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论文Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation 是图像分割的里程碑论文。 论文原文地址:[https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jonlong/long\_shelhamer\_fcn.pdf](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jonlong/long_shelhamer_fcn.pdf) FCN论文开源caffe代码:[https://github.com/shelhamer/fcn.berkeleyvision.org](https://github.com/shelhamer/fcn.berkeleyvision.org) 本教程的tensorflow实现的FCN16S的代码:[https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S](https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S) ## 前沿 FCN论文的内容我们这里就不介绍了,可以自行阅读论文原文或者是别人写的博客。总之我们往下看的前提假设是你已经了解了论文的内容。我们这一节的目的是手把手教你实现论文的FCN 16s的实验。由于论文中提供的代码是Caffe的代码。我们将用tensorflow来实现原论文的实验。 ## FCN 16S 实验过程 * [第一部分 准备数据](#%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%8A%82) * [第二部分 定义网络结构](#%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%8A%82) * [第三部分 定义损失函数](#%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E8%8A%82) * [第四部分 优化算法](#%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E8%8A%82) * [第五部分 运行结果](#%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%8A%82) <h3 id="第一节">第一部分:准备数据</h5> 我们使用由MIT提供的Scene Parsing Challenge dataset [http://sceneparsing.csail.mit.edu/](http://sceneparsing.csail.mit.edu/) ### **创建项目** 首先我们在github上创建一个项目名为**FCN16S**如下图:![](https://box.kancloud.cn/f25a541abda6946789b983aeda426a9d_1920x866.png) 然后打开pycharm把该项目克隆下来如下图: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a57bf0d0d5e1e33e760ab0a7c680c256_783x488.png) ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/8897b75877cef21ecb05401bde3b2363_783x488.png) 修改项目运行环境: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/453530285fb5e07c893b39b0746bd15d_521x543.png) ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/7e38f98df4d892e004d3a21fd4c4c72e_1046x721.png) ### **到现在我们有了一个空项目并配置好了运行环境,下面我们一步一步书写项目代码**。 #### 首先我们创建项目主体文件名为:FCN16S.py 并加到版本控制里面。如下图:![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2299f6b55d3190dd1591c0492a525693_736x258.png) 可以输入下面代码测试tensorflow环境是够安装完成: ``` import tensorflow as tf hello = tf.constant('hello,tensorf') sess = tf.Session() print(sess.run(hello)) #如果正常运行,输出 b'hello,tensorf' ,则TensorFlow安装成功。 ``` 下面我们创建准备数据的文件并加入版本控制:read\_MITSceneParsingData.py 如下图: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/81af6551ebe17ff70470e4b1fd86ede8_386x269.png) > 首先我们应该知道我们使用的数据集是Scene Parsing Challenge dataset,Training set:20,210 images Validation set:2,000 images 首先我们在read\_MITSceneParsingData.py中定义一个函数: ``` ~~~ __author__ = 'tangzhenjie' import os # 数据集下载URL DATA_URL = 'http://data.csail.mit.edu/places/ADEchallenge/ADEChallengeData2016.zip' """ 从.pickle文件读取训练集和验证机文件名数组 param: data_dir: 文件存放的文件夹 return: 训练集和验证机文件名数组 (tuple) """ def read_dataset(data_dir): pickle_filename = "MITSceneParsing.pickle" pickle_filepath = os.path.join(data_dir, pickle_filename) # 验证文件如果不存在就去下载 if not os.path.exists(pickle_filepath): ~~~ ``` 我们现在需要去下载文件,为了使代码可读性强,我们另新建一个文件来处理下载文件:TensorflowUtils.py 然后在TensorflowUtils.py中添加下面代码: ``` __author__ = 'tangzhenjie' import os, sys from six.moves import urllib import tarfile import zipfile import scipy.io import tensorflow as tf import scipy.misc as misc """ 下载对应url的文件 param: dir_path: 下载和解压文件的位置 url_name: 要下载的文件的url is_tarfile: 是不是tar文件 is_zipfile: 是不是zip文件 """ def maybe_download_and_extract(dir_path, url_name, is_tarfile=False, is_zipfile=False): #首先验证要下载到的解压到的文件夹是否是存在 if not os.path.exists(dir_path): os.makedirs(dir_path) # 判断有没有下载,没有再去下载 file_name = url_name.split('/')[-1] file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, file_name) if not os.path.exists(file_path): # 定义一个下载过程中显示进度的函数 def _progress(count, block_size, total_size): sys.stdout.write( '\r>> Downloading %s %.1f%%' % (file_name, float(count * block_size) / float(total_size) * 100.0) ) # 刷新输出 sys.stdout.flush() file_path, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_name, file_path, reporthook=_progress) # 获取文件信息 statinfo = os.stat(file_path) print('Succesfully downloaded', file_name, statinfo.st_size, 'bytes.') if is_tarfile: tarfile.open(file_path, 'r:gz').extractall(dir_path) if is_zipfile: with zipfile.ZipFile(file_path) as zf: zip_dir = zf.namelist()[0] zf.extractall(dir_path) ``` 然后在read\_MITSceneParsingData.py文件中调用该方法并测试: 目前read\_MITSceneParsingData.py内容为: ``` __author__ = 'tangzhenjie' import os import TensorflowUtils as utils # 数据集下载URL DATA_URL = 'http://data.csail.mit.edu/places/ADEchallenge/ADEChallengeData2016.zip' """ 从.pickle文件读取训练集和验证机文件名数组 param: data_dir: 文件存放的文件夹 return: 训练集和验证机文件名数组 (tuple) """ def read_dataset(data_dir): pickle_filename = "MITSceneParsing.pickle" pickle_filepath = os.path.join(data_dir, pickle_filename) # 验证文件如果不存在就去下载 if not os.path.exists(pickle_filepath): utils.maybe_download_and_extract(data_dir, DATA_URL, is_zipfile=True) read_dataset("\\") ``` 显示如下表示代码没错: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/b26f81f914dcd7c97194259e21f962f4_1345x328.png) 现在我们在read\_MITSceneParsingData.py文件中添加获取训练集和验证机文件名数组的代码如下: ``` ~~~ __author__ = 'tangzhenjie' import os from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile from six.moves import cPickle as pickle import glob import random import TensorflowUtils as utils # 数据集下载URL DATA_URL = 'http://data.csail.mit.edu/places/ADEchallenge/ADEChallengeData2016.zip' """ 从.pickle文件读取训练集和验证机文件名数组 param: data_dir: 文件存放的文件夹 return: 训练集和验证机文件名数组 (tuple) """ def read_dataset(data_dir): pickle_filename = "MITSceneParsing.pickle" pickle_filepath = os.path.join(data_dir, pickle_filename) # 验证文件如果不存在就去下载 if not os.path.exists(pickle_filepath): utils.maybe_download_and_extract(data_dir, DATA_URL, is_zipfile=True) #下载并解压好文件后获取训练集合验证集文件名数组 SceneParsing_folder = os.path.splitext(DATA_URL.split("/")[-1])[0] result = create_image_lists(os.path.join(data_dir, SceneParsing_folder)) print("序列化 ...") with open(pickle_filepath, 'wb') as f: pickle.dump(result, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL) else: print ("Found pickle file!") with open(pickle_filepath, 'rb') as f: result = pickle.load(f) training_records = result['training'] validation_records = result['validation'] del result return training_records, validation_records def create_image_lists(image_dir): if not gfile.Exists(image_dir): print("Image directory '" + image_dir + "' not found.") return None directories = ['training', 'validation'] image_list = {} for directory in directories: file_list = [] image_list[directory] = [] file_glob = os.path.join(image_dir, "images", directory, '*.' + 'jpg') file_list.extend(glob.glob(file_glob)) if not file_list: print('No files found') else: for f in file_list: filename = os.path.splitext(f.split("\\")[-1])[0] annotation_file = os.path.join(image_dir, "annotations", directory, filename + '.png') if os.path.exists(annotation_file): record = {'image': f, 'annotation': annotation_file, 'filename': filename} image_list[directory].append(record) else: print("Annotation file not found for %s - Skipping" % filename) random.shuffle(image_list[directory]) no_of_images = len(image_list[directory]) print ('No. of %s files: %d' % (directory, no_of_images)) return image_list # 我下载解压好的文件在D:\dataSet\MIT test, val = read_dataset("D:\dataSet\MIT") ~~~ ``` 打断点调试运行结果如下: 1.第一次执行看看是否生成.MITSceneParsing.pickle文件 ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/139d8f93cc98b04d145497b498d64ac7_791x276.png) 2.