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## django页面渲染具体流程   在django的页面渲染中,下面这段程序 ~~~ def test1(request): return render(request,'aa.html',{'data':'wusir'}) ~~~   等同于 ~~~ from django.template import loader def test1(request): html = loader.get_template('aa.html') html_str = html.render({'data':'wusir'}) return HttpResponse(html_str) ~~~ ## django中自定义simple\_tag   1、在app目录下创建一个文件夹名字叫templatetags,名字不能改,在该文件夹下随便建一个xxx.py文件,写入以下代码 ~~~ from django import template register = template.Library() @register.simple_tag def func(a1,a2): #(参数任意多) ....... ~~~   2、在前端页面的顶部写上{% load xxx %},然后就可以使用后端所定义的函数{% func 1 2 %} PS:simple\_tag不能作为if后面的判断条件,但是参数任意多 ## django中自定义filter   1、在app目录下创建一个文件夹名字叫templatetags,名字不能改,在该文件夹下随便建一个xxx.py文件,写入以下代码 ~~~ from django import template register = template.Library() @register.filter def func(a1,a2): #(参数最多两个) ....... ~~~   2、在前端页面的顶部写上{% load xxx %},然后就可以使用{ { xxx|func:yyy } } ,xxx,yyy对应两个参数 ,如果函数只有一个 参数,func后面的冒号和后面的参数就不用写了。 PS:能作为if后面的判断条件,但是参数最多两个,并且冒号后面不能加空格 ## 基于FBV、CBV的用户认证装饰器   FBV ``` def login(request): if request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') if request.method == 'POST': username = request.POST.get('username') password = request.POST.get('password') obj = User.objects.filter(username=username).first() if not obj: return redirect('/app/login/') if password == obj.pwd: res = redirect('/app/index/') res.set_cookie('username',username) return res else: return redirect('/app/login/') def auth(func): def inner(request,*args,**kwargs): res = request.COOKIES.get('username') if not res: return redirect('/app/login/') return func(request,*args,**kwargs) return inner @auth def index(request): res = request.COOKIES.get('username') return render(request,'index.html',{'data':res}) views.py ```   CBV ``` def login(request): if request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') if request.method == 'POST': username = request.POST.get('username') password = request.POST.get('password') obj = User.objects.filter(username=username).first() if not obj: return redirect('/app/login/') if password == obj.pwd: res = redirect('/app/index/') res.set_cookie('username',username) return res else: return redirect('/app/login/') def auth(func): def inner(request,*args,**kwargs): res = request.COOKIES.get('username') if not res: return redirect('/app/login/') return func(request,*args,**kwargs) return inner from django import views from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator #三种方式:在每个函数上加,在dispatch上加,在类上加装饰器 method_decorator(auth,name='dispatch') class Order(views.View): # @method_decorator(auth) # def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # return super(Order, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) # @method_decorator(auth) def get(self,request): res = request.COOKIES.get('username') # if not res: # return redirect('/app/login/') return render(request,'index.html',{'data':res}) views.py ``` ## django之Form组件 django中的Form一般有两种功能: * 输入html * 验证用户输入 ``` from django import forms class FM(forms.Form): user = forms.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'}) email = forms.CharField(error_messages={'required':'邮箱不能为空','invalid':'邮箱格式错误'}) pwd = forms.CharField(max_length=12,min_length=6,error_messages={'required':'密码不能为空','max_length': '最大长度不能超过12','min_length': '最小长度不能低于6'}) def test_form(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = FM() return render(request,'test_form.html',{'obj':obj}) elif request.method == 'POST': obj = FM(request.POST) r1 = obj.is_valid() if r1: print(obj.cleaned_data) Person.objects.create(**obj.cleaned_data) else: print(obj.errors) # print(obj.errors.as_json()) # print(obj.errors['user'][0]) return render(request,'test_form.html',{'obj':obj}) return render(request,'test_form.html') views.py ``` ``` <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {#<form action="/app/test_form/" method="post">#} {# {% csrf_token %}#} {# <p><input type="text" name="user">{{ obj.errors.user.0 }}</p>#} {# <p><input type="email" name="email">{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p>#} {# <p><input type="password" name="pwd">{{ obj.errors.pwd.0 }}</p>#} {# <input type="submit" value="提交">#} {#</form>#} {#<form action="/app/test_form/" method="post">#} {# {% csrf_token %}#} {# <p>{{ obj.user }}{{ obj.errors.user.0 }}</p>#} {# <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p>#} {# <p>{{ obj.pwd }}{{ obj.errors.pwd.0 }}</p>#} {# <input type="submit" value="提交">#} {#</form>#} <form action="/app/test_form/" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {# 方式一#} {# {{ obj.as_p }}#} {# 方式二#} {# {{ obj.as_ul }}#} {# 方式三#} <table> {{ obj.as_table }} </table> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html> 前端页面 ```  PS:以后使用的时候将forms改成fields,fields里面有一个插件widget,可以定制样式 ``` from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets class FM(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'},widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={ 'class':'c1' })) email = fields.CharField(error_messages={'required':'邮箱不能为空','invalid':'邮箱格式错误'},widget=widgets.PasswordInput) pwd = fields.CharField(max_length=12,min_length=6,error_messages={'required':'密码不能为空','max_length': '最大长度不能超过12','min_length': '最小长度不能低于6'}) def test_form(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = FM() return render(request,'test_form.html',{'obj':obj}) elif request.method == 'POST': obj = FM(request.POST) r1 = obj.is_valid() if r1: print(obj.cleaned_data) Person.objects.create(**obj.cleaned_data) else: print(obj.errors) # print(obj.errors.as_json()) # print(obj.errors['user'][0]) return render(request,'test_form.html',{'obj':obj}) return render(request,'test_form.html') views.py ```  详细内容参考:[https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html](https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html) ## 跨站请求伪造 一、简介   django为用户实现防止跨站请求伪造的功能,通过中间件 django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware 来完成。而对于django中设置防跨站请求伪造功能有分为全局和局部。 全局:   中间件 django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware 局部: * @csrf\_protect,为当前函数强制设置防跨站请求伪造功能,即便settings中没有设置全局中间件。 * @csrf\_exempt,取消当前函数防跨站请求伪造功能,即便settings中设置了全局中间件。 注:from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf\_exempt,csrf\_protect 二、应用 1、普通表单 ~~~ html中设置Token: {% csrf_token %} ~~~ 2、Ajax请求 ``` <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/app/test1/" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="text" placeholder="用户名" name="user"> <input type="password" placeholder="密码" name="pwd"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> <input id="btn" type="button" value="按钮"> </form> <script src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script> <script src="/static/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script> $('#btn').click(function () { {# 给除GET|HEAD|OPTIONS|TRACE几个方法以外的方法全部设置csrftoken#} {# 过滤方法#} var csrftoken = $.cookie('csrftoken'); function csrfSafeMethod(method) { return (/^(GET|HEAD|OPTIONS|TRACE)$/.test(method)); } {# 设置csrftoken#} $.ajaxSetup({ beforeSend: function(xhr, settings) { if (!csrfSafeMethod(settings.type) && !this.crossDomain) { xhr.setRequestHeader("X-CSRFToken", csrftoken); } } }); $.ajax({ url:'/app/test1/', type:'GET', data:{'user':'alex'}, {# headers: {'X-CSRFtoken': $.cookie('csrftoken')}, 单个ajax请求设置csrftoken#} success:function (res) { } }) }) </script> </body> </html> ```