本节课将介绍如何使用specs —— 一个Scala行为驱动设计(BDD)框架,来进行测试。
[TOC=2,2]
## 扩展规格
让我们直接开始。
~~~
import org.specs._
object ArithmeticSpec extends Specification {
"Arithmetic" should {
"add two numbers" in {
1 + 1 mustEqual 2
}
"add three numbers" in {
1 + 1 + 1 mustEqual 3
}
}
}
~~~
**Arithmetic(算术)** 是一个 **规范约束下的系统**
**add(加)** 是一个上下文。
**add two numbers(两个数相加)**,和 **add three numbers(三个数字相加)** 是例子。
`mustEqual` 表示 **预期**
`1 mustEqual 1` 是编写实际测试前使用的一种常见的 **预期** 占位符。所有的测试用例都应该至少有一个预期。
### 复制
注意到两个测试都是怎样将 `add` 加在其名称中的吗?我们可以通过 **嵌套** 预期摆脱这种重复。
~~~
import org.specs._
object ArithmeticSpec extends Specification {
"Arithmetic" should {
"add" in {
"two numbers" in {
1 + 1 mustEqual 2
}
"three numbers" in {
1 + 1 + 1 mustEqual 3
}
}
}
}
~~~
## 执行模型
~~~
object ExecSpec extends Specification {
"Mutations are isolated" should {
var x = 0
"x equals 1 if we set it." in {
x = 1
x mustEqual 1
}
"x is the default value if we don't change it" in {
x mustEqual 0
}
}
}
~~~
## Setup, Teardown
### doBefore & doAfter
~~~
"my system" should {
doBefore { resetTheSystem() /** user-defined reset function */ }
"mess up the system" in {...}
"and again" in {...}
doAfter { cleanThingsUp() }
}
~~~
**注意** `doBefore`/`doAfter` 只能运行在叶子用例上。
### doFirst & doLast
`doFirst`/`doLast` 用来做一次性的设置。(需要例子,我不使用这个)
~~~
"Foo" should {
doFirst { openTheCurtains() }
"test stateless methods" in {...}
"test other stateless methods" in {...}
doLast { closeTheCurtains() }
}
~~~
## Matchers
你有数据,并且想要确保它是正确的。让我们看看最常用的匹配器是如何帮助你的。 (参考 [匹配器指南](http://code.google.com/p/specs/wiki/MatchersGuide) )
### mustEqual
我们已经看到几个mustEqual的例子了。
~~~
1 mustEqual 1
"a" mustEqual "a"
~~~
引用相等,值相等。
### 序列中的元素
~~~
val numbers = List(1, 2, 3)
numbers must contain(1)
numbers must not contain(4)
numbers must containAll(List(1, 2, 3))
numbers must containInOrder(List(1, 2, 3))
List(1, List(2, 3, List(4)), 5) must haveTheSameElementsAs(List(5, List(List(4), 2, 3), 1))
~~~
### 映射中的元素
~~~
map must haveKey(k)
map must notHaveKey(k)
map must haveValue(v)
map must notHaveValue(v)
~~~
### 数字
~~~
a must beGreaterThan(b)
a must beGreaterThanOrEqualTo(b)
a must beLessThan(b)
a must beLessThanOrEqualTo(b)
a must beCloseTo(b, delta)
~~~
### Options
~~~
a must beNone
a must beSome[Type]
a must beSomething
a must beSome(value)
~~~
### throwA
~~~
a must throwA[WhateverException]
~~~
这是一个针对try\catch块中有异常抛出的用例的简写。
您也可以期望一个特定的消息
~~~
a must throwA(WhateverException("message"))
~~~
您也可以匹配异常:
~~~
a must throwA(new Exception) like {
case Exception(m) => m.startsWith("bad")
}
~~~
### 编写你自己的匹配器
~~~
import org.specs.matcher.Matcher
~~~
#### 作为一个不变量
~~~
"A matcher" should {
"be created as a val" in {
val beEven = new Matcher[Int] {
def apply(n: => Int) = {
(n % 2 == 0, "%d is even".format(n), "%d is odd".format(n))
}
}
2 must beEven
}
}
~~~
契约是返回一个包含三个值的元组,分别是期望是否为真、为真时的消息和为假时的消息。
#### 作为一个样本类
~~~
case class beEven(b: Int) extends Matcher[Int]() {
def apply(n: => Int) = (n % 2 == 0, "%d is even".format(n), "%d is odd".format(n))
}
~~~
使用样本类可以增加代码的重用性。
## Mocks
~~~
import org.specs.Specification
import org.specs.mock.Mockito
class Foo[T] {
def get(i: Int): T
}
object MockExampleSpec extends Specification with Mockito {
val m = mock[Foo[String]]
m.get(0) returns "one"
m.get(0)
there was one(m).get(0)
there was no(m).get(1)
}
~~~
**参考** [Using Mockito](http://code.google.com/p/specs/wiki/UsingMockito)
## Spies
Spies(间谍)可以对真正的对象做一些“局部mocking”:
~~~
val list = new LinkedList[String]
val spiedList = spy(list)
// methods can be stubbed on a spy
spiedList.size returns 100
// other methods can also be used
spiedList.add("one")
spiedList.add("two")
// and verification can happen on a spy
there was one(spiedList).add("one")
~~~
然而,使用间谍可能会出现非常诡异的情况:
~~~
// if the list is empty, this will throws an IndexOutOfBoundsException
spiedList.get(0) returns "one"
~~~
这里必须使用 `doReturn` :
~~~
doReturn("one").when(spiedList).get(0)
~~~
## 在sbt中运行单个specs
~~~
> test-only com.twitter.yourservice.UserSpec
~~~
将只运行那个规范。
~~~
> ~ test-only com.twitter.yourservice.UserSpec
~~~
将在一个循环中运行该测试,文件的每一次修改都将触发测试运行。
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