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# 排序算法 快速排序 选择一个基准元素,通常选择第一个元素或者最后一个元素。通过一趟扫描,将待排序列分成两部分,一部分比基准元素小,一部分大于等于基准元素。此时基准元素在其排好序后的正确位置,然后再用同样的方法递归地排序划分的两部分。 ``` <pre class="calibre14">``` <span class="token5">function</span> <span class="token1">quicksort</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//判断参数是否是一个数组</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span><span class="token">!</span><span class="token1">is_array</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token5">return</span> <span class="token3">false</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//递归出口:数组长度为1,直接返回数组</span> $length <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token1">count</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$length<span class="token"><=</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token5">return</span> $arr<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//数组元素有多个,则定义两个空数组</span> $left <span class="token">=</span> $right <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token1">array</span><span class="token2">(</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//使用for循环进行遍历,把第一个元素当做比较的对象</span> <span class="token5">for</span><span class="token2">(</span>$i<span class="token">=</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token"><</span>$length<span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//判断当前元素的大小</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token"><</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span><span class="token3">0</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> $left<span class="token2">[</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token">=</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span><span class="token5">else</span><span class="token2">{</span> $right<span class="token2">[</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token">=</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token6">//递归调用</span> $left<span class="token">=</span><span class="token1">quicksort</span><span class="token2">(</span>$left<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> $right<span class="token">=</span><span class="token1">quicksort</span><span class="token2">(</span>$right<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//将所有的结果合并</span> <span class="token5">return</span> <span class="token1">array_merge</span><span class="token2">(</span>$left<span class="token2">,</span><span class="token1">array</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span><span class="token3">0</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">,</span>$right<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> ``` ``` 插入排序 在要排序的一组数中,假设前面的数已经是排好顺序的,现在要把第n个数插到前面的有序数中,使得这n个数也是排好顺序的。如此反复循环,直到全部排好顺序。 ``` <pre class="calibre14">``` <span class="token5">function</span> <span class="token1">insertsort</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> $len<span class="token">=</span><span class="token1">count</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token5">for</span><span class="token2">(</span>$i<span class="token">=</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token"><</span>$len<span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//获得当前需要比较的元素值。</span> $tmp <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//内层循环控制 比较 并 插入</span> <span class="token5">for</span><span class="token2">(</span>$j<span class="token">=</span>$i<span class="token">-</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $j<span class="token">>=</span><span class="token3">0</span><span class="token2">;</span> $j<span class="token">--</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//$arr[$i];//需要插入的元素; $arr[$j];//需要比较的元素</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$tmp <span class="token"><</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//发现插入的元素要小,交换位置</span> <span class="token6">//将后边的元素与前面的元素互换</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token">+</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//将前面的数设置为 当前需要交换的数</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $tmp<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token5">else</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//如果碰到不需要移动的元素</span> <span class="token6">//由于是已经排序好是数组,则前面的就不需要再次比较了。</span> <span class="token5">break</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token6">//将这个元素 插入到已经排序好的序列内。</span> <span class="token6">//返回</span> <span class="token5">return</span> $arr<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> ``` ``` 选择排序 在要排序的一组数中,选出最小的一个数与第一个位置的数交换。然后在剩下的数当中再找最小的与第二个位置的数交换,如此循环到倒数第二个数和最后一个数比较为止。 ``` <pre class="calibre14">``` <span class="token5">function</span> <span class="token1">selectsort</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//$i 当前最小值的位置, 需要参与比较的元素</span> <span class="token5">for</span><span class="token2">(</span>$i<span class="token">=</span><span class="token3">0</span><span class="token2">,</span> $len<span class="token">=</span><span class="token1">count</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token"><</span>$len<span class="token">-</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//先假设最小的值的位置</span> $p <span class="token">=</span> $i<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//$j 当前都需要和哪些元素比较,$i 后边的。</span> <span class="token5">for</span><span class="token2">(</span>$j<span class="token">=</span>$i<span class="token">+</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $j<span class="token"><</span>$len<span class="token2">;</span> $j<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//$arr[$p] 是 当前已知的最小值</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$p<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">></span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//比较,发现更小的,记录下最小值的位置;并且在下次比较时,应该采用已知的最小值进行比较。