本文讲解如何装python的开发的命令行程序最小化到托盘的方法，并提供菜单操作功能。 上个月使用python实现了一个多功能抓图工具，见[《Python:一个多功能的抓图工具开发（附源码）》](http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024/article/details/7340903)，此程序为一个命令行程序，windows下运行时会弹出一个cmd窗口，里面什么内容也没有，用户使用时直接按下快捷键进行操作。一直想着优化一下，今天想到是否以通过最小化到托盘，并提供菜单操作和快捷键操作两种方式，这样看起来就有点软件的样子了。  Google了一下，发现了一个方法，具体内容见本文附录部分。   直接上实现后的代码：  1、screenshot.py （此模块提供截图的各种方法，被主程序screen_tray.py引用） ~~~ #!/usr/bin/env python #coding=gb2312 #此模块主要提供抓图功能，支持以下三种抓图方式： #1、抓取全屏,快捷键CTRL+F1 #2、抓取当前窗口，快捷键CTRL+F2 #3、抓取所选区域，快捷键CTRL+F3 #抓到之后，会自动弹出保存对话框，选择路径保存即可 #*********************** #更新记录 #0.1 2012-03-10 create by dyx1024 #********************** import pyhk import wx import os import sys from PIL import ImageGrab import ctypes import win32gui import ctypes.wintypes import screen_tray def capture_fullscreen(SysTrayIcon): ''' Function:全屏抓图 Input：NONE Output: NONE author: socrates blog:http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024 date:2012-03-10 ''' #抓图 pic = ImageGrab.grab() #保存图片 save_pic(pic) def capture_current_windows(SysTrayIcon): ''' Function:抓取当前窗口 Input：NONE Output: NONE author: socrates blog:http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024 date:2012-03-10 ''' #窗口结构 class RECT(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [('left', ctypes.c_long), ('top', ctypes.c_long), ('right', ctypes.c_long), ('bottom', ctypes.c_long)] def __str__(self): return str((self.left, self.top, self.right, self.bottom)) rect = RECT() #获取当前窗口句柄 HWND = win32gui.GetForegroundWindow() #取当前窗口坐标 ctypes.windll.user32.GetWindowRect(HWND,ctypes.byref(rect)) #调整坐标 rangle = (rect.left+2,rect.top+2,rect.right-2,rect.bottom-2) #抓图 pic = ImageGrab.grab(rangle) #保存 save_pic(pic) def capture_choose_windows(SysTrayIcon): ''' Function:抓取选择的区域，没有自己写这个，借用QQ抓图功能 Input：NONE Output: NONE author: socrates blog:http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024 date:2012-03-10 ''' try: #加载QQ抓图使用的dll dll_handle = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('CameraDll.dll') except Exception: try: #如果dll加载失败，则换种方法使用，直接运行，如果还失败，退出 os.system("Rundll32.exe CameraDll.dll, CameraSubArea") except Exception: return else: try: #加载dll成功，则调用抓图函数，注:没有分析清楚这个函数带的参数个数 #及类型，所以此语句执行后会报参数缺少4个字节，但不影响抓图功能，所 #以直接忽略了些异常 dll_handle.CameraSubArea(0) except Exception: return def save_pic(pic, filename = '未命令图片.png'): ''' Function:使用文件对框，保存图片 Input：NONE Output: NONE author: socrates blog:http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024 date:2012-03-10 ''' app = wx.PySimpleApp() wildcard = "PNG(*.png)|*.png" dialog = wx.FileDialog(None, "Select a place", os.getcwd(), filename, wildcard, wx.SAVE) if dialog.ShowModal() == wx.ID_OK: pic.save(dialog.GetPath().encode('gb2312')) else: pass dialog.Destroy() def screenshot_main(): ''' Function:主函数，注册快捷键 Input：NONE Output: NONE author: socrates blog:http://blog.csdn.net/dyx1024 date:2012-03-10 ''' #创建hotkey句柄 hot_handle = pyhk.pyhk() #注册抓取全屏快捷键CTRL+F1 hot_handle.addHotkey(['Ctrl', 'F1'], capture_fullscreen) #注册抓取当前窗口快捷键CTRL+F2 hot_handle.addHotkey(['Ctrl', 'F2'], capture_current_windows) #注册抓取所选区域快捷键CTRL+F3 hot_handle.addHotkey(['Ctrl', 'F3'], capture_choose_windows) #开始运行 hot_handle.start() ~~~ 2、screen_tray.py （此模块为主程序，提供托盘及菜单功能，在各菜单项中调用1中的各函数，最后再调用1中的注册快键键函数，来提供快捷键操作） ~~~ #!