# Index * _ * [(phrasal) projections _(3.2)_](ch09.html#_phrasal__projections_index_term) * A * [accuracy _(3.2)_](ch06.html#accuracy_index_term) * [address _(4.5)_](ch10.html#address_index_term) * [adjectives _(2.6)_](ch05.html#adjectives_index_term) * [adverbs _(2.6)_](ch05.html#adverbs_index_term) * [agreement _(1.1)_](ch09.html#agreement_index_term) * [alphabetic variants _(4.2)_](ch10.html#alphabetic_variants_index_term) * [anaphora resolution _(5.2)_](ch01.html#anaphora_resolution_index_term) * [anaphoric antecedent _(5.1)_](ch10.html#anaphoric_antecedent_index_term) * [antecedent _(5.2)_](ch01.html#antecedent_index_term) * [antonymy _(5.3)_](ch02.html#antonymy_index_term) * [appending _(2.1)_](ch01.html#appending_index_term) * [appropriate _(5)_](ch09.html#appropriate_index_term) * [argument _(2)_](ch10.html#argument_index_term) * [arity _(3.3)_](ch10.html#arity_index_term) * [articles _(2.6)_](ch05.html#articles_index_term) * [assignment _(3.5)_](ch10.html#assignment_index_term) * [associative array _(3)_](ch05.html#associative_array_index_term) * [assumption _(2)_](ch10.html#assumption_index_term) * [atomic _(1.3)_](ch09.html#atomic_index_term) * [attribute value matrix _(1.3)_](ch09.html#attribute_value_matrix_index_term) * [auxiliaries _(3.3)_](ch09.html#auxiliaries_index_term) * [auxiliary _(1.3)_](ch09.html#auxiliary_index_term) * B * [backoff _(4.3)_](ch05.html#backoff_index_term) * [backtracks _(4.1)_](ch08.html#backtracks_index_term) * [base case _(4.7.1)_](ch04.html#base_case_index_term) * [basic types _(3.1)_](ch10.html#basic_types_index_term) * [bigrams _(3.3)_](ch01.html#bigrams_index_term) * [binary predicate _(3.1)_](ch10.html#binary_predicate_index_term) * [bind _(3.1)_](ch10.html#bind_index_term) * [binding operators _(4.5)_](ch10.html#binding_operators_index_term) * [binning _(5.3)_](ch06.html#binning_index_term) * [BIO Format _(8)_](ch07.html#bio_format_index_term) * [Bold _(X)_](ch00.html#bold_index_term) * [boolean _(1.3)_](ch09.html#boolean_index_term) * [boolean operators _(2)_](ch10.html#boolean_operators_index_term) * [bottom-up _(4.7.3)_](ch04.html#bottom_up_index_term) * [bottom-up parsing _(4.1)_](ch08.html#bottom_up_parsing_index_term) * [bound _(3.1)_](ch10.html#bound_index_term) * [bound _(3.1)_](ch10.html#bound_index_term_2) * [breakpoints _(4.6.4)_](ch04.html#breakpoints_index_term) * C * [call-by-value _(4.4.2)_](ch04.html#call_by_value_index_term) * [call _(1.4)_](ch01.html#call_index_term) * [call structure _(4.7.3)_](ch04.html#call_structure_index_term) * [Catalan numbers _(6.2)_](ch08.html#catalan_numbers_index_term) * [characteristic function _(3.4)_](ch10.html#characteristic_function_index_term) * [chart _(4.4)_](ch08.html#chart_index_term) * [chart parsing _(4.4)_](ch08.html#chart_parsing_index_term) * [child _(4.2)_](ch07.html#child_index_term) * [chink _(2.5)_](ch07.html#chink_index_term) * [chink _(8)_](ch07.html#chink_index_term_2) * [chunk grammar _(2.1)_](ch07.html#chunk_grammar_index_term) * [chunk _(2)_](ch07.html#chunk_index_term) * [chunking _(2)_](ch07.html#chunking_index_term) * [class label _(1)_](ch06.html#class_label_index_term) * [Classification _(1)_](ch06.html#classification_index_term) * [closed class _(7.4)_](ch05.html#closed_class_index_term) * [closed _(3.1)_](ch10.html#closed_index_term) * [closures _(3.4.2)_](ch03.html#closures_index_term) * [code point _(3.3.1)_](ch03.html#code_point_index_term) * [coindex _(2)_](ch09.html#coindex_index_term) * [collocation _(3.3)_](ch01.html#collocation_index_term) * [comparative wordlist _(4.3)_](ch02.html#comparative_wordlist_index_term) * [complements _(5.1)_](ch08.html#complements_index_term) * [complete _(9)_](ch08.html#complete_index_term) * [complex _(1.3)_](ch09.html#complex_index_term) * [complex types _(3.1)_](ch10.html#complex_types_index_term) * [components _(5.5)_](ch01.html#components_index_term) * [concatenation _(3.2.1)_](ch03.html#concatenation_index_term) * [conclusion _(2)_](ch10.html#conclusion_index_term) * [conditional expression _(4.3)_](ch01.html#conditional_expression_index_term) * [conditional frequency distribution _(2)_](ch02.html#conditional_frequency_distribution_index_term) * [conditional _(6.3)_](ch06.html#conditional_index_term) * [confusion matrix _(3.4)_](ch06.html#confusion_matrix_index_term) * [consecutive classification _(1.6)_](ch06.html#consecutive_classification_index_term) * [consistent _(1.2)_](ch10.html#consistent_index_term) * [constituent _(2.1)_](ch08.html#constituent_index_term) * [constituent structure _(2.1)_](ch08.html#constituent_structure_index_term) * [control _(4)_](ch01.html#control_index_term) * [control structure _(4.3)_](ch01.html#control_structure_index_term) * [Cooper storage _(4.5)_](ch10.html#cooper_storage_index_term) * [coordinate structure _(2.1)_](ch08.html#coordinate_structure_index_term) * [copy _(4.1.1)_](ch04.html#copy_index_term) * [coreferential _(3.1)_](ch10.html#coreferential_index_term) * [corpora _(0)_](ch02.html#corpora_index_term) * [Corpus Linguistics _(7)_](ch02.html#corpus_linguistics_index_term) * [cross-validation _(3.5)_](ch06.html#cross_validation_index_term) * D * [data intensive _(I)_](ch12.html#data_intensive_index_term) * [debugger _(4.6.4)_](ch04.html#debugger_index_term) * [decision nodes _(4)_](ch06.html#decision_nodes_index_term) * [decision stump _(4)_](ch06.html#decision_stump_index_term) * [decision tree _(4)_](ch06.html#decision_tree_index_term) * [decoding _(3.3.1)_](ch03.html#decoding_index_term) * [defensive programming _(4.4.4)_](ch04.html#defensive_programming_index_term) * [dependents _(5)_](ch08.html#dependents_index_term) * [determiners _(2.6)_](ch05.html#determiners_index_term) * [dev-test _(1.2)_](ch06.html#dev_test_index_term) * [development set _(1.2)_](ch06.html#development_set_index_term) * [dialogue acts _(2.2)_](ch06.html#dialogue_acts_index_term) * [dictionary _(3)_](ch05.html#dictionary_index_term) * [dictionary _(3.2)_](ch05.html#dictionary_index_term_2) * [directed acyclic graphs _(2)_](ch09.html#directed_acyclic_graphs_index_term) * [discourse _(5)_](ch10.html#discourse_index_term) * [discourse referents _(5.1)_](ch10.html#discourse_referents_index_term) * [discourse representation structure _(5.1)_](ch10.html#discourse_representation_structure_index_term) * [dispersion plot _(1.3)_](ch01.html#dispersion_plot_index_term) * [divide-and-conquer _(4.7)_](ch04.html#divide_and_conquer_index_term) * [docstring _(4.4)_](ch04.html#docstring_index_term) * [doctest block _(4.4.6)_](ch04.html#doctest_block_index_term) * [domain _(3.4)_](ch10.html#domain_index_term) * [DRS conditions _(5.1)_](ch10.html#drs_conditions_index_term) * [duck typing _(4.3)_](ch07.html#duck_typing_index_term) * [dynamic programming _(4.4)_](ch08.html#dynamic_programming_index_term) * E * [empiricism _(II)_](ch12.html#empiricism_index_term) * [encode _(1.1)_](ch06.html#encode_index_term) * [encoding _(3.3.1)_](ch03.html#encoding_index_term) * [entails _(5.3)_](ch02.html#entails_index_term) * [equivalent _(2)_](ch09.html#equivalent_index_term) * [error analysis _(1.2)_](ch06.html#error_analysis_index_term) * [evaluation set _(3.1)_](ch06.html#evaluation_set_index_term) * [existential quantifier _(3.1)_](ch10.html#existential_quantifier_index_term) * [Expected Likelihood Estimation _(5.2)_](ch06.html#expected_likelihood_estimation_index_term) * [export _(3.9.2)_](ch03.html#export_index_term) * F * [F-Measure _(3.3)_](ch06.html#f_measure_index_term) * [F-Score _(3.3)_](ch06.html#f_score_index_term) * [f-structure _(5)_](ch09.html#f_structure_index_term) * [False negatives _(3.3)_](ch06.html#false_negatives_index_term) * [False positives _(3.3)_](ch06.html#false_positives_index_term) * [feature extractor _(1.1)_](ch06.html#feature_extractor_index_term) * [feature _(1.2)_](ch09.html#feature_index_term) * [feature path _(2)_](ch09.html#feature_path_index_term) * [feature set _(1.1)_](ch06.html#feature_set_index_term) * [feature structures _(1)_](ch09.html#feature_structures_index_term) * [features _(1.1)_](ch06.html#features_index_term) * [fields _(4.2.2)_](ch04.html#fields_index_term) * [filler _(3.4)_](ch09.html#filler_index_term) * [folds _(3.5)_](ch06.html#folds_index_term) * [formal language theory _(I)_](ch12.html#formal_language_theory_index_term) * [format string _(3.9.2)_](ch03.html#format_string_index_term) * [free _(3.1)_](ch10.html#free_index_term) * [frequency distribution _(3.1)_](ch01.html#frequency_distribution_index_term) * [function _(3.2)_](ch02.html#function_index_term) * G * [gaps _(3.4)_](ch09.html#gaps_index_term) * [gazetteer _(5)_](ch07.html#gazetteer_index_term) * [generalized quantifiers _(8)_](ch10.html#generalized_quantifiers_index_term) * [generative grammar _(8)_](ch08.html#generative_grammar_index_term) * [generative _(6.3)_](ch06.html#generative_index_term) * [generator expression _(4.2.3)_](ch04.html#generator_expression_index_term) * [gerund _(7.1)_](ch05.html#gerund_index_term) * [Glue semantics _(7)_](ch10.html#glue_semantics_index_term) * [glyphs _(3.3.1)_](ch03.html#glyphs_index_term) * [gold standard _(4.4)_](ch05.html#gold_standard_index_term) * [graphs _(4.8.2)_](ch04.html#graphs_index_term) * [greedy sequence classification _(1.6)_](ch06.html#greedy_sequence_classification_index_term) * H * [hapaxes _(3.1)_](ch01.html#hapaxes_index_term) * [hash array _(3)_](ch05.html#hash_array_index_term) * [head features _(6)_](ch09.html#head_features_index_term) * [head _(5)_](ch08.html#head_index_term) * [headword _(4)_](ch02.html#headword_index_term) * [Heldout Estimation _(5.2)_](ch06.html#heldout_estimation_index_term) * [Hidden Markov Models _(1.7)_](ch06.html#hidden_markov_models_index_term) * [Hole semantics _(7)_](ch10.html#hole_semantics_index_term) * [holonyms _(5.3)_](ch02.html#holonyms_index_term) * [homonyms _(4)_](ch02.html#homonyms_index_term) * [hyponyms _(5.2)_](ch02.html#hyponyms_index_term) * I * [idealism _(II)_](ch12.html#idealism_index_term) * [identifiers _(2.3)_](ch01.html#identifiers_index_term) * [immediate constituents _(2.1)_](ch08.html#immediate_constituents_index_term) * [immutable _(4.2.2)_](ch04.html#immutable_index_term) * [inconsistent _(1.2)_](ch10.html#inconsistent_index_term) * [indented code block _(1.4)_](ch01.html#indented_code_block_index_term) * [independence assumption _(5.1)_](ch06.html#independence_assumption_index_term) * [index _(2.2)_](ch01.html#index_index_term) * [inference _(2)_](ch10.html#inference_index_term) * [Information Extraction _(1)_](ch07.html#information_extraction_index_term) * [information