看看结果是你想要的吗 ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/6df46078cabc94b273393d68142f6a9f_991x519.png) 删除下测试语句: ``` # 我下载解压好的文件在D:\dataSet\MIT test, val = read_dataset("D:\dataSet\MIT") end = 2 ``` **到此我们已经获得了训练集和验证机文件名数组** **下一步我们就准备输入到网络中的图像数据**: 新建一个文件:BatchDatsetReader.py输入以下代码: ``` ~~~ """ Code ideas from https://github.com/Newmu/dcgan and tensorflow mnist dataset reader """ import numpy as np import scipy.misc as misc # 测试代码 import read_MITSceneParsingData as Reader # 测试代码 class BatchDatset: files = [] # 存放图像文件路径 images = [] # 存放图像数据数组 annotations = [] # 存放标签图s像数据 image_options = {} # 改变图像的选择 batch_offset = 0 # 获取batch数据开始的偏移量 epochs_completed = 0 # 记录epoch的次数 # 构造函数 def __init__(self, record_list, image_options = {}): print("Initializing Batch Dataset Reader...") print(image_options) self.files = record_list self.image_options = image_options self._read_images() def _read_images(self): self._channels = True self.images = np.array([self._transform(filename['image']) for filename in self.files]) self._channels = False self.annotations = np.array([np.expand_dims(self._transform(filename['annotation']), axis=3) for filename in self.files]) print(self.images.shape) print(self.annotations.shape) def _transform(self, filename): # 读取图像数据到ndarray image = misc.imread(filename) # 保证图像通道数为3 if self._channels and len(image.shape) < 3: image = np.array([image for i in range(3)]) if self.image_options.get("resize", False) and self.image_options["resize"]: resize_size = int(self.image_options["resize_size"]) resize_image = misc.imresize(image, [resize_size, resize_size], interp='nearest') else: resize_image = image return np.array(resize_image) # 获取全部的图像和标记图像 def get_records(self): return self.images, self.annotations # 修改偏移量 def reset_batch_offset(self, offset=0): self.batch_offset = offset # 获取下一个batch def next_batch(self, batch_size): # 开始位置 start = self.batch_offset # 下一个batch的开始位置(也是这次的结束位置) self.batch_offset += batch_size # 判断位置是否超出界限 if self.batch_offset > self.images.shape[0]: # 超出界限证明完成一次epoch self.epochs_completed += 1 print("****************** Epochs completed: " + str(self.epochs_completed) + "******************") # 准备下一次数据 # 首先打乱数据 perm = np.arange(self.images.shape[0]) np.random.shuffle(perm) self.images = self.images[perm] self.annotations = self.annotations[perm] # 开始下一次epoch start = 0 self.batch_offset = batch_size # 生成数据 end = self.batch_offset return self.images[start:end], self.annotations[start:end] # 获取一组随机的batch def get_random_batch(self, batch_size): indexs = np.random.randint(0, self.images.shape[0], size=batch_size).tolist() return self.images[indexs], self.annotations[indexs] # 测试代码 record_lists = Reader.read_dataset("D:\dataSet\MIT") BatchDatsetObject = BatchDatset(record_lists[0][0:1000], {}) BatchData = BatchDatsetObject.next_batch(10) i = 0 # 测试代码 ~~~ ``` 测试结果如下(由于数据集大我们选择一部分来进行测试,首先我们应该知道这种数据读取的方式不好因为占用内存太大,后期我们将使用tensorflow自带的读取数据的方法来解决这个问题)记得删除测试代码: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/071c243d3480d2868f9cd2541e5a3179_1841x911.png) **好的到目前为止我们已经完成了数据准备的部分。** <h3 id="第二节">第二部分:定义网络结构</h5> ### 这里有一个网络可视化的小工具可以清楚地看到网络的结构:[https://dgschwend.github.io/netscope/](https://dgschwend.github.io/netscope/) 可以先看看网络的具体结构 1. 首先打开网址:[https://dgschwend.github.io/netscope/](https://dgschwend.github.io/netscope/) 点击下面按钮 2. ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/a3cb8be385ad43fba9d5d6e1a55722df_1069x361.png) 3. ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/b54315b5899b65898539881877c032ff_730x210.png) 4. 输入文件:[https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S/blob/master/ppt/FCN16S.txt](https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S/blob/master/ppt/FCN16S.txt) 内容能看到官方的FCN16S结构图,我们就按照这个实现。 我们就来书写网络结构,回到我们开始创建的:FCN16S.py在其中补全代码: 我们先定义网络所需要的参数和需要导入的包: ``` from __future__ import print_function import tensorflow as tf import numpy as np import TensorflowUtils as utils import read_MITSceneParsingData as scene_parsing import datetime import BatchDatsetReader as dataset from six.moves import xrange # 兼容python2和python3 # 定义一些网络需要的参数(可以以命令行可选参数进行重新赋值) FLAGS = tf.flags.FLAGS # batch大小 tf.flags.DEFINE_integer("batch_size", "2", "batch size for training") # 定义日志文件位置 tf.flags.DEFINE_string("logs_dir", "D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\Logs\\", "path to logs directory") # 定义图像数据集存放的路径 tf.flags.DEFINE_string("data_dir", "D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\Data_zoo\MIT_SceneParsing\\", "path to the dataset") # 定义学习率 tf.flags.DEFINE_float("learning_rate", "1e-4", "learning rate