将这个新值插入到已存在的list的末尾。
要创建statetab这个table,我们保存两个变量,w1 和 w2,保存最后读取的两个单词。每读取一个新的单词,我们就将它添加到与w1-w2关联的list中,然后update一下w1和w2。
创建完这个table后,程序开始用MAXGEN个单词来生成文本。首先,它重新初始化w1和w2。然后,对每个前缀,它从合法的下一个单词的list中随机选取一个,打印这个单词,然后update下w1和w2. 下面是完整版的程序。
~~~
-- Auxiliary definitions for the Markov program
function allwords ()
local line = io.read() -- current line
local pos = 1 -- current position in the line
return function () -- iterator function
while line do -- repeat while there are lines
local s, e = string.find(line, "%w+", pos)
if s then -- found a word?
pos = e + 1 -- update next position
return string.sub(line, s, e) -- return the word
else
line = io.read() -- word not found; try next line
pos = 1 -- restart from first position
end
end
return nil -- no more lines: end of traversal
end
end
function prefix (w1, w2)
return w1 .. " " .. w2
end
local statetab = {}
function insert (index, value)
local list = statetab[index]
if list == nil then
statetab[index] = {value}
else
list[#list + 1] = value
end
end
-- The Markov program
local N = 2
local MAXGEN = 10000
local NOWORD = "\n"
-- build table
local w1, w2 = NOWORD, NOWORD
for w in allwords() do
insert(prefix(w1, w2), w)
w1 = w2; w2 = w;
end
insert(prefix(w1, w2), NOWORD)
-- generate text
w1 = NOWORD; w2 = NOWORD -- reinitialize
for i=1, MAXGEN do
local list = statetab[prefix(w1, w2)]
-- choose a random item from list
local r = math.random(#list)
local nextword = list[r]
if nextword == NOWORD then return end
io.write(nextword, " ")
w1 = w2; w2 = nextword
end
~~~
运行结果如下:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-09-06_57ce5ef2c7a07.jpg)
水平有限,如果有朋友发现错误,欢迎留言交流