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# 第 14 章 数据分析案例 本书正文的最后一章,我们来看一些真实世界的数据集。对于每个数据集,我们会用之前介绍的方法,从原始数据中提取有意义的内容。展示的方法适用于其它数据集,也包括你的。本章包含了一些各种各样的案例数据集,可以用来练习。 案例数据集可以在Github仓库找到,见第一章。 #14.1 来自Bitly的USA.gov数据 2011年,URL缩短服务Bitly跟美国政府网站USA.gov合作,提供了一份从生成.gov或.mil短链接的用户那里收集来的匿名数据。在2011年,除实时数据之外,还可以下载文本文件形式的每小时快照。写作此书时(2017年),这项服务已经关闭,但我们保存一份数据用于本书的案例。 以每小时快照为例,文件中各行的格式为JSON(即JavaScript Object Notation,这是一种常用的Web数据格式)。例如,如果我们只读取某个文件中的第一行,那么所看到的结果应该是下面这样: ```python In [5]: path = 'datasets/bitly_usagov/example.txt' In [6]: open(path).readline() Out[6]: '{ "a": "Mozilla\\/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit\\/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\\/17.0.963.78 Safari\\/535.11", "c": "US", "nk": 1, "tz": "America\\/New_York", "gr": "MA", "g": "A6qOVH", "h": "wfLQtf", "l": "orofrog", "al": "en-US,en;q=0.8", "hh": "1.usa.gov", "r": "http:\\/\\/www.facebook.com\\/l\\/7AQEFzjSi\\/1.usa.gov\\/wfLQtf", "u": "http:\\/\\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\/pubmed\\/22415991", "t": 1331923247, "hc": 1331822918, "cy": "Danvers", "ll": [ 42.576698, -70.954903 ] }\n' ``` Python有内置或第三方模块可以将JSON字符串转换成Python字典对象。这里,我将使用json模块及其loads函数逐行加载已经下载好的数据文件: ```python import json path = 'datasets/bitly_usagov/example.txt' records = [json.loads(line) for line in open(path)] ``` 现在,records对象就成为一组Python字典了: ```python In [18]: records[0] Out[18]: {'a': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.78 Safari/535.11', 'al': 'en-US,en;q=0.8', 'c': 'US', 'cy': 'Danvers', 'g': 'A6qOVH', 'gr': 'MA', 'h': 'wfLQtf', 'hc': 1331822918, 'hh': '1.usa.gov', 'l': 'orofrog', 'll': [42.576698, -70.954903], 'nk': 1, 'r': 'http://www.facebook.com/l/7AQEFzjSi/1.usa.gov/wfLQtf', 't': 1331923247, 'tz': 'America/New_York', 'u': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415991'} ``` ##用纯Python代码对时区进行计数 假设我们想要知道该数据集中最常出现的是哪个时区(即tz字段),得到答案的办法有很多。首先,我们用列表推导式取出一组时区: ```python In [12]: time_zones = [rec['tz'] for rec in records] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- KeyError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-12-db4fbd348da9> in <module>() ----> 1 time_zones = [rec['tz'] for rec in records] <ipython-input-12-db4fbd348da9> in <listcomp>(.0) ----> 1 time_zones = [rec['tz'] for rec in records] KeyError: 'tz' ``` 晕!原来并不是所有记录都有时区字段。这个好办,只需在列表推导式末尾加上一个if 'tz'in rec判断即可: ```python In [13]: time_zones = [rec['tz'] for rec in records if 'tz' in rec] In [14]: time_zones[:10] Out[14]: ['America/New_York', 'America/Denver', 'America/New_York', 'America/Sao_Paulo', 'America/New_York', 'America/New_York', 'Europe/Warsaw', '', '', ''] ``` 只看前10个时区,我们发现有些是未知的(即空的)。虽然可以将它们过滤掉,但现在暂时先留着。接下来,为了对时区进行计数,这里介绍两个办法:一个较难(只使用标准Python库),另一个较简单(使用pandas)。计数的办法之一是在遍历时区的过程中将计数值保存在字典中: ```python def get_counts(sequence): counts = {} for x in sequence: if x in counts: counts[x] += 1 else: counts[x] = 1 return counts ``` 如果使用Python标准库的更高级工具,那么你可能会将代码写得更简洁一些: ```python from collections import defaultdict def get_counts2(sequence): counts = defaultdict(int) # values will initialize to 0 for x in sequence: counts[x] += 1 return counts ``` 我将逻辑写到函数中是为了获得更高的复用性。要用它对时区进行处理,只需将time_zones传入即可: ```python In [17]: counts = get_counts(time_zones) In [18]: counts['America/New_York'] Out[18]: 1251 In [19]: len(time_zones) Out[19]: 3440 ``` 如果想要得到前10位的时区及其计数值,我们需要用到一些有关字典的处理技巧: ```python def top_counts(count_dict, n=10): value_key_pairs = [(count, tz) for tz, count in count_dict.items()] value_key_pairs.sort() return value_key_pairs[-n:] ``` 然后有: ```python In [21]: top_counts(counts) Out[21]: [(33, 'America/Sao_Paulo'), (35, 'Europe/Madrid'), (36, 'Pacific/Honolulu'), (37, 'Asia/Tokyo'), (74, 'Europe/London'), (191, 'America/Denver'), (382, 'America/Los_Angeles'), (400, 'America/Chicago'), (521, ''), (1251, 'America/New_York')] ``` 如果你搜索Python的标准库,你能找到collections.Counter类,它可以使这项工作更简单: ```python In [22]: from collections import Counter In [23]: counts = Counter(time_zones) In [24]: counts.most_common(10) Out[24]: [('America/New_York', 1251), ('', 521), ('America/Chicago', 400), ('America/Los_Angeles', 382), ('America/Denver', 191), ('Europe/London', 74), ('Asia/Tokyo', 37), ('Pacific/Honolulu', 36), ('Europe/Madrid', 35), ('America/Sao_Paulo', 33)] ``` ## 用pandas对时区进行计数 从原始记录的集合创建DateFrame,与将记录列表传递到pandas.DataFrame一样简单: ```python In [25]: import pandas as pd In [26]: frame = pd.DataFrame(records) In [27]: frame.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 3560 entries, 0 to 3559 Data columns (total 18 columns): _heartbeat_ 120 non-null float64 a 3440 non-null object al 3094 non-null object c 2919 non-null object cy 2919 non-null object g 3440 non-null object gr 2919 non-null object h 3440 non-null object hc 3440 non-null float64 hh 3440 non-null object kw 93 non-null object l 3440 non-null object ll 2919 non-null object nk 3440 non-null float64 r 3440 non-null object t 3440 non-null float64 tz 3440 non-null object u 3440 non-null object dtypes: float64(4), object(14) memory usage: 500.7+ KB In [28]: frame['tz'][:10] Out[28]: 0 America/New_York 1 America/Denver 2 America/New_York 3 America/Sao_Paulo 4 America/New_York 5 America/New_York 6 Europe/Warsaw 7 8 9 Name: tz, dtype: object ``` 这里frame的输出形式是摘要视图(summary view),主要用于较大的DataFrame对象。我们然后可以对Series使用value_counts方法: ```python In [29]: tz_counts = frame['tz'].value_counts() In [30]: tz_counts[:10] Out[30]: America/New_York 1251 521 America/Chicago 400 America/Los_Angeles 382 America/Denver 191 Europe/London 74 Asia/Tokyo 37 Pacific/Honolulu 36 Europe/Madrid 35 America/Sao_Paulo 33 Name: tz, dtype: int64 ``` 我们可以用matplotlib可视化这个数据。为此,我们先给记录中未知或缺失的时区填上一个替代值。