for Adam Optimizer") # 存放VGG16模型的mat (我们使用matlab训练好的VGG16参数) tf.flags.DEFINE_string("model_dir", "D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\Model_zoo\\", "Path to vgg model mat") # 是否是调试状态(如果是调试状态会额外保存一些信息) tf.flags.DEFINE_bool("debug", "False", "Model Debug:True/ False") # 执行的状态(训练 测试 显示) tf.flags.DEFINE_string("mode", "train", "Mode: train/ test/ visualize") # checkpoint目录 tf.flags.DEFINE_string("checkpoint_dir", "D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\Checkpoint\\", "path to the checkpoint") # 验证结果保存图像目录 tf.flags.DEFINE_string("image_dir", "D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\Image\\", "path to the checkpoint") # 模型地址 MODEL_URL = "http://www.vlfeat.org/matconvnet/models/beta16/imagenet-vgg-verydeep-16.mat" ``` 我们下一步就是去首先看看下载下来的训练好的VGG16的权重结构。 第一步我们先把模型下载下来,所以在:TensorflowUtils.py中添加以下方法: ``` import scipy.io """ 获取模型数据 :param dir_path 下载的位置 model_url 模型的网络位置 """ def get_model_data(dir_path, model_url): maybe_download_and_extract(dir_path, model_url) # 判断是否下载下来 filename = model_url.split("/")[-1] file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, filename) if not os.path.exists(file_path): raise IOError("VGG16 model not found") data = scipy.io.loadmat(file_path) return data ``` 在FCN16S.py中书写测试代码如下: ``` # 测试代码 model_data = utils.get_model_data("D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\VGG16MODEL", MODEL_URL) # 测试代码 ``` 第一次运行结果如下: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/5285fb086fd62a26efa3c2897415efc5_1087x378.png) 然后我们看看.mat中存储的数据样子:如下 ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/f3d348c49c5837fd59efb6f2ae79beee_974x370.png) 我们只关心layers中的信息。所以我们先测试layers中有什么东西,在:FCN16S.py中继续添加测试代码如下: > 参考的链接是:[https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/40492866](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/40492866) ``` # 测试代码 model_data = utils.get_model_data("D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\VGG16MODEL", MODEL_URL) layers = model_data["layers"] vgg_layers = model_data["layers"][0] # type 1*37 (37层) for element in xrange(0, 37): layer = vgg_layers[element] struct = layer[0][0] number = len(struct) if number == 5: # weights pad type name stride print(struct[3]) if number == 2: # relu层信息 print(struct[1]) if number == 6: # pool层信息或者是最后一层信息 print(struct[0]) # 测试代码 ``` 运行结果如下(由于太长截不全请自行运行): ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/8aa3211def28fcc161fdbb9347b158ac_765x318.png) > 结果解释:打印出了每一层的名字。 我们构建网络只需要其中的卷积层权重即可,所以我们要会获取W 和 B即可。 下面我们获得W和B继续添加下面测试代码: ``` # 第0层是卷积层,我们直接给出第0层w和b的位置 layer0 = vgg_layers[0] # w w_shape = layer0[0][0][0][0][0].shape b_shape = layer0[0][0][0][0][1].shape print(w_shape) print(b_shape) ``` 运行结果如下: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/adc2e04a5dbf83598fa02c56692ebae5_421x146.png) > 结果说明:我们从网络结构中可以看出第一层卷积核为3\*3 输入为3channel输出为64channel **到此我们清楚了.mat文件中的东西和位置**。我们现在着手开始搭建网络。因为FCN16S网络前面的卷积层都没有动,所以我们先把前面的卷积层搭建起来。 继续回到FCN16S.py这个文件中。在编写网络之前我们先在:TensorflowUtils.py中添加几个功能函数。代码如下: ``` # 有权重初始值定义在网络中生成变量的函数 def get_variable(weights, name): # 定义常数初始化器 init = tf.constant_initializer(weights, dtype=tf.float32) # 生成变量 var = tf.get_variable(name=name, initializer=init, shape=weights.shape) return var # 有变量的shape生成平均值为0标准差为0.02的截断的正态分布数值的变量 def weight_variable(shape, stddev=0.02, name=None): initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=stddev) if name is None: return tf.Variable(initial) else: return tf.get_variable(name, initializer=initial) # 生成b值的变量 def bias_variable(shape, name=None): initial = tf.constant(0.0, shape=shape) if name is None: return tf.Variable(initial) else: return tf.get_variable(name, initializer=initial) ####################下面定义操作######################### # 定义卷积输入和输出大小不变(通道可能变化)操作 def conv2d_basic(x, W, bias): # stride 1 padding same保证卷积输入和输出相同 conv = tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding="SAME") return tf.nn.bias_add(conv, bias) # 定义卷积输出是输入的二分之一 def conv2d_strided(x, W, bias): conv = tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding="SAME") return tf.nn.bias_add(conv, bias) # 定义maxpool层使图像缩小一半 def max_pool_2x2(x): return tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2 , 1], strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding="SAME") # 定义平均池化使图像缩小一半 def avg_pool_2x2(x): return tf.nn.avg_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding="SAME") ######################图像处理方法####################### def process_image(image, mean_pixel): return image - mean_pixel def unprocess_image(image, mean_pixel): return image + mean_pixel ~~~ #######################padding操作#################### # 因为官方caffe代码说是先padding100 def pading(image, paddingdata): if len(image.shape) == 3: # tensor的shape为[height, width, channels] target_height = image.shape[0] + paddingdata * 2 target_width = image.shape[1] + paddingdata * 2 return tf.image.pad_to_bounding_box(image,offset_height=paddingdata, offset_width=paddingdata, target_height=target_height,target_width=target_width) elif len(image.shape) == 4: # [batch, height, width, channels] target_height = image.shape[1] + paddingdata * 2 target_width = image.shape[2] + paddingdata * 2 return tf.image.pad_to_bounding_box(image, offset_height=paddingdata, offset_width=paddingdata, target_height=target_height,target_width=target_width) else: raise ValueError("image tensor shape error") # 保存图像 def save_image(image, save_dir, name, mean=None): """ Save image by unprocessing if mean given else just save :param image: :param save_dir: :param name: :param mean: :return: """ if mean: image = unprocess_image(image, mean) misc.imsave(os.path.join(save_dir, name + ".png"), image) ``` **有了这些工具函数我们接着构建网络** 在FCN16S中添加下面代码补充完成vgg\_net函数: ``` def vgg_net(weights, image): # 首先我们定义FCN16S中使用VGG16层中的名字,用来生成相同的网络 layers = ( "conv1_1", "relu1_1", "conv1_2", "relu1_2", "pool1", "conv2_1", "relu2_1", "conv2_2", "relu2_2", "pool2", "conv3_1", "relu3_1", "conv3_2", "relu3_2", "conv3_3", "relu3_3", "pool3", "conv4_1", "relu4_1", "conv4_2", "relu4_2", "conv4_3", "relu4_3" "pool4", "conv5_1", "relu5_1", "conv5_2", "relu5_2", "conv5_3", "relu5_3", "pool5" ) # 生成的公有层的所有接口 net = {} # 当前输入 current = image for i, name in enumerate(layers): # 获取前面层名字的前四个字符 kind = name[:4] if kind == "conv": kernels = weights[i][0][0][0][0][0] bias = weights[i][0][0][0][0][1] # matconvnet: weights are [width, height, in_channels, out_channels] # tensorflow: weights are [height, width, in_channels, out_channels] # 生成变量 kernels = utils.get_variable(np.transpose(kernels, (1, 0, 2, 3)), name=name + "_w") bias = utils.get_variable(bias.reshape(-1), name=name + "_b") current = utils.conv2d_basic(current, kernels, bias) elif kind == "relu": current = tf.nn.relu(current, name=name) if FLAGS.debug: utils.add_activation_summary(current) elif kind == "pool": current = utils.avg_pool_2x2(current)\ net[name] = current return net ``` 现在我们把VGG16的前5层结构写出来了,现在测试是否正确添加测试代码如下: ``` ####################### 测试代码 ################################ # 构建图 model_data = utils.get_model_data("D:\pycharm_program\FCN16S\VGG16MODEL", MODEL_URL) weights = model_data["layers"][0] image = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3], name="input_image") net = vgg_net(weights,image) # 获取数据 training_records, validation_records = scene_parsing.read_dataset("D:\dataSet\MIT") datsetObject = dataset.BatchDatset(validation_records, {"resize":True, "resize_size": 224}) batchdataset = datsetObject.get_random_batch(2) imagedata = batchdataset[0] feed_dict = {image: imagedata} # 运行图 sess = tf.Session() sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()) print(sess.run(net["pool5"], feed_dict=feed_dict).shape) ########################## 测试代码 ########################### ``` 结果: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/37717f6b300c37b9679f1fe82a9289b5_1001x919.png) > 结果解释:因为卷积层使图片大小不变而pool操作会使图片缩小一半。