gain _(4.1)_](ch06.html#information_gain_index_term) * [Inline annotation _(3.5)_](ch11.html#inline_annotation_index_term) * [interpreter _(1.1)_](ch01.html#interpreter_index_term) * [IOB tags _(2.6)_](ch07.html#iob_tags_index_term) * [iterative optimization _(6)_](ch06.html#iterative_optimization_index_term) * J * [joint classifier _(1.6)_](ch06.html#joint_classifier_index_term) * [joint-feature _(6.1)_](ch06.html#joint_feature_index_term) * K * [Kappa _(2.2)_](ch11.html#kappa_index_term) * [key _(3.2)_](ch05.html#key_index_term) * [keyword arguments _(4.5.4)_](ch04.html#keyword_arguments_index_term) * [Kleene closures _(3.4.2)_](ch03.html#kleene_closures_index_term) * L * [lambda expressions _(4.5.1)_](ch04.html#lambda_expressions_index_term) * [latent semantic analysis _(4.8.4)_](ch04.html#latent_semantic_analysis_index_term) * [leaf nodes _(4)_](ch06.html#leaf_nodes_index_term) * [left-corner _(4.3)_](ch08.html#left_corner_index_term) * [left-corner parser _(4.3)_](ch08.html#left_corner_parser_index_term) * [left-recursive _(3.3)_](ch08.html#left_recursive_index_term) * [lemma _(4)_](ch02.html#lemma_index_term) * [letter trie _(4.7.1)_](ch04.html#letter_trie_index_term) * [lexical acquisition _(9)_](ch08.html#lexical_acquisition_index_term) * [lexical categories _(0)_](ch05.html#lexical_categories_index_term) * [lexical entry _(4)_](ch02.html#lexical_entry_index_term) * [lexical relations _(5.3)_](ch02.html#lexical_relations_index_term) * [lexicon _(10)_](ch06.html#lexicon_index_term) * [LGB rule _(4.4.3)_](ch04.html#lgb_rule_index_term) * [library _(3.3)_](ch02.html#library_index_term) * [licensed _(3.4)_](ch09.html#licensed_index_term) * [likelihood ratios _(1.1)_](ch06.html#likelihood_ratios_index_term) * [Linear-Chain Conditional Random Field Models _(1.7)_](ch06.html#linear_chain_conditional_random_field_models_index_term) * [list _(2.1)_](ch01.html#list_index_term) * [local variables _(3.2)_](ch02.html#local_variables_index_term) * [logical constants _(3.1)_](ch10.html#logical_constants_index_term) * [logical form _(2)_](ch10.html#logical_form_index_term) * M * [machine translation _(5.3)_](ch01.html#machine_translation_index_term) * [mapping _(3)_](ch05.html#mapping_index_term) * [maximal projection _(3.2)_](ch09.html#maximal_projection_index_term) * [Maximum Entropy _(6)_](ch06.html#maximum_entropy_index_term) * [Maximum Entropy Markov Models _(1.7)_](ch06.html#maximum_entropy_markov_models_index_term) * [Maximum Entropy principle _(6.2)_](ch06.html#maximum_entropy_principle_index_term) * [meronyms _(5.3)_](ch02.html#meronyms_index_term) * [methods _(3.2)_](ch02.html#methods_index_term) * [modals _(2.6)_](ch05.html#modals_index_term) * [model checking _(3.5)_](ch10.html#model_checking_index_term) * [model _(1.2)_](ch10.html#model_index_term) * [models _(7)_](ch06.html#models_index_term) * [module _(3.3)_](ch02.html#module_index_term) * [morpho-syntactic _(7.5)_](ch05.html#morpho_syntactic_index_term) * [morphological analysis _(7.5)_](ch05.html#morphological_analysis_index_term) * [multiword expression _(3.11)_](ch03.html#multiword_expression_index_term) * [mutable _(4.2.2)_](ch04.html#mutable_index_term) * N * [n-gram tagger _(5.3)_](ch05.html#n_gram_tagger_index_term) * [naive Bayes assumption _(5.1)_](ch06.html#naive_bayes_assumption_index_term) * [naive Bayes _(5)_](ch06.html#naive_bayes_index_term) * [named entity detection _(1.1)_](ch07.html#named_entity_detection_index_term) * [named entity recognition _(5)_](ch07.html#named_entity_recognition_index_term) * [newlines _(3.1.5)_](ch03.html#newlines_index_term) * [NLTK Data Repository _(6.3)_](ch11.html#nltk_data_repository_index_term) * [non-logical constants _(3.1)_](ch10.html#non_logical_constants_index_term) * [non-standard words _(3.6.2)_](ch03.html#non_standard_words_index_term) * [normalized _(3.6)_](ch03.html#normalized_index_term) * [noun phrase chunking _(2.1)_](ch07.html#noun_phrase_chunking_index_term) * [noun phrase _(II)_](ch12.html#noun_phrase_index_term) * [NP-chunking _(2.1)_](ch07.html#np_chunking_index_term) * O * [objective function _(3.8.2)_](ch03.html#objective_function_index_term) * [open class _(7.4)_](ch05.html#open_class_index_term) * [open formula _(3.1)_](ch10.html#open_formula_index_term) * [out-of-vocabulary _(5.5)_](ch05.html#out_of_vocabulary_index_term) * [overfit _(4.1)_](ch06.html#overfit_index_term) * [overfitting _(1.2)_](ch06.html#overfitting_index_term) * P * [package _(3.3)_](ch02.html#package_index_term) * [parameter _(1.4)_](ch01.html#parameter_index_term) * [parameters _(5.5)_](ch06.html#parameters_index_term) * [parent _(4.2)_](ch07.html#parent_index_term) * [parser _(4)_](ch08.html#parser_index_term) * [part-of-speech tagging _(0)_](ch05.html#part_of_speech_tagging_index_term) * [partial information _(2.1)_](ch09.html#partial_information_index_term) * [parts of speech _(0)_](ch05.html#parts_of_speech_index_term) * [personal pronouns _(2.6)_](ch05.html#personal_pronouns_index_term) * [phonology _(I)_](ch12.html#phonology_index_term) * [phrasal level _(3.2)_](ch09.html#phrasal_level_index_term) * [POS-tagger _(1)_](ch05.html#pos_tagger_index_term) * [POS-tagging _(0)_](ch05.html#pos_tagging_index_term) * [pre-sort _(4.7)_](ch04.html#pre_sort_index_term) * [Precision _(3.3)_](ch06.html#precision_index_term) * [precision/recall trade-off _(5.3)_](ch05.html#precision_recall_trade_off_index_term) * [predicates _(3.1)_](ch10.html#predicates_index_term) * [prepositional phrase attachment ambiguity _(3.1)_](ch08.html#prepositional_phrase_attachment_ambiguity_index_term) * [prepositional phrase _(2.1)_](ch08.html#prepositional_phrase_index_term) * [present participle _(7.1)_](ch05.html#present_participle_index_term) * [principle of compositionality _(I)_](ch12.html#principle_of_compositionality_index_term) * [prior probability _(5)_](ch06.html#prior_probability_index_term) * [probabilistic context free grammar _(6.3)_](ch08.html#probabilistic_context_free_grammar_index_term) * [productions _(1.1)_](ch08.html#productions_index_term) * [projective _(5)_](ch08.html#projective_index_term) * [proof goal _(3.2)_](ch10.html#proof_goal_index_term) * [Propositional logic _(2)_](ch10.html#propositional_logic_index_term) * [propositional symbols _(2)_](ch10.html#propositional_symbols_index_term) * [prune _(4.1)_](ch06.html#prune_index_term) * Q * [question answering _(5.3)_](ch01.html#question_answering_index_term) * R * [rationalism _(II)_](ch12.html#rationalism_index_term) * [raw string _(3.4.2)_](ch03.html#raw_string_index_term) * [realism _(II)_](ch12.html#realism_index_term) * [Recall _(3.3)_](ch06.html#recall_index_term) * [recognizing _(4.4)_](ch08.html#recognizing_index_term) * [record _(4.2.2)_](ch04.html#record_index_term) * [recursion _(4.7.1)_](ch04.html#recursion_index_term) * [recursive _(3.3)_](ch08.html#recursive_index_term) * [reduce _(4.2)_](ch08.html#reduce_index_term) * [reentrancy _(2)_](ch09.html#reentrancy_index_term) * [refactor _(4.4.5)_](ch04.html#refactor_index_term) * [regression