fillna函数可以替换缺失值(NA),而未知值(空字符串)则可以通过布尔型数组索引加以替换: ```python In [31]: clean_tz = frame['tz'].fillna('Missing') In [32]: clean_tz[clean_tz == ''] = 'Unknown' In [33]: tz_counts = clean_tz.value_counts() In [34]: tz_counts[:10] Out[34]: America/New_York 1251 Unknown 521 America/Chicago 400 America/Los_Angeles 382 America/Denver 191 Missing 120 Europe/London 74 Asia/Tokyo 37 Pacific/Honolulu 36 Europe/Madrid 35 Name: tz, dtype: int64 ``` 此时,我们可以用seaborn包创建水平柱状图(结果见图14-1): ```python In [36]: import seaborn as sns In [37]: subset = tz_counts[:10] In [38]: sns.barplot(y=subset.index, x=subset.values) ``` ![图14-1 usa.gov示例数据中最常出现的时区](https://img.kancloud.cn/68/65/686501a483a4d24feaa42e9d9b2f1d47_1240x456.png) a字段含有执行URL短缩操作的浏览器、设备、应用程序的相关信息: ```python In [39]: frame['a'][1] Out[39]: 'GoogleMaps/RochesterNY' In [40]: frame['a'][50] Out[40]: 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:10.0.2) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/10.0.2' In [41]: frame['a'][51][:50] # long line Out[41]: 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2.2; en-us; LG-P9' ``` 将这些"agent"字符串中的所有信息都解析出来是一件挺郁闷的工作。一种策略是将这种字符串的第一节(与浏览器大致对应)分离出来并得到另外一份用户行为摘要: ```python In [42]: results = pd.Series([x.split()[0] for x in frame.a.dropna()]) In [43]: results[:5] Out[43]: 0 Mozilla/5.0 1 GoogleMaps/RochesterNY 2 Mozilla/4.0 3 Mozilla/5.0 4 Mozilla/5.0 dtype: object In [44]: results.value_counts()[:8] Out[44]: Mozilla/5.0 2594 Mozilla/4.0 601 GoogleMaps/RochesterNY 121 Opera/9.80 34 TEST_INTERNET_AGENT 24 GoogleProducer 21 Mozilla/6.0 5 BlackBerry8520/5.0.0.681 4 dtype: int64 ``` 现在,假设你想按Windows和非Windows用户对时区统计信息进行分解。为了简单起见,我们假定只要agent字符串中含有"Windows"就认为该用户为Windows用户。由于有的agent缺失,所以首先将它们从数据中移除: ```python In [45]: cframe = frame[frame.a.notnull()] ``` 然后计算出各行是否含有Windows的值: ```python In [47]: cframe['os'] = np.where(cframe['a'].str.contains('Windows'), ....: 'Windows', 'Not Windows') In [48]: cframe['os'][:5] Out[48]: 0 Windows 1 Not Windows 2 Windows 3 Not Windows 4 Windows Name: os, dtype: object ``` 接下来就可以根据时区和新得到的操作系统列表对数据进行分组了: ```python In [49]: by_tz_os = cframe.groupby(['tz', 'os']) ``` 分组计数,类似于value_counts函数,可以用size来计算。并利用unstack对计数结果进行重塑: ```python In [50]: agg_counts = by_tz_os.size().unstack().fillna(0) In [51]: agg_counts[:10] Out[51]: os Not Windows Windows tz 245.0 276.0 Africa/Cairo 0.0 3.0 Africa/Casablanca 0.0 1.0 Africa/Ceuta 0.0 2.0 Africa/Johannesburg 0.0 1.0 Africa/Lusaka 0.0 1.0 America/Anchorage 4.0 1.0 America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires 1.0 0.0 America/Argentina/Cordoba 0.0 1.0 America/Argentina/Mendoza 0.0 1.0 ``` 最后,我们来选取最常出现的时区。为了达到这个目的,我根据agg_counts中的行数构造了一个间接索引数组: ```python # Use to sort in ascending order In [52]: indexer = agg_counts.sum(1).argsort() In [53]: indexer[:10] Out[53]: tz 24 Africa/Cairo 20 Africa/Casablanca 21 Africa/Ceuta 92 Africa/Johannesburg 87 Africa/Lusaka 53 America/Anchorage 54 America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires 57 America/Argentina/Cordoba 26 America/Argentina/Mendoza 55 dtype: int64 ``` 然后我通过take按照这个顺序截取了最后10行最大值: ```python In [54]: count_subset = agg_counts.take(indexer[-10:]) In [55]: count_subset Out[55]: os Not Windows Windows tz America/Sao_Paulo 13.0 20.0 Europe/Madrid 16.0 19.0 Pacific/Honolulu 0.0 36.0 Asia/Tokyo 2.0 35.0 Europe/London 43.0 31.0 America/Denver 132.0 59.0 America/Los_Angeles 130.0 252.0 America/Chicago 115.0 285.0 245.0 276.0 America/New_York 339.0 912.0 ``` pandas有一个简便方法nlargest,可以做同样的工作: ```python In [56]: agg_counts.sum(1).nlargest(10) Out[56]: tz America/New_York 1251.0 521.0 America/Chicago 400.0 America/Los_Angeles 382.0 America/Denver 191.0 Europe/London 74.0 Asia/Tokyo 37.0 Pacific/Honolulu 36.0 Europe/Madrid 35.0 America/Sao_Paulo 33.0 dtype: float64 ``` 然后,如这段代码所示,可以用柱状图表示。我传递一个额外参数到seaborn的barpolt函数,来画一个堆积条形图(见图14-2): ```python # Rearrange the data for plotting In [58]: count_subset = count_subset.stack() In [59]: count_subset.name = 'total' In [60]: count_subset = count_subset.reset_index() In [61]: count_subset[:10] Out[61]: tz os total 0 America/Sao_Paulo Not Windows 13.0 1 America/Sao_Paulo Windows 20.0 2 Europe/Madrid Not Windows 16.0 3 Europe/Madrid Windows 19.0 4 Pacific/Honolulu Not Windows 0.0 5 Pacific/Honolulu Windows 36.0 6 Asia/Tokyo Not Windows 2.0 7 Asia/Tokyo Windows 35.0 8 Europe/London Not Windows 43.0 9 Europe/London Windows 31.0 In [62]: sns.barplot(x='total', y='tz', hue='os', data=count_subset) ``` ![图14-2 最常出现时区的Windows和非Windows用户](https://img.kancloud.cn/38/f2/38f2dd028e24f10229684b4c6ced703a_1227x731.png) 这张图不容易看出Windows用户在小分组中的相对比例,因此标准化分组百分比之和为1: ```python def norm_total(group): group['normed_total'] = group.total / group.total.sum() return group results = count_subset.groupby('tz').apply(norm_total) ``` 再次画图,见图14-3: ```python In [65]: sns.barplot(x='normed_total', y='tz', hue='os', data=results) ``` ![图14-3 最常出现时区的Windows和非Windows用户的百分比](https://img.kancloud.cn/aa/8d/aa8d1a255f3d171d8740effd09601cfd_1227x731.png) 我们还可以用groupby的transform方法,更高效的计算标准化的和: ```python In [66]: g = count_subset.groupby('tz') In [67]: results2 = count_subset.total / g.total.transform('sum') ``` # 14.2 MovieLens 1M数据集 GroupLens Research(http://www.grouplens.org/node/73)采集了一组从20世纪90年末到21世纪初由MovieLens用户提供的电影评分数据。这些数据中包括电影评分、电影元数据(风格类型和年代)以及关于用户的人口统计学数据(年龄、邮编、性别和职业等)。基于机器学习算法的推荐系统一般都会对此类数据感兴趣。虽然我不会在本书中详细介绍机器学习技术,但我会告诉你如何对这种数据进行切片切块以满足实际需求。 MovieLens 1M数据集含有来自6000名用户对4000部电影的100万条评分数据。它分为三个表:评分、用户信息和电影信息。将该数据从zip文件中解压出来之后,可以通过pandas.read_table将各个表分别读到一个pandas DataFrame对象中: ```python import pandas as pd # Make display smaller pd.options.display.max_rows = 10 unames = ['user_id', 'gender', 'age', 'occupation', 'zip'] users = pd.read_table('datasets/movielens/users.dat', sep='::', header=None, names=unames) rnames = ['user_id', 'movie_id', 'rating', 'timestamp'] ratings = pd.read_table('datasets/movielens/ratings.dat', sep='::', header=None, names=rnames) mnames = ['movie_id', 'title', 'genres'] movies = pd.read_table('datasets/movielens/movies.dat', sep='::', header=None, names=mnames) ``` 利用Python的切片语法,通过查看每个DataFrame的前几行即可验证数据加载工作是否一切顺利: ```python In [69]: users[:5] Out[69]: user_id gender age occupation zip 0 1 F 1 10 48067 1 2 M 56 16 70072 2 3 M 25 15 55117 3 4 M 45 7 02460 4 5 M 25 20 55455 In [70]: ratings[:5] Out[70]: user_id movie_id rating timestamp 0 1 1193 5 978300760 1 1 661 3 978302109 2 1 914 3 978301968 3 1 3408 4 978300275 4 1 2355 5 978824291 In [71]: movies[:5] Out[71]: movie_id title genres 0 1 Toy Story (1995) Animation|Children's|Comedy 1 2 Jumanji (1995) Adventure|Children's|Fantasy 2 3 Grumpier Old Men (1995) Comedy|Romance 3 4 Waiting to Exhale (1995) Comedy|Drama 4 5 Father of the Bride Part II (1995) Comedy In [72]: ratings Out[72]: user_id movie_id rating timestamp 0 1 1193 5 978300760 1 1 661 3 978302109 2 1 914 3 978301968 3 1 3408 4 978300275 4 1 2355 5 978824291 ... ... ... ... ... 