所以224\*224经过5个pool后变成了7\*7 **到此为止我们实现了FCN16S与VGG16相同的结构下面我们就去完整的构造FCN16S网络** 在FCN16.py中输入下面代码: ``` """ 构建FCN16S :param image 网络输入的图像 [batch, height, width, channels] :return 输出与image大小相同的tensor """ def fcn16s_net(image, keep_prob): # 首先我们padding图片 image = utils.pading(image, 100) # 转换数据类型 # 首先我们获取相同部分构造的模型权重 model_data = utils.get_model_data(FLAGS.model_dir, MODEL_URL) weights = model_data["layers"][0] with tf.variable_scope("VGG16"): vgg16net_dict = vgg_net(weights, image) with tf.variable_scope("FCN16S"): pool5 = vgg16net_dict["pool5"] # 创建fc6层 w6 = utils.weight_variable([7, 7, 512, 4096], name="w6") b6 = utils.bias_variable([4096], name="b6") conv6 = tf.nn.conv2d(pool5, w6, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding="VALID") conv_bias6 = tf.nn.bias_add(conv6, b6) relu6 = tf.nn.relu(conv_bias6, name="relu6") if FLAGS.debug: utils.add_activation_summary(relu6) relu_dropout6 = tf.nn.dropout(relu6, keep_prob=keep_prob) # 创建fc7层 w7 = utils.weight_variable([1, 1, 4096, 4096], name="w7") b7 = utils.bias_variable([4096], name="b7") conv7 = utils.conv2d_basic(relu_dropout6, w7, b7) relu7 = tf.nn.relu(conv7, name="relu7") if FLAGS.debug: utils.add_activation_summary(relu7) conv_dropout7 = tf.nn.dropout(relu7, keep_prob=keep_prob) # 定义score_fr层 w8 = utils.weight_variable([1, 1, 4096, NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="w8") b8 = utils.bias_variable([NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="b8") score_fr = utils.conv2d_basic(conv_dropout7, w8, b8) # 定义upscore2层 ``` 因为我们需要反卷积层所以我们先在:TensorflowUtils.py中添加下面功能函数来执行反卷积: ``` # 反卷积操作 def conv2d_transpose_strided(x, w, b, output_shape=None, stride=2): if output_shape is None: # 如果默认就让反卷积的输出图片大小扩大一倍,通道为卷积核上的输出通道 tmp_shape = x.get_shape().as_list() tmp_shape[1] *= 2 tmp_shape[2] *= 2 x_shape = tf.shape(x) output_shape = tf.stack([x_shape[0], tmp_shape[1], tmp_shape[2], w.get_shape().as_list()[2]]) conv = tf.nn.conv2d_transpose(x, w, output_shape, strides=[1, stride, stride, 1], padding="SAME") return tf.nn.bias_add(conv, b) ``` > tensorflow反卷积操作的解释参考文档:[https://blog.csdn.net/mao\_xiao\_feng/article/details/71713358](https://blog.csdn.net/mao_xiao_feng/article/details/71713358) 我们在:TensorflowUtils.py文件中测试中添加测试代码测试卷积操作: ``` ~~~ ###########测试代码############ # 卷积操作 conv_image = tf.zeros([1, 12, 12, 3], dtype=tf.float32) conv_kernel = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.ones([2, 2, 3, 2], dtype=tf.float32)) out_image = tf.nn.conv2d(conv_image, conv_kernel, [1,2,2,1], padding="SAME") #反卷积操作 transpose_kernel = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.ones([2,2,3,2], dtype=tf.float32)) transpose_b = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.zeros([3], dtype=tf.float32)) image = conv2d_transpose_strided(out_image, transpose_kernel, transpose_b) sess = tf.Session() sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables()) print(sess.run(image).shape) ###########测试代码############ ~~~ ``` 正确结果如下:![](https://box.kancloud.cn/0ca8bed347b39be967c70906c66a9052_1423x822.png) > 反卷积是卷积逆操作(传入的参数卷积核、stride、padding不变, 图片和偏执需要改变) 删除测试代码我们继续回到FCN16S.py构建我们的网络: ``` ~~~ # 定义upscore2层 w9 = utils.weight_variable([4, 4, NUM_OF_CLASSES, NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="w9") b9 = utils.bias_variable([NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="b9") upscore2 = utils.conv2d_transpose_strided(score_fr, w9, b9) # 定义score_pool4 pool4_shape = vgg16net_dict["pool4"].get_shape() w10 = utils.weight_variable([1, 1, pool4_shape[3].value, NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="w10") b10 = utils.bias_variable([NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="b10") score_pool4 = utils.conv2d_basic(vgg16net_dict["pool4"], w10, b10) # 定义score_pool4c upscore2_shape = upscore2.get_shape() upscore2_target_height = upscore2_shape[1].value upscore2_target_width = upscore2_shape[2].value score_pool4c = tf.image.crop_to_bounding_box(score_pool4, 5, 5, upscore2_target_height, upscore2_target_width) # 定义fuse_pool4 fuse_pool4 = tf.add(upscore2, score_pool4c, name="fuse_pool4") # 定义upscore16 