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> 编写:[yuanfentiank789](https://github.com/yuanfentiank789) - 原文:[http://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/starting-](http://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/starting-activity.html)[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.").html 在完成上一课(建立简单的用户界面)后,我们已经拥有了显示一个[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")(一个界面)的app(应用),该[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")包含了一个文本字段和一个按钮。在这节课中,我们将添加一些新的代码到`MyActivity`中,当用户点击发送(Send)按钮时启动一个新的[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。 ### 响应Send(发送)按钮 1 在Android Studio中打开res/layout目录下的activity_my.xml 文件. 2 为 Button 标签添加[android:onclick](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.html#attr_android:onClick)属性. res/layout/activity_my.xml ~~~ <Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@string/button_send" android:onClick="sendMessage" /> ~~~ `android:onclick`属性的值`"sendMessage"`即为用户点击屏幕按钮时触发方法的名字。 3 打开java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp目录下MyActivity.java 文件. 4 在MyActivity.java 中添加sendMessage() 函数: java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ /** Called when the user clicks the Send button */ public void sendMessage(View view) { // Do something in response to button } ~~~ 为使系统能够将该方法(你刚在MyActivity.java中添加的sendMessage方法)与在`android:onClick`属性中提供的方法名字匹配,它们的名字必须一致,特别需要注意的是,这个方法必须满足以下条件: - 是public函数 - 无返回值 - 参数唯一(为View类型,代表被点击的视图) 接下来,你可以在这个方法中编写读取文本内容,并将该内容传到另一个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的代码。 ### 构建一个Intent > [Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)是在不同组件中(比如两个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface."))提供运行时绑定的对象。`Intent`代表一个应用"想去做什么事",你可以用它做各种各样的任务,不过大部分的时候他们被用来启动另一个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")。更详细的内容可以参考[Intents and Intent Filters](http://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-filters.html)。 1 在MyActivity.java的`sendMessage()`方法中创建一个`Intent`并启动名为`DisplayMessageActivity`的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface."): java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ Intent intent = new Intent(this, DisplayMessageActivity.class); ~~~ > **Note**:如果使用的是类似Android Studio的IDE,这里对`DisplayMessageActivity`的引用会报错,因为这个类还不存在;暂时先忽略这个错误,我们很快就要去创建这个类了。 在这个Intent构造函数中有两个参数: - 第一个参数是[Context](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Context.html)(之所以用`this`是因为当前[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")是`Context`的子类) - 接受系统发送[Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)的应用组件的[Class](http://developer.android.com/reference/java/lang/Class.html)(在这个案例中,指将要被启动的[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface."))。 Android Studio会提示导入[Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)类。 2 在文件开始处导入[Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)类: java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ import android.content.Intent; ~~~ > **Tip:**在Android Studio中,按Alt + Enter 可以导入缺失的类(在Mac中使用option + return) 3 在`sendMessage()`方法里用[findViewById()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity.html#findViewById(int))方法得到[EditText](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/EditText.html)元素. java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ public void sendMessage(View view) { Intent intent = new Intent(this, DisplayMessageActivity.class); EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edit_message); } ~~~ 4 在文件开始处导入EditText类. 在Android Studio中,按Alt + Enter 可以导入缺失的类(在Mac中使用option + return) 5 把EditText的文本内容关联到一个本地 message 变量,并使用putExtra()方法把值传给intent. java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ public void sendMessage(View view) { Intent intent = new Intent(this, DisplayMessageActivity.class); EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edit_message); String message = editText.getText().toString(); intent.putExtra(EXTRA_MESSAGE, message); } ~~~ [Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)可以携带称作 _extras_ 的键-值对数据类型。 [putExtra()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html#putExtra(java.lang.String, android.os.Bundle))方法把键名作为第一个参数,把值作为第二个参数。 6 在MyActivity class,定义EXTRA_MESSAGE : java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ public class MyActivity extends ActionBarActivity { public final static String EXTRA_MESSAGE = "com.mycompany.myfirstapp.MESSAGE"; ... } ~~~ 为让新启动的[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")能查询extra数据。定义key为一个public型的常量,通常使用应用程序包名作为前缀来定义键是很好的做法,这样在应用程序与其他应用程序进行交互时仍可以确保键是唯一的。 7 在sendMessage()函数里,调用startActivity()完成新[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的启动,现在完整的代码应该是下面这个样子: java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp/MyActivity.java ~~~ /** Called when the user clicks the Send button */ public void sendMessage(View view) { Intent intent = new Intent(this, DisplayMessageActivity.class); EditText editText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.edit_message); String message = editText.getText().toString(); intent.putExtra(EXTRA_MESSAGE, message); startActivity(intent); } ~~~ 运行这个方法,系统收到我们的请求后会实例化在`Intent`中指定的`Activity`,现在需要创建一个`DisplayMessageActivity`类使程序能够执行起来。 ### 创建第二个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") [Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")所有子类都必须实现onCreate()方法。创建[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的实例时系统会调用该方式,此时必须用 setContentView()来定义[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")布局,以对[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")进行初始化。 ### 使用Android Studio创建新的[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") 使用Android Studio创建的[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")会实现一个默认的onCreate()方法. 1. 在Android Studio的java 目录, 选择包名 **com.mycompany.myfirstapp**,右键选择 **New > [Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") > Blank [Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")**. 1. 在**Choose options**窗口,配置[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface."): - **[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") Name**: DisplayMessageActivity **Layout Name**: activity_display_message **Title**: My Message **Hierarchical Parent**: com.mycompany.myfirstapp.MyActivity Package name: com.mycompany.myfirstapp点击 **Finish**. ![adt-new-activity](https://box.kancloud.cn/2015-07-28_55b7246ec4e3b.png) 3 打开DisplayMessageActivity.java文件,此类已经实现了onCreate()方法,稍后需要更新此方法。另外还有一个onOptionsItemSelected()方法,用来处理action bar的点击行为。暂时保留这两个方法不变。 4 由于这个应用程序并不需要onCreateOptionsMenu(),直接删除这个方法。 如果使用 Android Studio开发,现在已经可以点击Send按钮启动这个[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")了,但显示的仍然是模板提供的默认内容"Hello world",稍后修改显示自定义的文本内容。 ### 使用命令行创建[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.") 如果使用命令行工具创建[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface."),按如下步骤操作: 1 在工程的src/目录下,紧挨着MyActivity.java创建一个新文件DisplayMessageActivity.java. 2 写入如下代码: ~~~ public class DisplayMessageActivity extends ActionBarActivity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_display_message); if (savedInstanceState == null) { getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction() .add(R.id.container, new PlaceholderFragment()).commit(); } } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml. int id = item.getItemId(); if (id == R.id.action_settings) { return true; } return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } /** * A placeholder fragment containing a simple view. */ public static class PlaceholderFragment extends Fragment { public PlaceholderFragment() { } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_display_message, container, false); return rootView; } } } ~~~ > **Note**:如果使用的IDE不是 Android Studio,工程中可能不会包含由`setContentView()`请求的`activity_display_message` layout,但这没关系,因为等下会修改这个方法。 3 把新[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的标题添加到strings.xml文件: ~~~ <resources> ... <string name="title_activity_display_message">My Message</string> </resources> ~~~ 4 在 AndroidManifest.xml的Application 标签内为 DisplayMessageActivity添加 标签,如下: ~~~ <application ... > ... <activity android:name="com.mycompany.myfirstapp.DisplayMessageActivity" android:label="@string/title_activity_display_message" android:parentActivityName="com.mycompany.myfirstapp.MyActivity" > <meta-data android:name="android.support.PARENT_ACTIVITY" android:value="com.mycompany.myfirstapp.MyActivity" /> </activity> </application> ~~~ `android:parentActivityName`属性声明了在应用程序中该[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")逻辑层面的父类[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的名称。 系统使用此值来实现默认导航操作,比如在Android 4.1(API level 16)或者更高版本中的[Up navigation](http://developer.android.com/design/patterns/navigation.html)。 使用[Support Library](http://developer.android.com/tools/support-library/index.html),如上所示的[`<meta-data>`](http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/meta-data-element.html)元素可以为安卓旧版本提供相同功能。 > **Note**:我们的Android SDK应该已经包含了最新的Android Support Library,它包含在ADT插件中。但如果用的是别的IDE,则需要在[ Adding Platforms and Packages ](http://developer.android.com/sdk/installing/adding-packages.html)中安装。当Android Studio中使用模板时,Support Library会自动加入我们的工程中(在Android Dependencies中你以看到相应的JAR文件)。如果不使用Android Studio,就需要手动将Support Library添加到我们的工程中,参考[setting up the Support Library](http://developer.android.com/tools/support-library/setup.html)。 ### 接收Intent 不管用户导航到哪,每个[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")都是通过[Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)被调用的。我们可以通过调用[getIntent()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity.html#getIntent())来获取启动[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的[Intent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html)及其包含的数据。 1 编辑java/com.mycompany.myfirstapp目录下的DisplayMessageActivity.java文件. 2 删除onCreate()方法中下面一行: ~~~ setContentView(R.layout.activity_display_message); ~~~ 3 得到intent 并赋值给本地变量. ~~~ Intent intent = getIntent(); ~~~ 4 为Intent导入包. 在Android Studio中,按Alt + Enter 可以导入缺失的类(在Mac中使用option + return). 5 调用 getStringExtra()提取从 MyActivity 传递过来的消息. ~~~ String message = intent.getStringExtra(MyActivity.EXTRA_MESSAGE); ~~~ ### 显示文本 1 在onCreate() 方法中, 创建一个 TextView 对象. ~~~ TextView textView = new TextView(this); ~~~ 2 设置文本字体大小和内容. ~~~ textView.setTextSize(40); textView.setText(message); ~~~ 3 通过调用[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")的setContentView()把TextView作为[activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")布局的根视图. ~~~ setContentView(textView); ~~~ 4 为TextView 导入包. 在Android Studio中,按Alt + Enter 可以导入缺失的类(在Mac中使用option + return). DisplayMessageActivity的完整onCreate()方法应该如下: ~~~ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); // Get the message from the intent Intent intent = getIntent(); String message = intent.getStringExtra(MyActivity.EXTRA_MESSAGE); // Create the text view TextView textView = new TextView(this); textView.setTextSize(40); textView.setText(message); // Set the text view as the activity layout setContentView(textView); } ~~~ 现在你可以运行app,在文本中输入信息,点击Send(发送)按钮,ok,现在就可以在第二[Activity](# "An activity represents a single screen with a user interface.")上看到发送过来信息了。如图: ![firstapp](https://box.kancloud.cn/2015-07-28_55b7246edae61.png) 到此为止,已经创建好我们的第一个Android应用了!