1000204 6040 1091 1 956716541 1000205 6040 1094 5 956704887 1000206 6040 562 5 956704746 1000207 6040 1096 4 956715648 1000208 6040 1097 4 956715569 [1000209 rows x 4 columns] ``` 注意,其中的年龄和职业是以编码形式给出的,它们的具体含义请参考该数据集的README文件。分析散布在三个表中的数据可不是一件轻松的事情。假设我们想要根据性别和年龄计算某部电影的平均得分,如果将所有数据都合并到一个表中的话问题就简单多了。我们先用pandas的merge函数将ratings跟users合并到一起,然后再将movies也合并进去。pandas会根据列名的重叠情况推断出哪些列是合并(或连接)键: ```python In [73]: data = pd.merge(pd.merge(ratings, users), movies) In [74]: data Out[74]: user_id movie_id rating timestamp gender age occupation zip \ 0 1 1193 5 978300760 F 1 10 48067 1 2 1193 5 978298413 M 56 16 70072 2 12 1193 4 978220179 M 25 12 32793 3 15 1193 4 978199279 M 25 7 22903 4 17 1193 5 978158471 M 50 1 95350 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1000204 5949 2198 5 958846401 M 18 17 47901 1000205 5675 2703 3 976029116 M 35 14 30030 1000206 5780 2845 1 958153068 M 18 17 92886 1000207 5851 3607 5 957756608 F 18 20 55410 1000208 5938 2909 4 957273353 M 25 1 35401 title genres 0 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Drama 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Drama 2 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Drama 3 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Drama 4 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Drama ... ... ... 1000204 Modulations (1998) Documentary 1000205 Broken Vessels (1998) Drama 1000206 White Boys (1999) Drama 1000207 One Little Indian (1973) Comedy|Drama|Western 1000208 Five Wives, Three Secretaries and Me (1998) Documentary [1000209 rows x 10 columns] In [75]: data.iloc[0] Out[75]: user_id 1 movie_id 1193 rating 5 timestamp 978300760 gender F age 1 occupation 10 zip 48067 title One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) genres Drama Name: 0, dtype: object ``` 为了按性别计算每部电影的平均得分,我们可以使用pivot_table方法: ```python In [76]: mean_ratings = data.pivot_table('rating', index='title', ....: columns='gender', aggfunc='mean') In [77]: mean_ratings[:5] Out[77]: gender F M title $1,000,000 Duck (1971) 3.375000 2.761905 'Night Mother (1986) 3.388889 3.352941 'Til There Was You (1997) 2.675676 2.733333 'burbs, The (1989) 2.793478 2.962085 ...And Justice for All (1979) 3.828571 3.689024 ``` 该操作产生了另一个DataFrame,其内容为电影平均得分,行标为电影名称(索引),列标为性别。现在,我打算过滤掉评分数据不够250条的电影(随便选的一个数字)。为了达到这个目的,我先对title进行分组,然后利用size()得到一个含有各电影分组大小的Series对象: ```python In [78]: ratings_by_title = data.groupby('title').size() In [79]: ratings_by_title[:10] Out[79]: title $1,000,000 Duck (1971) 37 'Night Mother (1986) 70 'Til There Was You (1997) 52 'burbs, The (1989) 303 ...And Justice for All (1979) 199 1-900 (1994) 2 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) 700 101 Dalmatians (1961) 565 101 Dalmatians (1996) 364 12 Angry Men (1957) 616 dtype: int64 In [80]: active_titles = ratings_by_title.index[ratings_by_title >= 250] In [81]: active_titles Out[81]: Index([''burbs, The (1989)', '10 Things I Hate About You (1999)', '101 Dalmatians (1961)', '101 Dalmatians (1996)', '12 Angry Men (1957)', '13th Warrior, The (1999)', '2 Days in the Valley (1996)', '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)', '2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)', '2010 (1984)', ... 'X-Men (2000)', 'Year of Living Dangerously (1982)', 'Yellow Submarine (1968)', 'You've Got Mail (1998)', 'Young Frankenstein (1974)', 'Young Guns (1988)', 'Young Guns II (1990)', 'Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)', 'Zero Effect (1998)', 'eXistenZ (1999)'], dtype='object', name='title', length=1216) ``` 标题索引中含有评分数据大于250条的电影名称,然后我们就可以据此从前面的mean_ratings中选取所需的行了: ```python # Select rows on the index In [82]: mean_ratings = mean_ratings.loc[active_titles] In [83]: mean_ratings Out[83]: gender F M title 'burbs, The (1989) 2.793478 2.962085 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) 3.646552 3.311966 101 Dalmatians (1961) 3.791444 3.500000 101 Dalmatians (1996) 3.240000 2.911215 12 Angry Men (1957) 4.184397 4.328421 ... ... ... Young Guns (1988) 3.371795 3.425620 Young Guns II (1990) 2.934783 2.904025 Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) 3.514706 3.363344 Zero Effect (1998) 3.864407 3.723140 eXistenZ (1999) 3.098592 3.289086 [1216 rows x 2 columns] ``` 为了了解女性观众最喜欢的电影,我们可以对F列降序排列: ```python In [85]: top_female_ratings = mean_ratings.sort_values(by='F', ascending=False) In [86]: top_female_ratings[:10] Out[86]: gender F M title Close Shave, A (1995) 4.644444 4.473795 Wrong Trousers, The (1993) 4.588235 4.478261 Sunset Blvd. (a.k.a. Sunset Boulevard) (1950) 4.572650 4.464589 Wallace & Gromit: The Best of Aardman Animation... 4.563107 4.385075 Schindler's List (1993) 4.562602 4.491415 Shawshank Redemption, The (1994) 4.539075 4.560625 Grand Day Out, A (1992) 4.537879 4.293255 To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) 4.536667 4.372611 Creature Comforts (1990) 4.513889 4.272277 Usual Suspects, The (1995) 4.513317 4.518248 ``` ## 计算评分分歧 假设我们想要找出男性和女性观众分歧最大的电影。一个办法是给mean_ratings加上一个用于存放平均得分之差的列,并对其进行排序: ```python In [87]: mean_ratings['diff'] = mean_ratings['M'] - mean_ratings['F'] ``` 按"diff"排序即可得到分歧最大且女性观众更喜欢的电影: ```python In [88]: sorted_by_diff = mean_ratings.sort_values(by='diff') In [89]: sorted_by_diff[:10] Out[89]: gender F M diff title Dirty Dancing (1987) 3.790378 2.959596 -0.830782 Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986) 3.254717 2.578358 -0.676359 Grease (1978) 3.975265 3.367041 -0.608224 Little Women (1994) 3.870588 3.321739 -0.548849 Steel Magnolias (1989) 3.901734 3.365957 -0.535777 Anastasia (1997) 3.800000 3.281609 -0.518391 Rocky Horror Picture Show, The (1975) 3.673016 3.160131 -0.512885 Color Purple, The (1985) 4.158192 3.659341 -0.498851 Age of Innocence, The (1993) 3.827068 3.339506 -0.487561 Free Willy (1993) 2.921348 2.438776 -0.482573 ``` 对排序结果反序并取出前10行,得到的则是男性观众更喜欢的电影: ```python # Reverse order of rows, take first 10 rows In [90]: sorted_by_diff[::-1][:10] Out[90]: gender F M diff title Good, The Bad and The Ugly, The (1966) 3.494949 4.221300 0.726351 Kentucky Fried Movie, The (1977) 2.878788 3.555147 0.676359 Dumb & Dumber (1994) 2.697987 3.336595 0.638608 Longest Day, The (1962) 3.411765 4.031447 0.619682 Cable Guy, The (1996) 2.250000 2.863787 0.613787 Evil Dead II (Dead By Dawn) (1987) 3.297297 3.909283 0.611985 Hidden, The (1987) 3.137931 3.745098 0.607167 Rocky III (1982) 2.361702 2.943503 0.581801 Caddyshack (1980) 3.396135 3.969737 0.573602 For a Few Dollars More (1965) 3.409091 3.953795 0.544704 ``` 如果只是想要找出分歧最大的电影(不考虑性别因素),则可以计算得分数据的方差或标准差: ```python # Standard deviation of rating grouped by title In [91]: rating_std_by_title = data.groupby('title')['rating'].std() # Filter down to active_titles In [92]: rating_std_by_title = rating_std_by_title.loc[active_titles] # Order Series by value in descending order In [93]: rating_std_by_title.sort_values(ascending=False)[:10] Out[93]: title Dumb & Dumber (1994) 1.321333 Blair Witch Project, The (1999) 1.316368 Natural Born Killers (1994) 1.307198 Tank Girl (1995) 1.277695 Rocky Horror Picture Show, The (1975) 1.260177 Eyes Wide Shut (1999) 1.259624 Evita (1996) 1.253631 Billy Madison (1995) 1.249970 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) 1.246408 Bicentennial Man (1999) 1.245533 Name: rating, dtype: float64 ``` 可能你已经注意到了,电影分类是以竖线(|)分隔的字符串形式给出的。如果想对电影分类进行分析的话,就需要先将其转换成更有用的形式才行。 # 14.3 1880-2010年间全美婴儿姓名 美国社会保障总署(SSA)提供了一份从1880年到现在的婴儿名字频率数据。Hadley Wickham(许多流行R包的作者)经常用这份数据来演示R的数据处理功能。 我们要做一些数据规整才能加载这个数据集,这么做就会产生一个如下的DataFrame: ```python In [4]: names.head(10) Out[4]: name sex births year 0 Mary F 7065 1880 1 Anna F 2604 1880 2 Emma F 2003 1880 3 Elizabeth F 1939 1880 4 Minnie F 1746 1880 5 Margaret F 1578 1880 6 Ida F 1472 1880 7 Alice F 1414 1880 8 Bertha F 1320 1880 9 Sarah F 1288 1880 ``` 你可以用这个数据集做很多事,例如: - 计算指定名字(可以是你自己的,也可以是别人的)的年度比例。 - 计算某个名字的相对排名。 - 计算各年度最流行的名字,以及增长或减少最快的名字。 - 分析名字趋势:元音、辅音、长度、总体多样性、拼写变化、首尾字母等。 - 分析外源性趋势:圣经中的名字、名人、人口结构变化等。 利用前面介绍过的那些工具,这些分析工作都能很轻松地完成,我会讲解其中的一些。 到编写本书时为止,美国社会保障总署将该数据库按年度制成了多个数据文件,其中给出了每个性别/名字组合的出生总数。这些文件的原始档案可以在这里获取:[http://www.ssa.gov/oact/babynames/limits.html](http://www.ssa.gov/oact/babynames/limits.html)。 如果你在阅读本书的时候这个页面已经不见了,也可以用搜索引擎找找。 下载"National data"文件names.zip,解压后的目录中含有一组文件(如yob1880.txt)。我用UNIX的head命令查看了其中一个文件的前10行(在Windows上,你可以用more命令,或直接在文本编辑器中打开): ``` In [94]: !head -n 10 datasets/babynames/yob1880.txt Mary,F,7065 Anna,F,2604 Emma,F,2003 Elizabeth,F,1939 Minnie,F,1746 Margaret,F,1578 Ida,F,1472 Alice,F,1414 Bertha,F,1320 Sarah,F,1288 ``` 由于这是一个非常标准的以逗号隔开的格式,所以可以用pandas.read_csv将其加载到DataFrame中: ```python In [95]: import pandas as pd In [96]: names1880 = pd.read_csv('datasets/babynames/yob1880.txt', ....: names=['name', 'sex', 'births']) In [97]: names1880 Out[97]: name sex births 0 Mary F 7065 1 Anna F 2604 2 Emma F 2003 3 Elizabeth F 1939 4 Minnie F 1746 ... ... .. ... 1995 Woodie M 5 1996 Worthy M 5 1997 Wright M 5 1998 York M 5 1999 Zachariah M 5 [2000 rows x 3 columns] ``` 这些文件中仅含有当年出现超过5次的名字。为了简单起见,我们可以用births列的sex分组小计表示该年度的births总计: ```python In [98]: names1880.groupby('sex').births.sum() Out[98]: sex F 90993 M 110493 Name: births, dtype: int64 ``` 由于该数据集按年度被分隔成了多个文件,所以第一件事情就是要将所有数据都组装到一个DataFrame里面,并加上一个year字段。使用pandas.concat即可达到这个目的: ```python years = range(1880, 2011) pieces = [] columns = ['name', 'sex', 'births'] for year in years: path = 'datasets/babynames/yob%d.txt' % year frame = pd.read_csv(path, names=columns) frame['year'] = year pieces.append(frame) # Concatenate everything into a single DataFrame names = pd.concat(pieces, ignore_index=True) ``` 这里需要注意几件事情。第一,concat默认是按行将多个DataFrame组合到一起的;第二,必须指定ignore_index=True,因为我们不希望保留read_csv所返回的原始行号。现在我们得到了一个非常大的DataFrame,它含有全部的名字数据: ```python In [100]: names Out[100]: name sex births year 0 Mary F 7065 1880 1 Anna F 2604 1880 2 Emma F 2003 1880 3 Elizabeth F 1939 1880 4 Minnie F 1746 1880 ... ... .. ... ... 1690779 Zymaire M 5 2010 1690780 Zyonne M 5 2010 1690781 Zyquarius M 5 2010 1690782 Zyran M 5 2010 1690783 Zzyzx M 5 2010 [1690784 rows x 4 columns] ``` 有了这些数据之后,我们就可以利用groupby或pivot_table在year和sex级别上对其进行聚合了,如图14-4所示: ```python In [101]: total_births = names.pivot_table('births', index='year', .....: columns='sex', aggfunc=sum) In [102]: total_births.tail() Out[102]: sex F M year 2006 1896468 2050234 2007 1916888 2069242 2008 1883645 2032310 2009 1827643 1973359 2010 1759010 1898382 In [103]: total_births.plot(title='Total births by sex and year') ``` ![图14-4 按性别和年度统计的总出生数](https://img.kancloud.cn/ff/8f/ff8ffb35e9cd8f5eee0d432752f51fdd_1067x762.png) 下面我们来插入一个prop列,用于存放指定名字的婴儿数相对于总出生数的比例。prop值为0.02表示每100名婴儿中有2名取了当前这个名字。因此,我们先按year和sex分组,然后再将新列加到各个分组上: ```python def add_prop(group): group['prop'] = group.births / group.births.sum() return group names = names.groupby(['year', 'sex']).apply(add_prop) ``` 现在,完整的数据集就有了下面这些列: ```python In [105]: names Out[105]: name sex births year prop 0 Mary F 7065 1880 0.077643 1 Anna F 2604 1880 0.028618 2 Emma F 2003 1880 0.022013 3 Elizabeth F 1939 1880 0.021309 4 Minnie F 1746 1880 0.019188 ... ... .. ... ... ... 1690779 Zymaire M 5 2010 0.000003 1690780 Zyonne M 5 2010 0.000003 1690781 Zyquarius M 5 2010 0.000003 1690782 Zyran M 5 2010 0.000003 1690783 Zzyzx M 5 2010 0.000003 [1690784 rows x 5 columns] ``` 在执行这样的分组处理时,一般都应该做一些有效性检查,比如验证所有分组的prop的总和是否为1: ```python In [106]: names.groupby(['year', 'sex']).prop.sum() Out[106]: year sex 1880 F 1.0 M 1.0 1881 F 1.0 M 1.0 1882 F 1.0 ... 2008 M 1.0 2009 F 1.0 M 1.0 2010 F 1.0 M 1.0 Name: prop, Length: 262, dtype: float64 ``` 工作完成。为了便于实现更进一步的分析,我需要取出该数据的一个子集:每对sex/year组合的前1000个名字。这又是一个分组操作: ```python def get_top1000(group): return group.sort_values(by='births', ascending=False)[:1000] grouped = names.groupby(['year', 'sex']) top1000 = grouped.apply(get_top1000) # Drop the group index, not needed top1000.reset_index(inplace=True, drop=True) ``` 如果你喜欢DIY的话,也可以这样: ```python pieces = [] for year, group in names.groupby(['year', 'sex']): pieces.append(group.sort_values(by='births', ascending=False)[:1000]) top1000 = pd.concat(pieces, ignore_index=True) ``` 现在的结果数据集就小多了: ```python In [108]: top1000 Out[108]: name sex births year prop 0 Mary F 7065 1880 0.077643 1 Anna F 2604 1880 0.028618 2 Emma F 2003 1880 0.022013 3 Elizabeth F 1939 1880 0.021309 4 Minnie F 1746 1880 0.019188 ... ... .. ... ... ... 