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贪心算法——字典序最小问题 <table border="1" style="font-family:Simsun; border-collapse:collapse; width:80%; padding:0pt 5.4pt"><tbody><tr><td width="882" valign="top" style="width:661.75pt; padding:0pt 5.4pt; border:0.5pt solid rgb(0,0,0)"><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong>问题主题:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong>字典序最小</strong></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p></td></tr><tr><td width="882" valign="top" style="width:661.75pt; padding:0pt 5.4pt; border-left-width:0.5pt; border-style:none solid solid; border-left-color:rgb(0,0,0); border-right-width:0.5pt; border-right-color:rgb(0,0,0); border-bottom-width:0.5pt; border-bottom-color:rgb(0,0,0)"><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong>问题描述:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:28pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">给定长度为</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">N<span style="font-family:宋体">的字符串</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">S</span><span style="font-family:宋体">,要构造一个长度为</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">N</span><span style="font-family:宋体">字符串</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">T</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">T</span><span style="font-family:宋体">是一个空串,反复执行下列任意操作:</span></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:-21pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:Wingdings">l </span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">从<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">S</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的头部删除一个字符,加到</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">T</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的尾部;</span></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 21pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:-21pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:Wingdings">l </span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">从<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">S</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的尾部删除一个字符,加到</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">T</span><span style="font-family:宋体">的尾部;</span></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:28pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">目标是要构造字典序尽可能小的字符串<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">T</span><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong>限制条件:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:28pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">1&lt;=</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">N</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">&lt;=20</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">00</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体; vertical-align:super"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:28pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">字符串都在大写字符</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p></td></tr><tr><td width="882" valign="top" style="width:661.75pt; padding:0pt 5.4pt; border-left-width:0.5pt; border-style:none solid solid; border-left-color:rgb(0,0,0); border-right-width:0.5pt; border-right-color:rgb(0,0,0); border-bottom-width:0.5pt; border-bottom-color:rgb(0,0,0)"><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong>样例:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong/></span></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">输入</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:27pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">N</span><span style="font-size:14pt">=</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">8</span><span style="font-size:14pt"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:27pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">ADHCACBD</span><span style="font-size:14pt"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">输出</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; text-indent:27pt"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体">ADBCACDH</span><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"/></p></td></tr></tbody></table> ### 解题分析: 看到这个问题,首先你肯定不难想到:**每次都从**S的头部或尾部选择最小的字符放到T的尾部** 对,这已经很接近真实了,但是还没考虑首部和尾部相同的情况,那么首部和尾部相同的情况下该取首部还是尾部呢? 其实思路还是一样的,如果首部A和尾部B相同,就取首部的下一个字符(也就是第2个字符,设为A’)和尾部的前一个字符(也就量倒数第2个字符,设为B’)比较,如果A’<B’,则取首部;否则取尾部。如果A’和B’还相同,再比较A’的后一个字符A’’和B’的前一个字符B’’,以此类推直到S字符串为空。基于这个思路可以写出以下程序: ### 程序实现: **C++** <table border="1" style="font-family:Simsun; border-collapse:collapse; width:80%; padding:0pt 5.4pt"><tbody><tr><td width="882" valign="top" style="width:661.8pt; padding:0pt 5.4pt; border:0.5pt solid rgb(0,0,0)"><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Vijaya"/></p><pre code_snippet_id="162962" snippet_file_name="blog_20140119_1_6085865" name="code" class="cpp">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt; #include &lt;tchar.h&gt; #include &lt;queue&gt; #include "iostream" using namespace std; const int N = 8; char chs[N+1] = "ADHCACBD"; char* solve(char chs[]) { int start = 0, end = N - 1; bool isLeft = false; char dest[N]; while(start &lt;= end) { for(int i = 0; start + i &lt; end; i ++) { if(chs[start + i] &lt; chs[end - i]) { isLeft = true; break; } else if(chs[start + i] &gt; chs[end -i]) { isLeft = false; break; } else continue; } if(isLeft) { dest[N-(end - start + 1)] = chs[start ++]; //putchar(chs[start ++]); } else { dest[N-(end - start + 1)] = chs[end --]; //putchar(chs[end --]); } } return dest; } int main() { char *result = solve(chs); for(int i=0; i&lt;N; i++) { putchar(result[i]); } return 0; }</pre><br/><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:宋体"/><p/></td></tr></tbody></table> **Java** <table border="1" style="font-family:Simsun; border-collapse:collapse; width:80%; padding:0pt 5.4pt"><tbody><tr><td width="882" valign="top" style="width:661.8pt; padding:0pt 5.4pt; border:0.5pt solid rgb(0,0,0)"><p class="p0" style="margin:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong/></span></p><pre code_snippet_id="162962" snippet_file_name="blog_20140119_2_8484653" name="code" class="java">package greed; /** * User: luoweifu * Date: 14-1-20 * Time: 上午9:41 */ public class BestCowLine { public static String cowLine(String s) { char[] chs = new char[s.length()]; char[] dest = new char[s.length()]; s.getChars(0, s.length(), chs, 0); int start = 0, end = s.length() - 1; while(start &lt;= end) { boolean isLeft = false; for(int i=0; i &lt;= end - start; i++) { if(chs[start + i] &lt; chs[end - i]) { isLeft = true; break; } else if(chs[start + i] &gt; chs[end - i]) { isLeft = false; break; } } if(isLeft) { dest[s.length() - (end - start + 1)] = chs[start ++]; } else { dest[s.length() - (end - start + 1)] = chs[end --]; } } return new String(dest); } public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(cowLine("ADHCACBD")); } } </pre><br/><span style="font-size:14pt; font-family:宋体"><strong/></span><p/></td></tr></tbody></table> **** ### 算法复杂度:    时间复杂度O(n(1+n)/2) = O(n2)