</span> $p <span class="token">=</span> $j<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token6">//已经确定了当前的最小值的位置,保存到$p中。</span> <span class="token6">//如果发现 最小值的位置与当前假设的位置$i不同,则位置互换即可</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$p <span class="token">!=</span> $i<span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> $tmp <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$p<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$p<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$i<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $tmp<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token6">//返回最终结果</span> <span class="token5">return</span> $arr<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> ``` ``` 冒泡排序 在要排序的一组数中,对当前还未排好的序列,从前往后对相邻的两个数依次进行比较和调整,让较大的数往下沉,较小的往上冒。即,每当两相邻的数比较后发现它们的排序与排序要求相反时,就将它们互换 ``` <pre class="calibre14">``` <span class="token5">function</span> bubbleSort <span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> $len <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token1">count</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">//该层循环控制 需要冒泡的轮数</span> <span class="token5">for</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$i<span class="token">=</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token"><</span>$len<span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">//该层循环用来控制每轮 冒出一个数 需要比较的次数</span> <span class="token5">for</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$k<span class="token">=</span><span class="token3">0</span><span class="token2">;</span> $k<span class="token"><</span>$len<span class="token">-</span>$i<span class="token2">;</span> $k<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token5">if</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">></span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token">+</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span> <span class="token2">{</span> $tmp <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token">+</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">// 声明一个临时变量</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token">+</span><span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$k<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $tmp<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token5">return</span> $arr<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> ``` ``` 思路分析:希尔排序是基于插入排序的,区别在于插入排序是相邻的一个个比较(类似于希尔中h=1的情形), 而希尔排序是距离h的比较和替换。 希尔排序中一个常数因子n,原数组被分成各个小组,每个小组由h个元素组成,很可能会有多余的元素。 当然每次循环的时候,h也是递减的(h=h/n)。第一次循环就是从下标为h开始。 希尔排序的一个思想就是,分成小组去排序 ``` <pre class="calibre16">``` <span class="token5">function</span> <span class="token1">shellsort</span><span class="token2">(</span>array $arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">// 将$arr按升序排列</span> $len <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token1">count</span><span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> $f <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token3">3</span><span class="token2">;</span><span class="token6">// 定义因子</span> $h <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span><span class="token6">// 最小为1</span> <span class="token5">while</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$h <span class="token"><</span> $len<span class="token">/</span>$f<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> $h <span class="token">=</span> $f<span class="token">*</span>$h <span class="token">+</span> <span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token6">// 1, 4, 13, 40, 121, 364, 1093, ...</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token5">while</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$h <span class="token">>=</span> <span class="token3">1</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">// 将数组变为h有序</span> <span class="token5">for</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$i <span class="token">=</span> $h<span class="token2">;</span> $i <span class="token"><</span> $len<span class="token2">;</span> $i<span class="token">++</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token6">// 将a[i]插入到a[i-h], a[i-2*h], a[i-3*h]... 之中 (算法的关键)</span> <span class="token5">for</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$j <span class="token">=</span> $i<span class="token2">;</span> $j <span class="token">>=</span> $h<span class="token2">;</span> $j <span class="token">-</span><span class="token">=</span> $h<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> <span class="token5">if</span> <span class="token2">(</span>$arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token"><</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token">-</span>$h<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">{</span> $temp <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token">-</span>$h<span class="token2">]</span><span class="token2">;</span> $arr<span class="token2">[</span>$j<span class="token">-</span>$h<span class="token2">]</span> <span class="token">=</span> $temp<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token6">//print_r($arr);echo '<br/>'; // 打开这行注释,可以看到每一步被替换的情形</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token2">}</span> $h <span class="token">=</span> <span class="token1">intval</span><span class="token2">(</span>$h<span class="token">/</span>$f<span class="token2">)</span><span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> <span class="token5">return</span> $arr<span class="token2">;</span> <span class="token2">}</span> ``` ```