261872 Camilo M 194 2010 0.000102 261873 Destin M 194 2010 0.000102 261874 Jaquan M 194 2010 0.000102 261875 Jaydan M 194 2010 0.000102 261876 Maxton M 193 2010 0.000102 [261877 rows x 5 columns] ``` 接下来的数据分析工作就针对这个top1000数据集了。 ## 分析命名趋势 有了完整的数据集和刚才生成的top1000数据集,我们就可以开始分析各种命名趋势了。首先将前1000个名字分为男女两个部分: ```python In [109]: boys = top1000[top1000.sex == 'M'] In [110]: girls = top1000[top1000.sex == 'F'] ``` 这是两个简单的时间序列,只需稍作整理即可绘制出相应的图表(比如每年叫做John和Mary的婴儿数)。我们先生成一张按year和name统计的总出生数透视表: ```python In [111]: total_births = top1000.pivot_table('births', index='year', .....: columns='name', .....: aggfunc=sum) ``` 现在,我们用DataFrame的plot方法绘制几个名字的曲线图(见图14-5): ```python In [112]: total_births.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> Int64Index: 131 entries, 1880 to 2010 Columns: 6868 entries, Aaden to Zuri dtypes: float64(6868) memory usage: 6.9 MB In [113]: subset = total_births[['John', 'Harry', 'Mary', 'Marilyn']] In [114]: subset.plot(subplots=True, figsize=(12, 10), grid=False, .....: title="Number of births per year") ``` ![图14-5 几个男孩和女孩名字随时间变化的使用数量](https://img.kancloud.cn/82/23/822382d20a9d29362637bcbd00b8afb1_1240x1062.png) 从图中可以看出,这几个名字在美国人民的心目中已经风光不再了。但事实并非如此简单,我们在下一节中就能知道是怎么一回事了。 ## 评估命名多样性的增长 一种解释是父母愿意给小孩起常见的名字越来越少。这个假设可以从数据中得到验证。一个办法是计算最流行的1000个名字所占的比例,我按year和sex进行聚合并绘图(见图14-6): ```python In [116]: table = top1000.pivot_table('prop', index='year', .....: columns='sex', aggfunc=sum) In [117]: table.plot(title='Sum of table1000.prop by year and sex', .....: yticks=np.linspace(0, 1.2, 13), xticks=range(1880, 2020, 10) ) ``` ![图14-6 分性别统计的前1000个名字在总出生人数中的比例](https://img.kancloud.cn/49/4b/494b9a4b1075a23dd6ea02d289e39379_1034x762.png) 从图中可以看出,名字的多样性确实出现了增长(前1000项的比例降低)。另一个办法是计算占总出生人数前50%的不同名字的数量,这个数字不太好计算。我们只考虑2010年男孩的名字: ```python In [118]: df = boys[boys.year == 2010] In [119]: df Out[119]: name sex births year prop 260877 Jacob M 21875 2010 0.011523 260878 Ethan M 17866 2010 0.009411 260879 Michael M 17133 2010 0.009025 260880 Jayden M 17030 2010 0.008971 260881 William M 16870 2010 0.008887 ... ... .. ... ... ... 261872 Camilo M 194 2010 0.000102 261873 Destin M 194 2010 0.000102 261874 Jaquan M 194 2010 0.000102 261875 Jaydan M 194 2010 0.000102 261876 Maxton M 193 2010 0.000102 [1000 rows x 5 columns] ``` 在对prop降序排列之后,我们想知道前面多少个名字的人数加起来才够50%。虽然编写一个for循环确实也能达到目的,但NumPy有一种更聪明的矢量方式。先计算prop的累计和cumsum,然后再通过searchsorted方法找出0.5应该被插入在哪个位置才能保证不破坏顺序: ```python In [120]: prop_cumsum = df.sort_values(by='prop', ascending=False).prop.cumsum() In [121]: prop_cumsum[:10] Out[121]: 260877 0.011523 260878 0.020934 260879 0.029959 260880 0.038930 260881 0.047817 260882 0.056579 260883 0.065155 260884 0.073414 260885 0.081528 260886 0.089621 Name: prop, dtype: float64 In [122]: prop_cumsum.values.searchsorted(0.5) Out[122]: 116 ``` 由于数组索引是从0开始的,因此我们要给这个结果加1,即最终结果为117。拿1900年的数据来做个比较,这个数字要小得多: ```python In [123]: df = boys[boys.year == 1900] In [124]: in1900 = df.sort_values(by='prop', ascending=False).prop.cumsum() In [125]: in1900.values.searchsorted(0.5) + 1 Out[125]: 25 ``` 现在就可以对所有year/sex组合执行这个计算了。按这两个字段进行groupby处理,然后用一个函数计算各分组的这个值: ```python def get_quantile_count(group, q=0.5): group = group.sort_values(by='prop', ascending=False) return group.prop.cumsum().values.searchsorted(q) + 1 diversity = top1000.groupby(['year', 'sex']).apply(get_quantile_count) diversity = diversity.unstack('sex') ``` 现在,diversity这个DataFrame拥有两个时间序列(每个性别各一个,按年度索引)。通过IPython,你可以查看其内容,还可以像之前那样绘制图表(如图14-7所示): ```python In [128]: diversity.head() Out[128]: sex F M year 1880 38 14 1881 38 14 1882 38 15 1883 39 15 1884 39 16 In [129]: diversity.plot(title="Number of popular names in top 50%") ``` ![图14-7 按年度统计的密度表](https://img.kancloud.cn/08/ad/08ad56249ea8e039143bfe61da03be3a_1014x762.png) 从图中可以看出,女孩名字的多样性总是比男孩的高,而且还在变得越来越高。读者们可以自己分析一下具体是什么在驱动这个多样性(比如拼写形式的变化)。 ## “最后一个字母”的变革 2007年,一名婴儿姓名研究人员Laura Wattenberg在她自己的网站上指出(http://www.babynamewizard.com):近百年来,男孩名字在最后一个字母上的分布发生了显著的变化。为了了解具体的情况,我首先将全部出生数据在年度、性别以及末字母上进行了聚合: ```python # extract last letter from name column get_last_letter = lambda x: x[-1] last_letters = names.name.map(get_last_letter) last_letters.name = 'last_letter' table = names.pivot_table('births', index=last_letters, columns=['sex', 'year'], aggfunc=sum) ``` 然后,我选出具有一定代表性的三年,并输出前面几行: ```python In [131]: subtable = table.reindex(columns=[1910, 1960, 2010], level='year') In [132]: subtable.head() Out[132]: sex F M year 1910 1960 2010 1910 1960 2010 last_letter a 108376.0 691247.0 670605.0 977.0 5204.0 28438.0 b NaN 694.0 450.0 411.0 3912.0 38859.0 c 5.0 49.0 946.0 482.0 15476.0 23125.0 d 6750.0 3729.0 2607.0 22111.0 262112.0 44398.0 e 133569.0 435013.0 313833.0 28655.0 178823.0 129012.0 ``` 接下来我们需要按总出生数对该表进行规范化处理,以便计算出各性别各末字母占总出生人数的比例: ```python In [133]: subtable.sum() Out[133]: sex year F 1910 396416.0 1960 2022062.0 2010 1759010.0 M 1910 194198.0 1960 2132588.0 2010 1898382.0 dtype: float64 In [134]: letter_prop = subtable / subtable.sum() In [135]: letter_prop Out[135]: sex F M year 1910 1960 2010 1910 1960 2010 last_letter a 0.273390 0.341853 0.381240 0.005031 0.002440 0.014980 b NaN 0.000343 0.000256 0.002116 0.001834 0.020470 c 0.000013 0.000024 0.000538 0.002482 0.007257 0.012181 d 0.017028 0.001844 0.001482 0.113858 0.122908 0.023387 e 0.336941 0.215133 0.178415 0.147556 0.083853 0.067959 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... v NaN 0.000060 0.000117 0.000113 0.000037 0.001434 w 0.000020 0.000031 0.001182 0.006329 0.007711 0.016148 x 0.000015 0.000037 0.000727 0.003965 0.001851 0.008614 y 0.110972 0.152569 0.116828 0.077349 0.160987 0.058168 z 0.002439 0.000659 0.000704 0.000170 0.000184 0.001831 [26 rows x 6 columns] ``` 有了这个字母比例数据之后,就可以生成一张各年度各性别的条形图了,如图14-8所示: ```python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 8)) letter_prop['M'].plot(kind='bar', rot=0, ax=axes[0], title='Male') letter_prop['F'].plot(kind='bar', rot=0, ax=axes[1], title='Female', legend=False) ``` ![图14-8 男孩女孩名字中各个末字母的比例](https://img.kancloud.cn/0e/a9/0ea9ae81d02989093d7fa44295b48f12_1240x1040.png) 可以看出,从20世纪60年代开始,以字母"n"结尾的男孩名字出现了显著的增长。