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# 八、特征选择 > 作者:[Chris Albon](https://chrisalbon.com/) > > 译者:[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel) > > 协议:[CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) ## 用于特征选取的 ANOVA F 值 如果特征是类别的,计算每个特征与目标向量之间的卡方(![](https://img.kancloud.cn/80/8e/808e2526c21b697ba96615e2911cb65c_17x20.gif))统计量。 但是,如果特征是定量的,则计算每个特征与目标向量之间的 ANOVA F 值。 F 值得分检查当我们按照目标向量对数字特征进行分组时,每个组的均值是否显着不同。 ```py # 加载库 from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest from sklearn.feature_selection import f_classif # 加载鸢尾花数据 iris = load_iris() # 创建特征和标签 X = iris.data y = iris.target # 创建 SelectKBest 对象来选择两个带有最佳 ANOVA F 值的特征 fvalue_selector = SelectKBest(f_classif, k=2) # 对 SelectKBest 对象应用特征和标签 X_kbest = fvalue_selector.fit_transform(X, y) # 展示结果 print('Original number of features:', X.shape[1]) print('Reduced number of features:', X_kbest.shape[1]) ''' Original number of features: 4 Reduced number of features: 2 ''' ``` ## 用于特征选择的卡方 ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/1b/06/1b0695d474def8f71d16c4209a51e0e0_1802x1202.jpg) ```py # 加载库 from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest from sklearn.feature_selection import chi2 # 加载鸢尾花数据 iris = load_iris() # 创建特征和目标 X = iris.data y = iris.target # 通过将数据转换为整数,转换为类别数据 X = X.astype(int) # 选择两个卡方统计量最高的特征 chi2_selector = SelectKBest(chi2, k=2) X_kbest = chi2_selector.fit_transform(X, y) # 展示结果 print('Original number of features:', X.shape[1]) print('Reduced number of features:', X_kbest.shape[1]) ''' Original number of features: 4 Reduced number of features: 2 ''' ``` ## 丢弃高度相关的特征 ```py # 加载库 import pandas as pd import numpy as np # 创建特征矩阵,具有两个高度相关特征 X = np.array([[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 0], [3, 3, 1], [4, 4, 0], [5, 5, 1], [6, 6, 0], [7, 7, 1], [8, 7, 0], [9, 7, 1]]) # 将特征矩阵转换为 DataFrame df = pd.DataFrame(X) # 查看数据帧 df ``` | | 0 | 1 | 2 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | | 4 | 5 | 5 | 1 | | 5 | 6 | 6 | 0 | | 6 | 7 | 7 | 1 | | 7 | 8 | 7 | 0 | | 8 | 9 | 7 | 1 | ```py # 创建相关度矩阵 corr_matrix = df.corr().abs() # 选择相关度矩阵的上三角 upper = corr_matrix.where(np.triu(np.ones(corr_matrix.shape), k=1).astype(np.bool)) # 寻找相关度大于 0.95 的特征列的索引 to_drop = [column for column in upper.columns if any(upper[column] > 0.95)] # 丢弃特征 df.drop(df.columns[to_drop], axis=1) ``` | | 0 | 2 | | --- | --- | --- | | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | 2 | 0 | | 2 | 3 | 1 | | 3 | 4 | 0 | | 4 | 5 | 1 | | 5 | 6 | 0 | | 6 | 7 | 1 | | 7 | 8 | 0 | | 8 | 9 | 1 | ## 递归特征消除 ```py # 加载库 from sklearn.datasets import make_regression from sklearn.feature_selection import RFECV from sklearn import datasets, linear_model import warnings # 消除烦人但无害的警告 warnings.filterwarnings(action="ignore", module="scipy", message="^internal gelsd") # 生成特征矩阵,目标向量和真实相关度 X, y = make_regression(n_samples = 10000, n_features = 100, n_informative = 2, random_state = 1) # 创建线性回归 ols = linear_model.LinearRegression() # 创建递归特征消除器,按照 MSE 对特征评分 rfecv = RFECV(estimator=ols, step=1, scoring='neg_mean_squared_error') # 拟合递归特征消除器 rfecv.fit(X, y) # 递归特征消除 rfecv.transform(X) ''' array([[ 0.00850799, 0.7031277 , -1.2416911 , -0.25651883, -0.10738769], [-1.07500204, 2.56148527, 0.5540926 , -0.72602474, -0.91773159], [ 1.37940721, -1.77039484, -0.59609275, 0.51485979, -1.17442094], ..., [-0.80331656, -1.60648007, 0.37195763, 0.78006511, -0.20756972], [ 0.39508844, -1.34564911, -0.9639982 , 1.7983361 , -0.61308782], [-0.55383035, 0.82880112, 0.24597833, -1.71411248, 0.3816852 ]]) ''' # 最佳特征数量 rfecv.n_features_ # 5 ``` ## 方差阈值二元特征 ```py from sklearn.feature_selection import VarianceThreshold # 创建特征矩阵: # 特征 0:80% 的类 0 # 特征 1:80% 的类 1 # 特征 2:60% 的类 0,40% 的类 1 X = [[0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 0]] ``` 在二元特征(即伯努利随机变量)中,方差计算如下: ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/ae/cb/aecbca2b4695d94d780c9c09f036e79d_138x18.gif)](../img/tex-6959801ea921957ed53ddaab936b9409.gif) 其中 ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/4b/28/4b28c13d5f5d658adb7478fbc9efc923_10x12.gif) 是类 1 观测的比例。 因此,通过设置 ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/4b/28/4b28c13d5f5d658adb7478fbc9efc923_10x12.gif),我们可以删除绝大多数观察是类 1 的特征。 ```py # Run threshold by variance thresholder = VarianceThreshold(threshold=(.75 * (1 - .75))) thresholder.fit_transform(X) ''' array([[0], [1], [0], [1], [0]]) ''' ``` ## 用于特征选择的方差阈值 ![](https://img.kancloud.cn/3e/4e/3e4ec4e6f98e403ba8c75a0c8c1438d6_1802x1202.jpg) ```py from sklearn import datasets from sklearn.feature_selection import VarianceThreshold # 加载鸢尾花数据 iris = datasets.load_iris() # 创建特征和目标 X = iris.data y = iris.target # 使用方差阈值 0.5 创建 VarianceThreshold 对象 thresholder = VarianceThreshold(threshold=.5) # 应用方差阈值 X_high_variance = thresholder.fit_transform(X) # 查看方差大于阈值的前五行 X_high_variance[0:5] ''' array([[ 5.1, 1.4, 0.2], [ 4.9, 1.4, 0.2], [ 4.7, 1.3, 0.2], [ 4.6, 1.5, 0.2], [ 5\. , 1.4, 0.2]]) ''' ```