# 22.术语表 This terminology is used in [my](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Piotr_Wozniak) articles on [education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling), [sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep), and [creatvity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) \(some of this terminology is my own\): 这个术语集是[我](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Piotr_Wozniak)在关于[教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_of_Schooling)、[睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Science_of_sleep)和[创造力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle)的文章中使用过的（其中一些术语是我自己定义的）： * [Abstractness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abstractness) - dissociation from detail that increases [applicability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability) of knowledge * [抽象性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Abstractness)——提高知识[通用性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability)的，从细节中的分离 * [Acquisition rate](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Acquisition_rate) - speed of learning * [习得速率](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Acquisition_rate)——学习的速度 * [Active recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall) - bringing knowledge back up from memory \(e.g. as opposed to passive reading\) * [主动回忆](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)——从记忆中寻找知识（举例，与被动阅读相反） * [Applicability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability) - range of usability of knowledge * [通用性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Applicability)——知识可用的范围 * [Behavioral space](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space) - set of behaviors that result in no penalty * [行为空间](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space)——不会受到惩罚的一系列行为 * [Behavioral system](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_system) - set of behaviors that develop in a set social context * [行为系统](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_system)——在一定的社会背景下发展起来的一系列行为 * [Biphasic sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Biphasic_sleep) - sleep in two blocks: night and siesta * [双相睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Biphasic_sleep)——分两个时间段的睡眠：夜间睡眠和午睡 * [Circadian cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle) - ~24h cycle of changes in the state of body and mind * [昼夜周期](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle)——身心状态变化的 24 小时周期 * [Circadian phase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_phase) - the time of day measured in hours since natural waking * [昼夜相位](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_phase)——一天中自然醒来后，以小时为单位测量的时间 * [Circadian sleep propensity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_sleep_propensity) - sleepiness determined by the body clock * [昼夜睡眠倾向](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_sleep_propensity)——由生物钟决定的睡意 * [Childhood amnesia](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) - natural long-term memory deficit in children * [童年健忘症](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia)——儿童的自然长期记忆缺陷 * [Chronic stress](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Chronic_stress) - harmful stress that does not go away * [慢性压力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Chronic_stress)——持续的有害压力 * [Cloze deletion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cloze_deletion) - question in the form of a sentence in which a keyword is replaced with 3 dots * [完形填空](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Cloze_deletion)——以句子的形式出现的问题，其中每个关键词被替换成\[...\] * [Coherence](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence) - degree of meaningful connectedness of knowledge that makes remembering easy * [连贯性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coherence)——使记忆变得容易的有意义的知识关联性的程度 * [Consistency](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Consistency) - degree in which knowledge is free of contradictory information * [一致性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Consistency)——知识没有矛盾信息的程度 * [Consolidation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_consolidation) - increase in [memory stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_stability) as a result of [review](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review) or in sleep * [巩固](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_consolidation)——[复习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Review)或睡眠导致的[记忆稳定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_stability)增加 * [Democratic school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school) - school run by kids with minimum adult supervision * [民主学校](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school)——在最少的成人监督下的，由儿童管理的学校 * [Deschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Deschooling) - [free education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) without compulsory schooling * [非学校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Deschooling)——不受义务学校教育压迫的[自由学习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) * [Factory model of education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Factory_model_of_education) - education based on mass production philosophy * [工厂教育模式](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Factory_model_of_education)——基于大规模生产理念的教育 * [Forgetting curve](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_curve) - curve showing loss of knowledge over time * [遗忘曲线](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_curve)——显示知识随时间遗忘的曲线 * [Free learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning) - [self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) without constraints and [coercion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion) * [自由学习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_learning)——不受限制和[强迫](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion)的[自主学习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) * [Free running sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep) - sleep that is not artificially regulated \(e.g. with alarm clocks, medication, etc.