回到之前创建的那个完整表,按年度和性别对其进行规范化处理,并在男孩名字中选取几个字母,最后进行转置以便将各个列做成一个时间序列: ```python In [138]: letter_prop = table / table.sum() In [139]: dny_ts = letter_prop.loc[['d', 'n', 'y'], 'M'].T In [140]: dny_ts.head() Out[140]: last_letter d n y year 1880 0.083055 0.153213 0.075760 1881 0.083247 0.153214 0.077451 1882 0.085340 0.149560 0.077537 1883 0.084066 0.151646 0.079144 1884 0.086120 0.149915 0.080405 ``` 有了这个时间序列的DataFrame之后,就可以通过其plot方法绘制出一张趋势图了(如图14-9所示): ```python In [143]: dny_ts.plot() ``` ![图14-9 各年出生的男孩中名字以d/n/y结尾的人数比例](https://img.kancloud.cn/c9/25/c92578a8f9da37a2c55f04e8ae7e03fe_1020x731.png) ## 变成女孩名字的男孩名字(以及相反的情况) 另一个有趣的趋势是,早年流行于男孩的名字近年来“变性了”,例如Lesley或Leslie。回到top1000数据集,找出其中以"lesl"开头的一组名字: ```python In [144]: all_names = pd.Series(top1000.name.unique()) In [145]: lesley_like = all_names[all_names.str.lower().str.contains('lesl')] In [146]: lesley_like Out[146]: 632 Leslie 2294 Lesley 4262 Leslee 4728 Lesli 6103 Lesly dtype: object ``` 然后利用这个结果过滤其他的名字,并按名字分组计算出生数以查看相对频率: ```python In [147]: filtered = top1000[top1000.name.isin(lesley_like)] In [148]: filtered.groupby('name').births.sum() Out[148]: name Leslee 1082 Lesley 35022 Lesli 929 Leslie 370429 Lesly 10067 Name: births, dtype: int64 ``` 接下来,我们按性别和年度进行聚合,并按年度进行规范化处理: ```python In [149]: table = filtered.pivot_table('births', index='year', .....: columns='sex', aggfunc='sum') In [150]: table = table.div(table.sum(1), axis=0) In [151]: table.tail() Out[151]: sex F M year 2006 1.0 NaN 2007 1.0 NaN 2008 1.0 NaN 2009 1.0 NaN 2010 1.0 NaN ``` 最后,就可以轻松绘制一张分性别的年度曲线图了(如图2-10所示): ```python In [153]: table.plot(style={'M': 'k-', 'F': 'k--'}) ``` ![图14-10 各年度使用“Lesley型”名字的男女比例](https://img.kancloud.cn/0c/5a/0c5a9393a6c5b96407098cd750bc2149_1007x731.png) # 14.4 USDA食品数据库 美国农业部(USDA)制作了一份有关食物营养信息的数据库。Ashley Williams制作了该数据的JSON版(http://ashleyw.co.uk/project/food-nutrient-database)。其中的记录如下所示: ```python { "id": 21441, "description": "KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN, Fried Chicken, EXTRA CRISPY, Wing, meat and skin with breading", "tags": ["KFC"], "manufacturer": "Kentucky Fried Chicken", "group": "Fast Foods", "portions": [ { "amount": 1, "unit": "wing, with skin", "grams": 68.0 }, ... ], "nutrients": [ { "value": 20.8, "units": "g", "description": "Protein", "group": "Composition" }, ... ] } ``` 每种食物都带有若干标识性属性以及两个有关营养成分和分量的列表。这种形式的数据不是很适合分析工作,因此我们需要做一些规整化以使其具有更好用的形式。 从上面列举的那个网址下载并解压数据之后,你可以用任何喜欢的JSON库将其加载到Python中。我用的是Python内置的json模块: ```python In [154]: import json In [155]: db = json.load(open('datasets/usda_food/database.json')) In [156]: len(db) Out[156]: 6636 ``` db中的每个条目都是一个含有某种食物全部数据的字典。nutrients字段是一个字典列表,其中的每个字典对应一种营养成分: ```python In [157]: db[0].keys() Out[157]: dict_keys(['id', 'description', 'tags', 'manufacturer', 'group', 'porti ons', 'nutrients']) In [158]: db[0]['nutrients'][0] Out[158]: {'description': 'Protein', 'group': 'Composition', 'units': 'g', 'value': 25.18} In [159]: nutrients = pd.DataFrame(db[0]['nutrients']) In [160]: nutrients[:7] Out[160]: description group units value 0 Protein Composition g 25.18 1 Total lipid (fat) Composition g 29.20 2 Carbohydrate, by difference Composition g 3.06 3 Ash Other g 3.28 4 Energy Energy kcal 376.00 5 Water Composition g 39.28 6 Energy Energy kJ 1573.00 ``` 在将字典列表转换为DataFrame时,可以只抽取其中的一部分字段。这里,我们将取出食物的名称、分类、编号以及制造商等信息: ```python In [161]: info_keys = ['description', 'group', 'id', 'manufacturer'] In [162]: info = pd.DataFrame(db, columns=info_keys) In [163]: info[:5] Out[163]: description group id \ 0 Cheese, caraway Dairy and Egg Products 1008 1 Cheese, cheddar Dairy and Egg Products 1009 2 Cheese, edam Dairy and Egg Products 1018 3 Cheese, feta Dairy and Egg Products 1019 4 Cheese, mozzarella, part skim milk Dairy and Egg Products 1028 manufacturer 0 1 2 3 4 In [164]: info.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 6636 entries, 0 to 6635 Data columns (total 4 columns): description 6636 non-null object group 6636 non-null object id 6636 non-null int64 manufacturer 5195 non-null object dtypes: int64(1), object(3) memory usage: 207.5+ KB ``` 通过value_counts,你可以查看食物类别的分布情况: ```python In [165]: pd.value_counts(info.group)[:10] Out[165]: Vegetables and Vegetable Products 812 Beef Products 618 Baked Products 496 Breakfast Cereals 403 Fast Foods 365 Legumes and Legume Products 365 Lamb, Veal, and Game Products 345 Sweets 341 Pork Products 328 Fruits and Fruit Juices 328 Name: group, dtype: int64 ``` 现在,为了对全部营养数据做一些分析,最简单的办法是将所有食物的营养成分整合到一个大表中。我们分几个步骤来实现该目的。首先,将各食物的营养成分列表转换为一个DataFrame,并添加一个表示编号的列,然后将该DataFrame添加到一个列表中。最后通过concat将这些东西连接起来就可以了: 顺利的话,nutrients的结果是: ```python In [167]: nutrients Out[167]: description group units value id 0 Protein Composition g 25.180 1008 1 Total lipid (fat) Composition g 29.200 1008 2 Carbohydrate, by difference Composition g 3.060 1008 3 Ash Other g 3.280 1008 4 Energy Energy kcal 376.000 1008 ... ... ... ... ... ... 389350 Vitamin B-12, added Vitamins mcg 0.000 43546 389351 Cholesterol Other mg 0.000 43546 389352 Fatty acids, total saturated Other g 0.072 43546 389353 Fatty acids, total monounsaturated Other g 0.028 43546 389354 Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated Other g 0.041 43546 [389355 rows x 5 columns] ``` 我发现这个DataFrame中无论如何都会有一些重复项,所以直接丢弃就可以了: ```python In [168]: nutrients.duplicated().sum() # number of duplicates Out[168]: 14179 In [169]: nutrients = nutrients.drop_duplicates() ``` 由于两个DataFrame对象中都有"group"和"description",所以为了明确到底谁是谁,我们需要对它们进行重命名: ```python In [170]: col_mapping = {'description' : 'food', .....: 'group' : 'fgroup'} In [171]: info = info.rename(columns=col_mapping, copy=False) In [172]: info.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 6636 entries, 0 to 6635 Data columns (total 4 columns): food 6636 non-null object fgroup 6636 non-null object id 6636 non-null int64 manufacturer 5195 non-null object dtypes: int64(1), object(3) memory usage: 207.5+ KB In [173]: col_mapping = {'description' : 'nutrient', .....: 'group' : 'nutgroup'} In [174]: nutrients = nutrients.rename(columns=col_mapping, copy=False) In [175]: nutrients Out[175]: nutrient nutgroup units value id 0 Protein Composition g 25.180 1008 1 Total lipid (fat) Composition g 29.200 1008 2 Carbohydrate, by difference Composition g 3.060 1008 3 Ash Other g 3.280 1008 4 Energy Energy kcal 376.000 1008 ... ... ... ... ... ... 