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#### 3.3.4.5 日期计算 MySQL 提供了几个函数可以用来完成日期计算, 例如, 计算年龄或者提取部分日期. 要确定每个宠物的年龄, 可以使用 [`TIMESTAMPDIFF()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_timestampdiff) 函数. 它的参数是你想要表达结果的单位, 以及取差的两个日期. 下面的查询显示了每只宠物的出生日期, 当前日期和年龄. ***`alias`*** (`age`) 用于让最终的输出列名更有意义. ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(), TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet; +----------+------------+------------+------+ | name | birth | CURDATE() | age | +----------+------------+------------+------+ | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | +----------+------------+------------+------+ ``` 查询可以正常工作, 但是如果按照某种顺序显示行, 则可以更容易的扫描结果. 可以通过添加 `ORDER BY name` 子句按照名称排序来输出: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(), TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet ORDER BY name; +----------+------------+------------+------+ | name | birth | CURDATE() | age | +----------+------------+------------+------+ | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 | | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 | +----------+------------+------------+------+ ``` 按照 `age` 而不是 `name` 进行排序输出, 只需要使用不同的 `ORDER BY` 子句: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(), TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age FROM pet ORDER BY age; +----------+------------+------------+------+ | name | birth | CURDATE() | age | +----------+------------+------------+------+ | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 | | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 | +----------+------------+------------+------+ ``` 相似的查询可以用来确定已死亡动物的死亡年龄. 你可以通过那些 `death` 的值为 `NULL` 来确定动物是那些. 然后, 对那些非 `NULL` 值, 计算出 `death` 和 `birth` 的差值: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth, death, TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,death) AS age FROM pet WHERE death IS NOT NULL ORDER BY age; +--------+------------+------------+------+ | name | birth | death | age | +--------+------------+------------+------+ | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | 5 | +--------+------------+------------+------+ ``` 查询使用 `death IS NOT NULL` 而不是 `death <> NULL` 是因为 `NULL` 是一个特殊值, 不能使用常规的比较操作符来操作. 稍后将进行讨论. 参阅 [Section 3.3.4.6, “处理 NULL 值”](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/working-with-null.html). 如果你想知道下个月那些动物过生日呢? 对于这类运算, 年月日无关紧要; 你只需取出 `birth` 列的月份部分. MySQL 提供了几个提取日期部分的函数, 比如 [`YEAR()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_year), [`MONTH()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_month), 和 [`DAYOFMONTH()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_dayofmonth). [`MONTH()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_month) 函数适合这里. 要查看它是如何工作的, 运行一个显示出 `birth` 和 [`MONTH(birth)`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_month) 的简单查询: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth, MONTH(birth) FROM pet; +----------+------------+--------------+ | name | birth | MONTH(birth) | +----------+------------+--------------+ | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | 3 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 5 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | 8 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 8 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 9 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 12 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | 4 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 3 | +----------+------------+--------------+ ``` 找出下个月有生日的动物非常简单. 假设当前月份是四月. 然后这个月份的值就是 `4`, 你可以这样查找 `5` 月份出生的动物: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = 5; +-------+------------+ | name | birth | +-------+------------+ | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | +-------+------------+ ``` 如果当前月份是 12 月, 就会出现一个小问题. 你不能仅仅在 (`12`) 上面加 1, 然后寻找第 `13` 个月出生的动物, 因为没有这个月份. 相反, 你要寻找 `1` 月的动物. 你可以写个查询无论在哪个月份都可以正常工作, 这样你就不必为特定的月份使用数字. [`DATE_ADD()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_date-add) 允许向指定日期添加间隔. 如果添加一个月到 [`CURDATE()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_curdate) 的值中, 然后使用 [`MONTH()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_month) 提取月份部分, 然后产生了寻找生日的月份: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(CURDATE(),INTERVAL 1 MONTH)); ``` 另一种完成任务的方法是使用 `MOD` 方法对其取模, 如果当前月份是 `12`, 那么取值为 `0`, 加 `1` 来获得当前月份的下一个月的值: ```sql mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(CURDATE()), 12) + 1; ``` [`MONTH()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_month) 返回 `1` 到 `12` 之间的数字. [`MOD(something,12)`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mathematical-functions.html#function_mod) 返回 `0` 和 `11` 之间的数字. 因此, 必须在 [`MOD()`](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mathematical-functions.html#function_mod) 之后添加, 否则将从 `11` 月份直接到 `1` 月份. 如果使用无效日期, 则会计算失败并产生警告: ```sql mysql> SELECT '2018-10-31' + INTERVAL 1 DAY; +-------------------------------+ | '2018-10-31' + INTERVAL 1 DAY | +-------------------------------+ | 2018-11-01 | +-------------------------------+ mysql> SELECT '2018-10-32' + INTERVAL 1 DAY; +-------------------------------+ | '2018-10-32' + INTERVAL 1 DAY | +-------------------------------+ | NULL | +-------------------------------+ mysql> SHOW WARNINGS; +---------+------+----------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +---------+------+----------------------------------------+ | Warning | 1292 | Incorrect datetime value: '2018-10-32' | +---------+------+----------------------------------------+ ```