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>[info]WebUI自动化,**首先需要定位元素**,然后再进行各种事件操作。 WebDriver 提供了一系列的API,提供给我们方便得定位元素。 WebDriver类的源码位置:`selenium\webdirver\remote\webdirver.py` 通过源码分析,WebDriver中有一系列以`find_`开头的方法,都是用于元素定位。下面我们一一介绍这些定位的方法。 [TOC] 这里,初学者可以根据下面的实例来一一了解如何进行元素的定位。 ## 环境准备 首先创建一个hello.html页面,用于下面的演示 ```html <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"> <body> <h1 class="head_title">你好,<span id="world">世界!</span></h1> <a href="https://www.kancloud.cn/@guanfuchang" target="_blank">我的看云首页</a> <br/> <br/> <div id="login_form" class="login"> 用户名:<input name="username" class="ptqa user_name" placeholder="用户名" value="Milton" required/> 密码:<input type="text" name="password" class="ptqa pwd" placeholder="密码" value="ptqa" required/> 地区: <select class="city"> <option value="gz">广州</option> <option value="fs">佛山</option> <option value="mm">茂名</option> <option value="hb">襄樊</option> </select> <br> <br> <button>提交</button> <br> </div> </body> </html> ``` 在同个目录下创建一个`find_location.py`文件,初始化工作 ```python from selenium import webdriver import os # 创建Chrome驱动实例 driver = webdriver.Chrome() # 启动浏览器并且导航到指定URL # 这里为了覆盖更多的元素定位,我自己编写了一个本地的hello.html文件。 file_path = 'file:///' + os.path.abspath('hello.html') driver.get(file_path) ``` ## 元素定位 ### 通过class定位 `find_element_by_class_name(self, name):` `find_elements_by_class_name(self, name):` ```python # 定位class名称为“head_title"的元素 head_title = driver.find_element_by_class_name("head_title") print(head_title.text) ``` ### 通过id定位 `find_element_by_id(self, id_):` `find_elements_by_id(self, id_):` ```python # 定位id为“world”的元素 world = driver.find_element_by_id("world") print(world.text) ``` ### 通过name属性定位 `find_element_by_name(self, name):` `find_elements_by_name(self, name):` ```python # 定位name为“username”的元素 username = driver.find_element_by_name("username") print(username.get_attribute("value")) ``` ### 通过标签名定位 `find_element_by_tag_name(self, name):` `find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name):` ```python # 定位标签为<button>的元素 submit_btn = driver.find_element_by_tag_name("button") print(submit_btn.text) ``` ### 通过链接文本定位 `find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text):` `find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text):` ```python # 定位链接文本完全匹配“我的看云首页”的元素 kancloud = driver.find_element_by_link_text("我的看云首页") print(kancloud.get_attribute("href")) ``` ```python # 定位链接文本部分匹配“看云首页”的元素 kancloud = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text("看云首页") print(kancloud.get_attribute("href")) ``` ### 通过xpath定位 `find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath):` `find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath):` ```python # xpath定位,相对路径定位用户名输入框 username = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//body/div/input") print(username.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # xpath定位,相对路径与属性结合 定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='password']") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # xpath定位,多个属性结合 定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='password'][@type='text']") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ### 通过css选择器定位 `find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):` `find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector):` ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/bebdb84407c7fc1b64c5b0617ad530a0_979x175.jpg) ```python # css选择器,标签+属性 定位用户名输入框 username = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name='username']") print(username.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,标签+class类名 定位用户名输入框 username = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.user_name") print(username.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,标签+多个class类名,定位密码输入框,注意不要空格,空格代表下一级子元素 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.ptqa.pwd") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,id+多个class类名,定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("#login_form .ptqa.pwd") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,多级class类名,定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".login .ptqa.pwd") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,class类名+属性,定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(".login .ptqa[name='password']") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python #css 选择器,根据父子关系,定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("div[id='login_form']>input[name='password']") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css 选择器,根据兄弟关系,定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name='username']+input") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` 上面的定位元素方法,都列出了两个,其中一个是 **find_elements_by_xxx**,这个方法用在获取结果有多个元素的情况,例如下面获取下拉列表选项 ```python # 用find_element_by_css_selector 获取的是单个元素 mm = driver.find_element_by_class_name("city").find_element_by_css_selector("option[value='mm']") print(mm.text) print("-"*20) # 用find_elements_by_css_selector获取的是元素组列表 cities = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector(".city option") print(type(cities)) for city in cities: print(city.text) ``` 运行结果为: ```cmd 茂名 -------------------- <class 'list'> 广州 佛山 茂名 襄樊 ``` ### 通用的终极定位语法 上面的所有元素定位 `find_element_by_xxx`和`find_elements_by_xxx`调用的结果,实际上都是在调用以下两种方法,我们也可以直接调用一下两种方法即可。 `find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None):` `find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None):` ```python class By(object): """ Set of supported locator strategies. """ ID = "id" XPATH = "xpath" LINK_TEXT = "link text" PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = "partial link text" NAME = "name" TAG_NAME = "tag name" CLASS_NAME = "class name" CSS_SELECTOR = "css selector" ``` 例如: ```python from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By # 根据id,定位id为“world”的元素 world = driver.find_element(By.ID,"world") print(world.text) ``` ```python # xpath定位,相对路径与属性结合 定位密码输入框 password = driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//input[@name='password']") print(password.get_attribute("value")) ``` ```python # css选择器,标签+属性 定位用户名输入框 username = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"input[name='username']") print(username.get_attribute("value")) ``` ## 定位总结 通过本节,我们需要数量掌握以下几种元素定位方法 * 通过id定位 * 通过class定位 * 通过name属性定位 * 通过标签名定位 * 通过链接文本定位 * 通过xpath定位 * 通过css选择器定位 我最喜欢的定位方式,优先是id,如果没有id找class,如果class不好定位,找css选择器。我觉得css选择器是最灵活也是最强大的定位方式。使用xpath定位切记不要用绝对路径,最好结合相对路径与属性。 <hr style="margin-top:50px"> <section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 40px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 5px;border-style: double;border-color: rgb(23, 22, 24);padding: 10px;border-radius: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);font-size: 11px;margin: -50px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 7em;height: 7em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-radius: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: double;border-color: rgb(23, 22, 24);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-image: url(&quot;http://pav7h2emv.bkt.clouddn.com/FnD-fHkNDLN1-b02XmnMvsz6ld-n&quot;);"><section class="" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.6012024" data-w="499" data-src="http://pav7h2emv.bkt.clouddn.com/FnD-fHkNDLN1-b02XmnMvsz6ld-n" style="opacity: 0; 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