389350 Vitamin B-12, added Vitamins mcg 0.000 43546 389351 Cholesterol Other mg 0.000 43546 389352 Fatty acids, total saturated Other g 0.072 43546 389353 Fatty acids, total monounsaturated Other g 0.028 43546 389354 Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated Other g 0.041 43546 [375176 rows x 5 columns] ``` 做完这些,就可以将info跟nutrients合并起来: ```python In [176]: ndata = pd.merge(nutrients, info, on='id', how='outer') In [177]: ndata.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> Int64Index: 375176 entries, 0 to 375175 Data columns (total 8 columns): nutrient 375176 non-null object nutgroup 375176 non-null object units 375176 non-null object value 375176 non-null float64 id 375176 non-null int64 food 375176 non-null object fgroup 375176 non-null object manufacturer 293054 non-null object dtypes: float64(1), int64(1), object(6) memory usage: 25.8+ MB In [178]: ndata.iloc[30000] Out[178]: nutrient Glycine nutgroup Amino Acids units g value 0.04 id 6158 food Soup, tomato bisque, canned, condensed fgroup Soups, Sauces, and Gravies manufacturer Name: 30000, dtype: object ``` 我们现在可以根据食物分类和营养类型画出一张中位值图(如图14-11所示): ```python In [180]: result = ndata.groupby(['nutrient', 'fgroup'])['value'].quantile(0.5) In [181]: result['Zinc, Zn'].sort_values().plot(kind='barh') ``` ![图片14-11 根据营养分类得出的锌中位值](https://img.kancloud.cn/75/49/754939cf210f375434a75f2fac887c8e_1240x629.png) 只要稍微动一动脑子,就可以发现各营养成分最为丰富的食物是什么了: ```python by_nutrient = ndata.groupby(['nutgroup', 'nutrient']) get_maximum = lambda x: x.loc[x.value.idxmax()] get_minimum = lambda x: x.loc[x.value.idxmin()] max_foods = by_nutrient.apply(get_maximum)[['value', 'food']] # make the food a little smaller max_foods.food = max_foods.food.str[:50] ``` 由于得到的DataFrame很大,所以不方便在书里面全部打印出来。这里只给出"Amino Acids"营养分组: ```python In [183]: max_foods.loc['Amino Acids']['food'] Out[183]: nutrient Alanine Gelatins, dry powder, unsweetened Arginine Seeds, sesame flour, low-fat Aspartic acid Soy protein isolate Cystine Seeds, cottonseed flour, low fat (glandless) Glutamic acid Soy protein isolate ... Serine Soy protein isolate, PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTE... Threonine Soy protein isolate, PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTE... Tryptophan Sea lion, Steller, meat with fat (Alaska Native) Tyrosine Soy protein isolate, PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTE... Valine Soy protein isolate, PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTE... Name: food, Length: 19, dtype: object ``` # 14.5 2012联邦选举委员会数据库 美国联邦选举委员会发布了有关政治竞选赞助方面的数据。其中包括赞助者的姓名、职业、雇主、地址以及出资额等信息。我们对2012年美国总统大选的数据集比较感兴趣(http://www.fec.gov/disclosurep/PDownload.do)。我在2012年6月下载的数据集是一个150MB的CSV文件(P00000001-ALL.csv),我们先用pandas.read_csv将其加载进来: ```python In [184]: fec = pd.read_csv('datasets/fec/P00000001-ALL.csv') In [185]: fec.info() <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'> RangeIndex: 1001731 entries, 0 to 1001730 Data columns (total 16 columns): cmte_id 1001731 non-null object cand_id 1001731 non-null object cand_nm 1001731 non-null object contbr_nm 1001731 non-null object contbr_city 1001712 non-null object contbr_st 1001727 non-null object contbr_zip 1001620 non-null object contbr_employer 988002 non-null object contbr_occupation 993301 non-null object contb_receipt_amt 1001731 non-null float64 contb_receipt_dt 1001731 non-null object receipt_desc 14166 non-null object memo_cd 92482 non-null object memo_text 97770 non-null object form_tp 1001731 non-null object file_num 1001731 non-null int64 dtypes: float64(1), int64(1), object(14) memory usage: 122.3+ MB ``` 该DataFrame中的记录如下所示: ```python In [186]: fec.iloc[123456] Out[186]: cmte_id C00431445 cand_id P80003338 cand_nm Obama, Barack contbr_nm ELLMAN, IRA contbr_city TEMPE ... receipt_desc NaN memo_cd NaN memo_text NaN form_tp SA17A file_num 772372 Name: 123456, Length: 16, dtype: object ``` 你可能已经想出了许多办法从这些竞选赞助数据中抽取有关赞助人和赞助模式的统计信息。我将在接下来的内容中介绍几种不同的分析工作(运用到目前为止已经学到的方法)。 不难看出,该数据中没有党派信息,因此最好把它加进去。通过unique,你可以获取全部的候选人名单: ```python In [187]: unique_cands = fec.cand_nm.unique() In [188]: unique_cands Out[188]: array(['Bachmann, Michelle', 'Romney, Mitt', 'Obama, Barack', "Roemer, Charles E. 'Buddy' III", 'Pawlenty, Timothy', 'Johnson, Gary Earl', 'Paul, Ron', 'Santorum, Rick', 'Cain, Herman', 'Gingrich, Newt', 'McCotter, Thaddeus G', 'Huntsman, Jon', 'Perry, Rick'], dtype=object) In [189]: unique_cands[2] Out[189]: 'Obama, Barack' ``` 指明党派信息的方法之一是使用字典: ```python parties = {'Bachmann, Michelle': 'Republican', 'Cain, Herman': 'Republican', 'Gingrich, Newt': 'Republican', 'Huntsman, Jon': 'Republican', 'Johnson, Gary Earl': 'Republican', 'McCotter, Thaddeus G': 'Republican', 'Obama, Barack': 'Democrat', 'Paul, Ron': 'Republican', 'Pawlenty, Timothy': 'Republican', 'Perry, Rick': 'Republican', "Roemer, Charles E. 'Buddy' III": 'Republican', 'Romney, Mitt': 'Republican', 'Santorum, Rick': 'Republican'} ``` 现在,通过这个映射以及Series对象的map方法,你可以根据候选人姓名得到一组党派信息: ```python In [191]: fec.cand_nm[123456:123461] Out[191]: 123456 Obama, Barack 123457 Obama, Barack 123458 Obama, Barack 123459 Obama, Barack 123460 Obama, Barack Name: cand_nm, dtype: object In [192]: fec.cand_nm[123456:123461].map(parties) Out[192]: 123456 Democrat 123457 Democrat 123458 Democrat 123459 Democrat 123460 Democrat Name: cand_nm, dtype: object # Add it as a column In [193]: fec['party'] = fec.cand_nm.map(parties) In [194]: fec['party'].value_counts() Out[194]: Democrat 593746 Republican 407985 Name: party, dtype: int64 ``` 这里有两个需要注意的地方。第一,该数据既包括赞助也包括退款(负的出资额): ```python In [195]: (fec.contb_receipt_amt > 0).value_counts() Out[195]: True 991475 False 10256 Name: contb_receipt_amt, dtype: int64 ``` 为了简化分析过程,我限定该数据集只能有正的出资额: ```python In [196]: fec = fec[fec.contb_receipt_amt > 0] ``` 由于Barack Obama和Mitt Romney是最主要的两名候选人,所以我还专门准备了一个子集,只包含针对他们两人的竞选活动的赞助信息: ```python In [197]: fec_mrbo = fec[fec.cand_nm.isin(['Obama, Barack','Romney, Mitt'])] ``` ## 根据职业和雇主统计赞助信息 基于职业的赞助信息统计是另一种经常被研究的统计任务。例如,律师们更倾向于资助民主党,而企业主则更倾向于资助共和党。