testing _(4.6.5)_](ch04.html#regression_testing_index_term) * [relation detection _(1.1)_](ch07.html#relation_detection_index_term) * [relational operators _(4.1)_](ch01.html#relational_operators_index_term) * [replacement field _(3.9.2)_](ch03.html#replacement_field_index_term) * [return value _(3.2)_](ch02.html#return_value_index_term) * [root element _(4.3)_](ch11.html#root_element_index_term) * [root node _(4)_](ch06.html#root_node_index_term) * [runtime error _(2.2)_](ch01.html#runtime_error_index_term) * S * [S-Retrieval _(4.5)_](ch10.html#s_retrieval_index_term) * [satisfies _(3.5)_](ch10.html#satisfies_index_term) * [scope _(3.7)_](ch10.html#scope_index_term) * [segmentation _(3.8)_](ch03.html#segmentation_index_term) * [semantic role labeling _(5.2)_](ch01.html#semantic_role_labeling_index_term) * [sequence classifier _(1.6)_](ch06.html#sequence_classifier_index_term) * [sequence _(3.2.6)_](ch03.html#sequence_index_term) * [shift _(4.2)_](ch08.html#shift_index_term) * [shift-reduce parser _(4.2)_](ch08.html#shift_reduce_parser_index_term) * [siblings _(4.2)_](ch07.html#siblings_index_term) * [signature _(3.1)_](ch10.html#signature_index_term) * [slash categories _(3.4)_](ch09.html#slash_categories_index_term) * [slicing _(2.2)_](ch01.html#slicing_index_term) * [smoothing _(5.2)_](ch06.html#smoothing_index_term) * [stack trace _(4.6.4)_](ch04.html#stack_trace_index_term) * [standoff annotation _(2.3)_](ch11.html#standoff_annotation_index_term) * [standoff annotation _(3.5)_](ch11.html#standoff_annotation_index_term_2) * [start-symbol _(3.1)_](ch08.html#start_symbol_index_term) * [stopwords _(4.1)_](ch02.html#stopwords_index_term) * [string formatting _(3.9.2)_](ch03.html#string_formatting_index_term) * [string _(3.2)_](ch03.html#string_index_term) * [strings _(2.4)_](ch01.html#strings_index_term) * [structurally ambiguous _(3.1)_](ch08.html#structurally_ambiguous_index_term) * [structure sharing _(2)_](ch09.html#structure_sharing_index_term) * [structured data _(1)_](ch07.html#structured_data_index_term) * [stylistics _(1.3)_](ch02.html#stylistics_index_term) * [subcategorized _(5.1)_](ch08.html#subcategorized_index_term) * [subsumption _(2.1)_](ch09.html#subsumption_index_term) * [subtype _(5)_](ch09.html#subtype_index_term) * [supervised _(1)_](ch06.html#supervised_index_term) * [Swadesh wordlists _(4.3)_](ch02.html#swadesh_wordlists_index_term) * [symbolic logic _(I)_](ch12.html#symbolic_logic_index_term) * [synonyms _(5.1)_](ch02.html#synonyms_index_term) * [synset _(5.1)_](ch02.html#synset_index_term) * [syntax error _(1.1)_](ch01.html#syntax_error_index_term) * T * [T9 _(3.4.2)_](ch03.html#t9_index_term) * [tag _(2)_](ch09.html#tag_index_term) * [tag patterns _(2.2)_](ch07.html#tag_patterns_index_term) * [tagged _(2.2)_](ch05.html#tagged_index_term) * [tagging _(0)_](ch05.html#tagging_index_term) * [tagset _(0)_](ch05.html#tagset_index_term) * [terms _(3.1)_](ch10.html#terms_index_term) * [test set _(1.1)_](ch06.html#test_set_index_term) * [test set _(3.1)_](ch06.html#test_set_index_term_2) * [text alignment _(5.4)_](ch01.html#text_alignment_index_term) * [textonyms _(3.4.2)_](ch03.html#textonyms_index_term) * [token _(1.4)_](ch01.html#token_index_term) * [tokenization _(3.1.1)_](ch03.html#tokenization_index_term) * [top-down _(4.7.3)_](ch04.html#top_down_index_term) * [top-down parsing _(4.1)_](ch08.html#top_down_parsing_index_term) * [total likelihood _(6)_](ch06.html#total_likelihood_index_term) * [train _(5.1)_](ch05.html#train_index_term) * [training _(5.1)_](ch05.html#training_index_term) * [training set _(1.1)_](ch06.html#training_set_index_term) * [training set _(1.2)_](ch06.html#training_set_index_term_2) * [transitive verbs _(5.1)_](ch08.html#transitive_verbs_index_term) * [tree _(4.2)_](ch07.html#tree_index_term) * [True negatives _(3.3)_](ch06.html#true_negatives_index_term) * [True positives _(3.3)_](ch06.html#true_positives_index_term) * [truth-conditions _(2)_](ch10.html#truth_conditions_index_term) * [tuple _(4.2)_](ch04.html#tuple_index_term) * [Turing Test _(5.5)_](ch01.html#turing_test_index_term) * [Type I errors _(3.3)_](ch06.html#type_i_errors_index_term) * [Type II errors _(3.3)_](ch06.html#type_ii_errors_index_term) * [type-raising _(4.3)_](ch10.html#type_raising_index_term) * [Typed feature structures _(5)_](ch09.html#typed_feature_structures_index_term) * [types _(3.1)_](ch10.html#types_index_term) * U * [unary predicate _(3.1)_](ch10.html#unary_predicate_index_term) * [unbounded dependency construction _(3.4)_](ch09.html#unbounded_dependency_construction_index_term) * [underspecified _(1.2)_](ch09.html#underspecified_index_term) * [unification _(2.1)_](ch09.html#unification_index_term) * [unique beginners _(5.2)_](ch02.html#unique_beginners_index_term) * [universal quantifier _(3.1)_](ch10.html#universal_quantifier_index_term) * [unseen _(7)_](ch06.html#unseen_index_term) * [unstructured data _(1)_](ch07.html#unstructured_data_index_term) * V * [valencies _(5.1)_](ch08.html#valencies_index_term) * [valid _(2)_](ch10.html#valid_index_term) * [validity _(4.1)_](ch11.html#validity_index_term) * [valuation function _(3.4)_](ch10.html#valuation_function_index_term) * [value _(3.2)_](ch05.html#value_index_term) * [variable _(2.3)_](ch01.html#variable_index_term) * [verb phrase _(2.1)_](ch08.html#verb_phrase_index_term) * W * [weights _(5.5)_](ch06.html#weights_index_term) * [well formed formulas _(2)_](ch10.html#well_formed_formulas_index_term) * [well formed _(4.1)_](ch11.html#well_formed_index_term) * [well-formed substring table _(4.4)_](ch08.html#well_formed_substring_table_index_term) * [wildcard _(3.4.1)_](ch03.html#wildcard_index_term) * [word classes _(0)_](ch05.html#word_classes_index_term) * [word sense disambiguation _(5.1)_](ch01.html#word_sense_disambiguation_index_term) * [word type _(1.4)_](ch01.html#word_type_index_term) * [WordNet _(5)_](ch02.html#wordnet_index_term) * X * [XML attribute _(4.1)_](ch11.html#xml_attribute_index_term) * [XML element _(4.1)_](ch11.html#xml_element_index_term) * Z * [zero projection _(3.2)_](ch09.html#zero_projection_index_term) * Α * [α-conversion _(4.2)_](ch10.html#α_conversion_index_term) * [α equivalents _(4.2)_](ch10.html#α_equivalents_index_term) * Β * [β-reduction _(4.2)_](ch10.html#β_reduction_index_term) * Λ * [λ abstraction _(4.2)_](ch10.html#λ_abstraction_index_term) * [λ operator _(4.2)_](ch10.html#λ_operator_index_term) About this document... UPDATED FOR NLTK 3.0. This is a chapter from _Natural Language Processing with Python_, by [Steven Bird](http://estive.net/), [Ewan Klein](http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/ewan/) and [Edward Loper](http://ed.loper.org/), Copyright © 2014 the authors. It is distributed with the _Natural Language Toolkit_ [`http://nltk.org/`], Version 3.0, under the terms of the _Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License_ [[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/)]. This document was built on Wed 1 Jul 2015 12:30:05 AEST