第四季 NOOBS · Raspberry pi，一个好玩的派

今天换个玩法，不继续深入探索Raspbian系统了，研究一下官网推荐的另一种安装方法NOOBS。那么什么是NOOBS呢？它是专为Raspberry pi打造的简单易用的图形界面的操作系统管理工具。全称为：**New Out Of the Box Software** 官方截图如下： ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b30865626d.jpg) 本工具的初衷就是简化Raspberry pi安装系统的繁琐，因为Raspberry pi的板子买来是不带系统的，我们需要额外购买SDCard来安装系统。对很多新手来说，命令行的东西肯定是没有图形界面来得简单易懂。正是由于每个sdcard上面代表着安装好的系统，我们可以通过多买几个sdcard就可以持续性的体验不同的系统，只需通过换个sdcard搞定，真是特别方便。下面来说说我是如果在另一张8G卡用NOOBS安装系统Raspbian的。 #### 第一步，下载NOOBS [官网链接](http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads)，记得自己是在Ubuntu下用Firefox浏览器下载的，可以断点续传。 #### 第二步，格式化SDCard 如果你的SDCard本来就是FAT32文件系统，那么跳过这一步。不要被这一步吓到，如果不用格式化，那么NOOBS安装只需要三步：**下载**、**解压**、在Raspberry pi上**启动**。 Linux下将SDCard格式化成Fat32文件系统。用fdisk命令，需要root权限，或者sudo。插上SDCard卡，执行如下命令： ~~~ #fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 8054 MB, 8054112256 bytes 49 heads, 29 sectors/track, 11070 cylinders, total 15730688 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 8192 15730687 7861248 b W95 FAT32 ~~~ 看来我的8G卡现在已经是FAT32系统了，而且就这一个分区。不要紧，过程我还是要执行一遍。 ~~~ #fdisk /dev/sdb1 Command (m for help): d No partition is defined yet! Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb1: 8049 MB, 8049917952 bytes 248 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders, total 15722496 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 1 Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p): p Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 First sector (2048-15722495, default 2048): Using default value 2048 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-15722495, default 15722495): Using default value 15722495 ~~~ Tips：回车（Enter）键选择默认项。 Tips:Enter is means you select default option. 上面创建了一个主分区，1号分区。并且设置了启动和结束的扇区值。我们再来看看创建的情况： ~~~ Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb1: 8049 MB, 8049917952 bytes 248 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders, total 15722496 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1p1 2048 15722495 7860224 83 Linux ~~~ 好的，我们的分区类型是linux，下面我们再把它转换成FAT32. ~~~ Command (m for help): t Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes): l //attention!This is L! Not number 1. 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix Hex code (type L to list codes): b Changed system type of partition 1 to b (W95 FAT32) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb1: 8049 MB, 8049917952 bytes 248 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1022 cylinders, total 15722496 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1p1 2048 15722495 7860224 b W95 FAT32 ~~~ 此时需要将新的分区写入到sdcard，使用w命令： ~~~ Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 22: Invalid argument. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional information. Syncing disks. mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1 mkfs.vfat 3.0.12 (29 Oct 2011) mkfs.vfat: /dev/sdb1 contains a mounted file system. ~~~ 值得注意的是，我上面的format操作貌似没有成功。因为在sdcard中还可以看到原有文件，也许是因为写保护？还是什么别的原因？好像我的一系列操作都没有成功似的。 #### 第三步，将NOOBS文件解压到SDCard 如果SDCard本来就是FAT32系统，那么直接就可以做这一步，这也就是用NOOBS工具安装系统的方便之所在。解压过程：此时我在sdcard的目录下，直接执行unzip。 ~~~ unzip ~/raspberrypi/NOOBS_v1_3_10.zip Archive: ~/raspberrypi/NOOBS_v1_3_10.zip inflating: BUILD-DATA inflating: INSTRUCTIONS-README.txt extracting: RECOVERY_FILES_DO_NOT_EDIT inflating: bootcode.bin creating: defaults/ creating: defaults/slides/ inflating: defaults/slides/A.png creating: os/ creating: os/Raspbian/ inflating: os/Raspbian/root.tar.xz inflating: os/Raspbian/boot.tar.xz inflating: os/Raspbian/partition_setup.sh extracting: os/Raspbian/Raspbian.png creating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/ inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/G.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/B.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/C.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/D.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/E.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/F.png inflating: os/Raspbian/slides_vga/A.png inflating: os/Raspbian/partitions.json inflating: os/Raspbian/flavours.json extracting: os/Raspbian/Raspbian_-_Boot_to_Scratch.png inflating: os/Raspbian/os.json inflating: os/Raspbian/release_notes.txt creating: os/Data_Partition/ extracting: os/Data_Partition/Data_Partition.png inflating: os/Data_Partition/partitions.json inflating: os/Data_Partition/os.json extracting: os/Data_Partition/data.tar.xz inflating: recovery.cmdline inflating: recovery.elf inflating: recovery.img inflating: recovery.rfs inflating: riscos-boot.bin ~~~ #### 第四步，启动现在可以把SDCard从电脑上退下来，插到板子上，加电启动。如下图所示： ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b30866b5f8.jpg) ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b30868472c.jpg) ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b30869f3b7.jpg) ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b3086c2f46.jpg) 在安装中，拷贝速度是1.4MB/s,明显比直接用dd命令将img拷贝到sdcard中慢。经过漫长的安装过程，终于成功了。启动画面与上一季完全一样。 ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-01-05_568b3086e4128.jpg) 参考：官方安装文档：http://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/installation/noobs.md