你可以不相信我,自己看那些数据就知道了。首先,根据职业计算出资总额,这很简单: ```python In [198]: fec.contbr_occupation.value_counts()[:10] Out[198]: RETIRED 233990 INFORMATION REQUESTED 35107 ATTORNEY 34286 HOMEMAKER 29931 PHYSICIAN 23432 INFORMATION REQUESTED PER BEST EFFORTS 21138 ENGINEER 14334 TEACHER 13990 CONSULTANT 13273 PROFESSOR 12555 Name: contbr_occupation, dtype: int64 ``` 不难看出,许多职业都涉及相同的基本工作类型,或者同一样东西有多种变体。下面的代码片段可以清理一些这样的数据(将一个职业信息映射到另一个)。注意,这里巧妙地利用了dict.get,它允许没有映射关系的职业也能“通过”: ```python occ_mapping = { 'INFORMATION REQUESTED PER BEST EFFORTS' : 'NOT PROVIDED', 'INFORMATION REQUESTED' : 'NOT PROVIDED', 'INFORMATION REQUESTED (BEST EFFORTS)' : 'NOT PROVIDED', 'C.E.O.': 'CEO' } # If no mapping provided, return x f = lambda x: occ_mapping.get(x, x) fec.contbr_occupation = fec.contbr_occupation.map(f) ``` 我对雇主信息也进行了同样的处理: ```python emp_mapping = { 'INFORMATION REQUESTED PER BEST EFFORTS' : 'NOT PROVIDED', 'INFORMATION REQUESTED' : 'NOT PROVIDED', 'SELF' : 'SELF-EMPLOYED', 'SELF EMPLOYED' : 'SELF-EMPLOYED', } # If no mapping provided, return x f = lambda x: emp_mapping.get(x, x) fec.contbr_employer = fec.contbr_employer.map(f) ``` 现在,你可以通过pivot_table根据党派和职业对数据进行聚合,然后过滤掉总出资额不足200万美元的数据: ```python In [201]: by_occupation = fec.pivot_table('contb_receipt_amt', .....: index='contbr_occupation', .....: columns='party', aggfunc='sum') In [202]: over_2mm = by_occupation[by_occupation.sum(1) > 2000000] In [203]: over_2mm Out[203]: party Democrat Republican contbr_occupation ATTORNEY 11141982.97 7.477194e+06 CEO 2074974.79 4.211041e+06 CONSULTANT 2459912.71 2.544725e+06 ENGINEER 951525.55 1.818374e+06 EXECUTIVE 1355161.05 4.138850e+06 ... ... ... PRESIDENT 1878509.95 4.720924e+06 PROFESSOR 2165071.08 2.967027e+05 REAL ESTATE 528902.09 1.625902e+06 RETIRED 25305116.38 2.356124e+07 SELF-EMPLOYED 672393.40 1.640253e+06 [17 rows x 2 columns] ``` 把这些数据做成柱状图看起来会更加清楚('barh'表示水平柱状图,如图14-12所示): ```python In [205]: over_2mm.plot(kind='barh') ``` ![图14-12 对各党派总出资额最高的职业](https://img.kancloud.cn/e9/cc/e9cc4f3e7eff2d1f838187d2602c6b2b_1176x726.png) 你可能还想了解一下对Obama和Romney总出资额最高的职业和企业。为此,我们先对候选人进行分组,然后使用本章前面介绍的类似top的方法: ```python def get_top_amounts(group, key, n=5): totals = group.groupby(key)['contb_receipt_amt'].sum() return totals.nlargest(n) ``` 然后根据职业和雇主进行聚合: ```python In [207]: grouped = fec_mrbo.groupby('cand_nm') In [208]: grouped.apply(get_top_amounts, 'contbr_occupation', n=7) Out[208]: cand_nm contbr_occupation Obama, Barack RETIRED 25305116.38 ATTORNEY 11141982.97 INFORMATION REQUESTED 4866973.96 HOMEMAKER 4248875.80 PHYSICIAN 3735124.94 ... Romney, Mitt HOMEMAKER 8147446.22 ATTORNEY 5364718.82 PRESIDENT 2491244.89 EXECUTIVE 2300947.03 C.E.O. 1968386.11 Name: contb_receipt_amt, Length: 14, dtype: float64 In [209]: grouped.apply(get_top_amounts, 'contbr_employer', n=10) Out[209]: cand_nm contbr_employer Obama, Barack RETIRED 22694358.85 SELF-EMPLOYED 17080985.96 NOT EMPLOYED 8586308.70 INFORMATION REQUESTED 5053480.37 HOMEMAKER 2605408.54 ... Romney, Mitt CREDIT SUISSE 281150.00 MORGAN STANLEY 267266.00 GOLDMAN SACH & CO. 238250.00 BARCLAYS CAPITAL 162750.00 H.I.G. CAPITAL 139500.00 Name: contb_receipt_amt, Length: 20, dtype: float64 ``` ## 对出资额分组 还可以对该数据做另一种非常实用的分析:利用cut函数根据出资额的大小将数据离散化到多个面元中: ```python In [210]: bins = np.array([0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, .....: 100000, 1000000, 10000000]) In [211]: labels = pd.cut(fec_mrbo.contb_receipt_amt, bins) In [212]: labels Out[212]: 411 (10, 100] 412 (100, 1000] 413 (100, 1000] 414 (10, 100] 415 (10, 100] ... 701381 (10, 100] 701382 (100, 1000] 701383 (1, 10] 701384 (10, 100] 701385 (100, 1000] Name: contb_receipt_amt, Length: 694282, dtype: category Categories (8, interval[int64]): [(0, 1] < (1, 10] < (10, 100] < (100, 1000] < (1 000, 10000] < (10000, 100000] < (100000, 1000000] < (1000000, 10000000]] ``` 现在可以根据候选人姓名以及面元标签对奥巴马和罗姆尼数据进行分组,以得到一个柱状图: ```python In [213]: grouped = fec_mrbo.groupby(['cand_nm', labels]) In [214]: grouped.size().unstack(0) Out[214]: cand_nm Obama, Barack Romney, Mitt contb_receipt_amt (0, 1] 493.0 77.0 (1, 10] 40070.0 3681.0 (10, 100] 372280.0 31853.0 (100, 1000] 153991.0 43357.0 (1000, 10000] 22284.0 26186.0 (10000, 100000] 2.0 1.0 (100000, 1000000] 3.0 NaN (1000000, 10000000] 4.0 NaN ``` 从这个数据中可以看出,在小额赞助方面,Obama获得的数量比Romney多得多。你还可以对出资额求和并在面元内规格化,以便图形化显示两位候选人各种赞助额度的比例(见图14-13): ```python In [216]: bucket_sums = grouped.contb_receipt_amt.sum().unstack(0) In [217]: normed_sums = bucket_sums.div(bucket_sums.sum(axis=1), axis=0) In [218]: normed_sums Out[218]: cand_nm Obama, Barack Romney, Mitt contb_receipt_amt (0, 1] 0.805182 0.194818 (1, 10] 0.918767 0.081233 (10, 100] 0.910769 0.089231 (100, 1000] 0.710176 0.289824 (1000, 10000] 0.447326 0.552674 (10000, 100000] 0.823120 0.176880 (100000, 1000000] 1.000000 NaN (1000000, 10000000] 1.000000 NaN In [219]: normed_sums[:-2].plot(kind='barh') ``` ![图14-13 两位候选人收到的各种捐赠额度的总额比例](https://img.kancloud.cn/3e/d7/3ed78a930ac4ebbd525e89fb2c8f3ef9_1181x699.png) 我排除了两个最大的面元,因为这些不是由个人捐赠的。 还可以对该分析过程做许多的提炼和改进。比如说,可以根据赞助人的姓名和邮编对数据进行聚合,以便找出哪些人进行了多次小额捐款,哪些人又进行了一次或多次大额捐款。我强烈建议你下载这些数据并自己摸索一下。 ## 根据州统计赞助信息 根据候选人和州对数据进行聚合是常规操作: ```python In [220]: grouped = fec_mrbo.groupby(['cand_nm', 'contbr_st']) In [221]: totals = grouped.contb_receipt_amt.sum().unstack(0).fillna(0) In [222]: totals = totals[totals.sum(1) > 100000] In [223]: totals[:10] Out[223]: cand_nm Obama, Barack Romney, Mitt contbr_st AK 281840.15 86204.24 AL 543123.48 527303.51 AR 359247.28 105556.00 AZ 1506476.98 1888436.23 CA 23824984.24 11237636.60 CO 2132429.49 1506714.12 CT 2068291.26 3499475.45 DC 4373538.80 1025137.50 DE 336669.14 82712.00 FL 7318178.58 8338458.81 ``` 如果对各行除以总赞助额,就会得到各候选人在各州的总赞助额比例: ```python In [224]: percent = totals.div(totals.sum(1), axis=0) In [225]: percent[:10] Out[225]: cand_nm Obama, Barack Romney, Mitt contbr_st AK 0.765778 0.234222 AL 0.507390 0.492610 AR 0.772902 0.227098 AZ 0.443745 0.556255 CA 0.679498 0.320502 CO 0.585970 0.414030 CT 0.371476 0.628524 DC 0.810113 0.189887 DE 0.802776 0.197224 FL 0.467417 0.532583 ``` #14.6 总结 我们已经完成了正文的最后一章。附录中有一些额外的内容,可能对你有用。 本书第一版出版已经有5年了,Python已经成为了一个流行的、广泛使用的数据分析语言。你从本书中学到的方法,在相当长的一段时间都是可用的。我希望本书介绍的工具和库对你的工作有用。