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本文适用于opencv3.0.0, vs2013
Opencv中提供了高斯滤波函数:
~~~
/**@brief Blurs an image using a Gaussian filter.
The function convolves the source image with the specified Gaussian kernel. In-place filtering is
supported.
@param src input image; the image can have any number of channels, which are processed
independently, but the depth should be CV_8U, CV_16U, CV_16S, CV_32F or CV_64F.
@param dst output image of the same size and type as src.
@param ksize Gaussian kernel size. ksize.width and ksize.height can differ but they both must be
positive and odd. Or, they can be zero's and then they are computed from sigma.
@param sigmaX Gaussian kernel standard deviation in X direction.
@param sigmaY Gaussian kernel standard deviation in Y direction; if sigmaY is zero, it is set to be
equal to sigmaX, if both sigmas are zeros, they are computed from ksize.width and ksize.height,
respectively (see cv::getGaussianKernel for details); to fully control the result regardless of
possible future modifications of all this semantics, it is recommended to specify all of ksize,
sigmaX, and sigmaY.
@param borderType pixel extrapolation method, see cv::BorderTypes
@sa sepFilter2D, filter2D, blur, boxFilter, bilateralFilter, medianBlur
*/
CV_EXPORTS_W void GaussianBlur( InputArray src, OutputArray dst, Size ksize,
double sigmaX, double sigmaY = 0,
int borderType = BORDER_DEFAULT );
~~~
本节学习一下它的实现和使用。
### [1. 高斯函数的定义]()
高斯函数的形式为:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_57075944e6554.jpg)
其中 a、b 与 c 为实数常数,且a > 0.
当a=1, b = 0, c = 1时,此函数图形如下:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_570759450200a.jpg)
在上面三个参数中,a控制尖峰的值,b控制中心点偏离0点的值,c控制上升速度。
当a=2, b=1, c=0.5时图形如下,可以明显看出这种影响。
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_5707594516d7a.jpg)
### 2.平滑处理中的高斯函数
由于高斯函数的可分离性,Opencv将二维高斯函数卷积分两步来进行,首先将图像与一维高斯函数进行卷积,然后将卷积结果与方向垂直的相同一维高斯函数卷积。在每个方向上都是一维的卷积,且高斯函数的形式变为了:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_570759452e491.jpg)
这里的ksize为选择的核大小,i为要计算核函数中点的序号。
这里的alpha为归一化系数,用于保证计算出的ksize个数之和为1。
当sigma<=0,则计算公式为:sigma =0.3*((ksize-1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8 .
sigma>0,则就用该输入参数sigma。
Opencv中高斯核的生成由函数getGaussianKernel完成。
~~~
cv::Mat cv::getGaussianKernel( int n, double sigma, int ktype )
{
const int SMALL_GAUSSIAN_SIZE = 7;
static const float small_gaussian_tab[][SMALL_GAUSSIAN_SIZE] =
{
{1.f},
{0.25f, 0.5f, 0.25f},
{0.0625f, 0.25f, 0.375f, 0.25f, 0.0625f},
{0.03125f, 0.109375f, 0.21875f, 0.28125f, 0.21875f, 0.109375f, 0.03125f}
};
const float* fixed_kernel = n % 2 == 1 && n <= SMALL_GAUSSIAN_SIZE && sigma <= 0 ?
small_gaussian_tab[n>>1] : 0;
CV_Assert( ktype == CV_32F || ktype == CV_64F );
Mat kernel(n, 1, ktype);
float* cf = kernel.ptr<float>();
double* cd = kernel.ptr<double>();
double sigmaX = sigma > 0 ? sigma : ((n-1)*0.5 - 1)*0.3 + 0.8;
double scale2X = -0.5/(sigmaX*sigmaX);
double sum = 0;
int i;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
{
double x = i - (n-1)*0.5;
double t = fixed_kernel ? (double)fixed_kernel[i] : std::exp(scale2X*x*x);
if( ktype == CV_32F )
{
cf[i] = (float)t;
sum += cf[i];
}
else
{
cd[i] = t;
sum += cd[i];
}
}
sum = 1./sum;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
{
if( ktype == CV_32F )
cf[i] = (float)(cf[i]*sum);
else
cd[i] *= sum;
}
return kernel;
}
~~~
这个函数其实比较简单,只是有一点需要注意:
当sigma<=0,则sigma =0.3*((ksize-1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8 .
当ksize确定了之后,其实它就是一个常数,因而公式
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_570759452e491.jpg)
的计算结果也是一个常数。Opencv为了加快计算速度,在ksize较小时直接将这些常数值写在代码中,即small_gaussian_tab这个数组的值(注意,这个数组仅当输入的sigma参数<=0时才有效)。
###3.sigma对滤波结果的影响
从上面的分析可以看出,高斯滤波器宽度(决定着平滑程度)是由参数σ表征的,而且σ和平滑程度的关系是非常简单的。σ越大,高斯滤波器的频带就越宽,平滑程度就越好,图像也将越模糊。通过调节平滑程度参数σ,可在图像特征过分模糊(过平滑)与平滑图像中由于噪声和细纹理所引起的过多的不希望突变量(欠平滑)之间取得折衷。
同样取核大小为5,比较一下:
当sigma为1时:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_570759455370a.jpg)
而当sigma为3时:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-04-08_57075945b5bdb.jpg)
显然后者的模糊程度更高。