fuse_pool4_shape = fuse_pool4.get_shape() w11 = utils.weight_variable([32, 32, NUM_OF_CLASSES, NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="w11") b11 = utils.bias_variable([NUM_OF_CLASSES], name="b11") output_shape = tf.stack([tf.shape(fuse_pool4)[0], fuse_pool4_shape[1].value * 16, fuse_pool4_shape[2].value * 16, NUM_OF_CLASSES]) upscore16 = utils.conv2d_transpose_strided(fuse_pool4, w11, b11, output_shape=output_shape , stride=16) # 定义score层 image_shape = image.get_shape() score_target_height = image_shape[1].value - 200 # 因为输入网络的图片需要先padding100,所以减去200 score_target_width = image_shape[2].value - 200 # 因为输入网络的图片需要先padding100,所以减去200 score = tf.image.crop_to_bounding_box(upscore16, 27, 27, score_target_height, score_target_width) annotation_pred = tf.argmax(score, dimension=3, name="prediction") return tf.expand_dims(annotation_pred, dim=3), score ~~~ ``` > 注意由于tensorflow中的反卷积和caffe中的有区别,这里我们中间反卷积时操作的输出可能与原网络有区别。不过应该不影响网络的最终性能,我们到最后就能看出来。 到此我们写完了fcn16s\_net函数。我们构建完了网络实现了:从一个图像到经过卷积、池化和上卷积、剪切生成与原图像一样的特征图。 我们先测试一下,在:FCN16S.py中添加如下代码: ``` ####################### 测试代码 ################################ # 构建图 image = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3], name="input_image") predict, score = fcn16s_net(image, 0.5) # 获取数据 training_records, validation_records = scene_parsing.read_dataset("D:\dataSet\MIT") datsetObject = dataset.BatchDatset(validation_records, {"resize":True, "resize_size": 224}) batchdataset = datsetObject.get_random_batch(2) imagedata = batchdataset[0] feed_dict = {image: imagedata} # 运行图 sess = tf.Session() sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()) print(sess.run(score, feed_dict=feed_dict).shape) ########################## 测试代码 ########################### ``` > 注意记得修改model\_dir的值,否则你还得下载一次模型数据(模型数据有点大) 测试结果如下: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/04511fb12c3de566aaa672ac6e4c8ef1_671x291.png) **到此我们已经实现了定义网络结构的一部分。** <h3 id="第三节">第三部分:定义损失函数</h5> 这一节我们就来实现训练该网络的一部分。我们先写main函数: ``` ~~~ def main(argv=None): #构建网络部分 # 我们首先定义网络的输入部分 keep_probability = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name="keep_probability") image = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 3], name="input_image") annotation = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[None, IMAGE_SIZE, IMAGE_SIZE, 1], name="annotation") pred_annotation, logits = fcn16s_net(image, keep_probability) # 把我们需要观察的图片和生成的结果图保存下来 tf.summary.image("input_image", image, max_outputs=2) tf.summary.image("ground_truth", tf.cast(annotation, tf.uint8), max_outputs=2) tf.summary.image(pred_annotation, tf.cast(pred_annotation, tf.uint8), max_outputs=2) # 定义损失函数 loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logits, labels=tf.squeeze(annotation, squeeze_dims=[3])), name="entropy") # 把损失保存下来 loss_summary = tf.summary.scalar("entropy", loss) # 获取要训练的变量 trainable_var = tf.trainable_variables() # 如果是调试运行下保存变量 if FLAGS.debug: for var in trainable_var: utils.add_to_regularization_and_summary(var) ~~~ ``` <h3 id="第四节">第四部分:优化算法</h5> 有了损失函数我们现在就去使用优化算法来减少损失,我们在FCN16S.py文件中添加优化损失的函数: ``` ~~~ def train(loss_val, var_list): optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(FLAGS.learning_rate) grads = optimizer.compute_gradients(loss_val, var_list=var_list) if FLAGS.debug: for grad, var in grads: utils.add_gradient_summary(grad, var) return optimizer.apply_gradients(grads) ~~~ ``` 有了优化算法我们继续在main函数中构建网络: > 参考链接学习tensorboard:[https://jhui.github.io/2017/03/12/TensorBoard-visualize-your-learning/](https://jhui.github.io/2017/03/12/TensorBoard-visualize-your-learning/) ``` # 如果是调试运行下保存变量 if FLAGS.debug: for var in trainable_var: utils.add_to_regularization_and_summary(var) train_op = train(loss, trainable_var) #创建把所有要保存的调试信息集中起来的操作(以备存入文件) print("Setting up summary op....") summary_op = tf.summary.merge_all() #################到此我们网络构建完毕################# #################下面我们构建数据########## print("Setting up image reader...") train_records, valid_records = scene_parsing.read_dataset(FLAGS.data_dir) # 打印出来看看数据条数是否正确 print(len(train_records)) print(len(valid_records)) print("Setting up dataset reader...") image_options = {'resize':True, 'resize_size':IMAGE_SIZE} if FLAGS.mode == "train": train_dataset_reader = dataset.BatchDatset(train_records, image_options) validation_dataset_reader = dataset.BatchDatset(valid_records, image_options) #################构建数据完成#################################### ###################构建运行对话################## sess = tf.Session() print("Setting up Saver.....") saver = tf.train.Saver() # create two summary writers to show training loss and validation loss in the same graph # need to create two folders 'train' and 'validation' inside FLAGS.logs_dir train_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.logs_dir + "/train", sess.graph) validation_writer = tf.summary.FileWriter(FLAGS.logs_dir + "validation") # 首先给变量初始化进行训练验证前的的准备 sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer()) # 判断有没有checkpoint ckpt = tf.train.get_checkpoint_state(FLAGS.checkpoint_dir) if ckpt and ckpt.model_checkpoint_path: saver.restore(sess, ckpt.model_checkpoint_path) print("Model restored .....") # 开始训练或者验证 if FLAGS.mode == "train": for itr in xrange(MAX_ITERATION): # 先生成batch数据 train_images, train_annotation = train_dataset_reader.next_batch(FLAGS.batch_size) feed_dict = {image: train_images, annotation: train_annotation, keep_probability:0.85} # 运行 sess.run(train_op, feed_dict=feed_dict) # 下面是保存一些能反映训练中的过程的一些信息 if itr % 10 == 0: train_loss, summary_str = sess.run([loss, loss_summary], feed_dict=feed_dict) print("Step: %d, Train_loss: %d" % (itr, train_loss)) train_writer.add_summary(summary_str, itr) train_writer.flush() if itr % 500 == 0: valid_images, valid_annotations = validation_dataset_reader.next_batch(FLAGS.batch_size) valid_loss, summary_sva = sess.run([loss, loss_summary], feed_dict={image: valid_images, annotation: valid_annotations, keep_probability: 1.0}) print("%s------> Validation_loss: %g" % (datetime.datetime.now(), valid_loss)) saver.save(sess, FLAGS.checkpoint_dir + "model.ckpt", itr) # add validation loss to TensorBoard validation_writer.add_summary(summary_sva, itr) validation_writer.flush() elif FLAGS.mode == "visualize": valid_images, valid_annotations = validation_dataset_reader.get_random_batch(FLAGS.batch_size) pred = sess.run(pred_annotation, feed_dict={image: valid_images, annotation: valid_annotations, keep_probability: 1.0}) valid_annotations = np.squeeze(valid_annotations, axis=3) pred = np.squeeze(pred, axis=3) # 保存结果 for itr in range(FLAGS.batch_size): utils.save_image(valid_images[itr].astype(np.uint8), FLAGS.image_dir, name="inp_" + str(5+itr)) utils.save_image(valid_annotations[itr].astype(np.uint8), FLAGS.image_dir, name="gt_" + str(5+itr)) utils.save_image(pred[itr].astype(np.uint8), FLAGS.image_dir, name="pred_" + str(5+itr)) print("Saved image: %d" % itr) ~~~ ``` 到此我们main函数就写完了。下面我们就可以运行该网络了,添加运行代码: ``` ~~~ if __name__ == "__main__": tf.app.run() ~~~ ``` 下面就是见证奇迹的时刻了。运行:FCN16S.py结果如下图所示: ![](https://box.kancloud.cn/87d7a09b0f2c4424033aa20c75d0bd3f_965x712.png) > 注意:至此我们就完全实现了FCN16S网络。注意上面代码运行的时候会特别吃内存,因为该代码会先把全部的数据集读入内存。后期我们会换成tensorflow中的读取方式来解决此问题 <h3 id="第五节">第五部分:运行结果测试</h5> 我们在代码里加上计算m\_iou的节点然后测试: ``` ~~~ # 计算m_iou re_shape = tf.stack([tf.shape(pred_annotation)[0], IMAGE_SIZE * IMAGE_SIZE, 1]) annotation_new = tf.reshape(annotation, re_shape) pred_annotation_new = tf.reshape(pred_annotation, re_shape) mean_iou, endarray = tf.metrics.mean_iou(annotation_new, pred_annotation_new, NUM_OF_CLASSES) ~~~ ``` 然后在训练的代码中添加如下代码: ``` ~~~ sess.run(tf.local_variables_initializer()) ~~~ ~~~ # miou m_iou, array_end = sess.run([mean_iou, endarray], feed_dict={image: train_images, annotation: train_annotation, keep_probability:1.0}) print(m_iou) print(array_end) ~~~ ``` 然后运行结果不好。我们下一节修改读入方法,和调试该网路与论文结果一直。 最后还是把到目前为止实现的代码位置分享给大家:[https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S](https://github.com/tangzhenjie/FCN16S)