\) * [自由运转睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep)——不受人为调节的睡眠（如闹钟、药物等） * [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) - law stating that efficient learning is always pleasurable * [学习的基本规律](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning)——规律表明有效的学习总是令人愉快的 * [Generalization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization) - process in which details are forgotten for the big picture to emerge * [泛化](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Generalization)——为了让整体图景浮现而忘记细节的过程。 * [Homeostatic sleep propensity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeostatic_sleep_propensity) - fatigue caused by _tiredness of waking_ * [稳态睡眠倾向](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeostatic_sleep_propensity)——因_醒着的时候的疲劳_而引起的睡意 * [Homeschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling) - home-based education * [在家上学](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling)——以家庭为基础的教育 * [Idiocracy problem](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Idiocracy_problem) - problem of smart people having few or late children * [蠢蛋进化论问题](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Idiocracy_problem)——聪明的人少生或晚生孩子的问题 * [Increading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Increading) - reading [incrementally](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) * [渐进的阅读](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Increading)——在渐进阅读工具集帮助下的阅读 * [Incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) - method for mastering knowledge from the web \(fast and durable\) * [渐进学习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning)——从网络上掌握知识的方法（快速且持久） * [Incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) - method of converting books and articles into durable knowledge in student's mind * [渐进阅读](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading)——将书籍和文章转化为学生头脑中持久的知识的方法 * [Incremental video](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_video) - method of massive learning and review of lectures \(e.g. from YouTube\) * [渐进视频](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_video)——大规模学习和复习讲座的方法（例如来自 YouTube ） * [Interference](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference) - forgetting induced by new learning * [干扰](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference)——学习新知识导致的遗忘 * [Learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) - natural curiosity that drives learning * [学习内驱力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)——推动学习的天生好奇心 * [Learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness) - loss of drives in conditions of loss of control * [习得性无助](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness)——在失控情况下失去内驱力 * [Learntropy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy) - measure of attractiveness of a lecture, book, etc. * [学习熵](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learntropy)——演讲、书籍等学习材料的吸引力的度量 * [Knowledge darwinism](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_darwinism) - competition of memories for the best place in the [jigsaw puzzle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle) of memory * [知识进化论](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_darwinism)——记忆在竞争记忆[拼图](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle)中的最佳位置 * [Knowledge redundancy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_redundancy) - memorizing same memories in different contexts to boost [recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Recall) * [知识冗余](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_redundancy)——在不同的情境中记忆相同的记忆，以促进[回忆](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Recall) * [Knowledge valuation network](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network) - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the value of knowledge * [知识评估网络](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Knowledge_valuation_network)——任何能够评估知识价值的神经子系统 * [Memory complexity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_complexity) - complexity of memory that determines how difficult it is to retain it * [记忆复杂度](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_complexity)——记忆的复杂性，决定了要记住这段记忆的困难程度 * [Memory optimization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_optimization_in_sleep) - process in which memories get better organized in sleep * [记忆优化](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Memory_optimization_in_sleep)——记忆在睡眠中得到更好的组织的过程 * [Minimum information principle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Minimum_information_principle) - claim that simple memories are easy to retain for longer * [最小信息原理](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Minimum_information_principle)——简单的记忆容易保留更长时间的声明 * [Natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) - undisturbed sleep-wake cycle that maximizes creativity * [自然创造力周期](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle)——不受干扰的最大限度地发挥创造力的睡眠-醒来周期 * [Passive review](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passive_review) - undemanding processing of knowledge \(e.g. reading as opposed to [active recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)\) * [被动复习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passive_review)——对知识的简单加工（例如阅读而不是[主动回忆](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Active_recall)） * [Pattern completion](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pattern_completion) - ability of a neural network to recognize incomplete input \(e.g. a blurry picture\) * [模式完成](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pattern_completion)——神经网络识别不完整输入（如模糊图片）的能力 * [Permastore](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Permastore) - everlasting memory * [永久记忆](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Permastore)——永久的记忆 * [Polyphasic sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep) - unhealthy sleep practice in which sleep is dispersed in many small blocks throughout the day * [多相睡眠](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep)——不健康的睡眠实践，睡眠在一天中分散为许多短时段 * [Problem valuation network](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_valuation_network) - any neural subsystem capable of estimating the expected reward in problem solving * [问题评估网络](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Problem_valuation_network)——任何能够评估问题解决过程中预期奖励的神经子系统。 * [Push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) - range of external pressure that may improve learning outcomes * [推动区](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)——可能改善学习效果的外部压力范围 * [Priority queue](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Priority_queue) - sequence of pieces of knowledge sorted by priority * [优先级队列](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Priority_queue)——按优先级排序的知识片段序列 * [Rational procrastination](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Rational_procrastination) - strategic procrastination that affects jobs of lower priority * [理性拖延](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Rational_procrastination)——影响优先级较低的工作的战略性拖延 * [Redundancy](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Redundancy) - extra load of knowledge that may add to its quality * [冗余](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Redundancy)——可能会增加知识质量的额外知识负载 * [Regress zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Regress_zone) - range of external pressure that undermines learning outcomes * [回归区](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Regress_zone)——逐渐削弱学习效果的外部压力范围 * [Retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) - probability of recall of a given memory * [可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)——对特定记忆的回忆概率 * [Self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning) - self-learning in which materials and goals are determined by the student * [自我导向学习](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-directed_learning)——由学生决定材料和目标的自学 * [Self-learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-learning) - learning on one's own \(without a teacher\) * [自学](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Self-learning)——自己学习（没有老师） * [Sleep phase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_phase) - positioning of the preferred waking time \(in clock hours\) * [睡眠相位](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_phase)—— 首选的醒来时间的定位（以时钟小时计） * [Spaced repetition](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition) - learning technique that ensures long-term retention of knowledge * [间隔重复](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spaced_repetition)——确保知识长期记忆的学习技巧 * [Spacing effect](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect) - better memory effect of review delayed in time * [间隔效应](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect)——延迟复习的记忆效果更好 * [Spacing effect gain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect_gain) - mathematical definition of the [spacing effect](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect) * [间隔效应增益](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Spacing_effect_gain)——间隔效应的数学定义 * [Stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) - durability of a given memory * [稳定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)——特定记忆的持久性 * [Stabilization curve](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_curve) - the most important curve in the optimization of learning: [stabilization](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization) as a function of [retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) * [稳定化曲线](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_curve)——优化学习中的最重要的曲线：[稳定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)是[可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)的函数 * [Stabilization decay](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_decay) - gradual decrease in the potential for [stability increase](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability_increase) in memories with high [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) * [稳定化衰减](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization_decay)——在[稳定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)较高的记忆中，其[稳定性增加](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability_increase)的可能性逐渐降低 * [Toxic memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory) - persistent memory that leads to anxiety * [毒性记忆](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory)——导致焦虑的顽固记忆 * [Two-component model of long-term memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-component_model_of_long-term_memory) - model of memory based on [retrievability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability) and [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability) of memories * [长期记忆的双组分模型](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-component_model_of_long-term_memory)——基于记忆[可提取性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Retrievability)和[稳定性](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability)的记忆模型 * [Two-process model of sleep regulation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-process_model_of_sleep_regulation) - model that explains why and when we fall asleep * [睡眠调节的双过程模型](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two-process_model_of_sleep_regulation)——解释我们为什么以及何时进入睡眠状态的模型 * [Unschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling) - learning without the pressure of the curriculum * [非学校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)——没有课程压力的学习 * [Variable reward](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Variable_reward) - intermittent reward that underlies gambling * [可变奖励](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Variable_reward)——赌博背后的间歇性奖励 * [War of the networks](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks) - contradictory signaling that may lead to the impairment in neural control * [网络战争](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/War_of_the_networks)——可能导致神经控制功能受损的矛盾信号