## Extensions Extensions are similar to categories in Objective-C. Extensions in Swift can: Add computed properties and computed static properties Define instance methods and type methods Provide new initializers Define subscripts Define and use new nested types Make an existing type conform to a protocol If you define an extension to add new functionality to an existing type, the new functionality will be available on all existing instances of that type, even if they were created before the extension was defined. ~~~ extension SomeType { // new functionality to add to SomeType goes here } extension SomeType: SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol { // implementation of protocol requirements goes here } ~~~ ~~~ extension Double { var km: Double { return self * 1_000.0 } var m: Double { return self } var cm: Double { return self / 100.0 } var mm: Double { return self / 1_000.0 } var ft: Double { return self / 3.28084 } } let oneInch = 25.4.mm println("One inch is \(oneInch) meters") // prints "One inch is 0.0254 meters" let threeFeet = 3.ft println("Three feet is \(threeFeet) meters") // prints "Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters" ~~~ Extensions can add new computed properties, but they cannot add stored properties, or add property observers to existing properties. ~~~ struct Size { var width = 0.0, height = 0.0 } struct Point { var x = 0.0, y = 0.0 } struct Rect { var origin = Point() var size = Size() } let defaultRect = Rect() let memberwiseRect = Rect(origin: Point(x: 2.0, y: 2.0), size: Size(width: 5.0, height: 5.0)) extension Rect { init(center: Point, size: Size) { let originX = center.x - (size.width / 2) let originY = center.y - (size.height / 2) self.init(origin: Point(x: originX, y: originY), size: size) } } let centerRect = Rect(center: Point(x: 4.0, y: 4.0), size: Size(width: 3.0, height: 3.0)) // centerRect's origin is (2.5, 2.5) and its size is (3.0, 3.0) ~~~ ~~~ extension Int { func repetitions(task: () -> ()) { for i in 0..self { task() } } } 3.repetitions({ println("Hello!") }) // Hello! // Hello! // Hello! //Use trailing closure syntax to make the call more succinct: 3.repetitions { println("Goodbye!") } // Goodbye! // Goodbye! // Goodbye! ~~~ // Structure and enumeration methods that modify self or its properties must mark the instance method as mutating, just like mutating methods from an original implementation. ~~~ extension Int { mutating func square() { self = self * self } } var someInt = 3 someInt.square() // someInt is now 9 ~~~ ~~~ extension Int { subscript(digitIndex: Int) -> Int { var decimalBase = 1 for _ in 1...digitIndex { decimalBase *= 10 } return (self / decimalBase) % 10 } } 746381295[0] // returns 5 746381295[1] // returns 9 746381295[2] // returns 2 746381295[8] // returns 7 746381295[9] // returns 0, as if you had requested: 0746381295[9] ~~~ ~~~ extension Character { enum Kind { case Vowel, Consonant, Other } var kind: Kind { switch String(self).lowercaseString { case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u": return .Vowel case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z": return .Consonant default: return .Other } } } func printLetterKinds(word: String) { println("'\(word)' is made up of the following kinds of letters:") for character in word { switch character.kind { case .Vowel: print("vowel ") case .Consonant: print("consonant ") case .Other: print("other ") } } print("\n") } printLetterKinds("Hello") // 'Hello' is made up of the following kinds of letters: // consonant vowel consonant consonant vowel ~~~ NOTE: character.kind is already known to be of type Character.Kind. Because of this, all of the Character.Kind member values can be written in shorthand form inside the switch statement, such as .Vowel rather than Character.Kind.Vowel.