/usr/bin/env python #coding=gb2312 import os import sys import win32api import win32con import win32gui_struct import screenshot try: import winxpgui as win32gui except ImportError: import win32gui class SysTrayIcon(object): '''TODO''' QUIT = 'QUIT' SPECIAL_ACTIONS = [QUIT] FIRST_ID = 1023 def __init__(self, icon, hover_text, menu_options, on_quit=None, default_menu_index=None, window_class_name=None,): self.icon = icon self.hover_text = hover_text self.on_quit = on_quit menu_options = menu_options + (('退出', None, self.QUIT),) self._next_action_id = self.FIRST_ID self.menu_actions_by_id = set() self.menu_options = self._add_ids_to_menu_options(list(menu_options)) self.menu_actions_by_id = dict(self.menu_actions_by_id) del self._next_action_id self.default_menu_index = (default_menu_index or 0) self.window_class_name = window_class_name or "SysTrayIconPy" message_map = {win32gui.RegisterWindowMessage("TaskbarCreated"): self.restart, win32con.WM_DESTROY: self.destroy, win32con.WM_COMMAND: self.command, win32con.WM_USER+20 : self.notify,} # Register the Window class. window_class = win32gui.WNDCLASS() hinst = window_class.hInstance = win32gui.GetModuleHandle(None) window_class.lpszClassName = self.window_class_name window_class.style = win32con.CS_VREDRAW | win32con.CS_HREDRAW; window_class.hCursor = win32gui.LoadCursor(0, win32con.IDC_ARROW) window_class.hbrBackground = win32con.COLOR_WINDOW window_class.lpfnWndProc = message_map # could also specify a wndproc. classAtom = win32gui.RegisterClass(window_class) # Create the Window. style = win32con.WS_OVERLAPPED | win32con.WS_SYSMENU self.hwnd = win32gui.CreateWindow(classAtom, self.window_class_name, style, 0, 0, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, 0, hinst, None) win32gui.UpdateWindow(self.hwnd) self.notify_id = None self.refresh_icon() win32gui.PumpMessages() def _add_ids_to_menu_options(self, menu_options): result = [] for menu_option in menu_options: option_text, option_icon, option_action = menu_option if callable(option_action) or option_action in self.SPECIAL_ACTIONS: self.menu_actions_by_id.add((self._next_action_id, option_action)) result.append(menu_option + (self._next_action_id,)) elif non_string_iterable(option_action): result.append((option_text, option_icon, self._add_ids_to_menu_options(option_action), self._next_action_id)) else: print 'Unknown item', option_text, option_icon, option_action self._next_action_id += 1 return result def refresh_icon(self): # Try and find a custom icon hinst = win32gui.GetModuleHandle(None) if os.path.isfile(self.icon): icon_flags = win32con.LR_LOADFROMFILE | win32con.LR_DEFAULTSIZE hicon = win32gui.LoadImage(hinst, self.icon, win32con.IMAGE_ICON, 0, 0, icon_flags) else: print "Can't find icon file - using default." hicon = win32gui.LoadIcon(0, win32con.IDI_APPLICATION) if self.notify_id: message = win32gui.NIM_MODIFY else: message = win32gui.NIM_ADD self.notify_id = (self.hwnd, 0, win32gui.NIF_ICON | win32gui.NIF_MESSAGE | win32gui.NIF_TIP, win32con.WM_USER+20, hicon, self.hover_text) win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(message, self.notify_id) def restart(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): self.refresh_icon() def destroy(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): if self.on_quit: self.on_quit(self) nid = (self.hwnd, 0) win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_DELETE, nid) win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0) # Terminate the app. def notify(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): if lparam==win32con.WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK: self.execute_menu_option(self.default_menu_index + self.FIRST_ID) elif lparam==win32con.WM_RBUTTONUP: self.show_menu() elif lparam==win32con.WM_LBUTTONUP: pass return True def show_menu(self): menu = win32gui.CreatePopupMenu() self.create_menu(menu, self.menu_options) #win32gui.SetMenuDefaultItem(menu, 1000, 0) pos = win32gui.GetCursorPos() # See http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/winui/menus_0hdi.asp win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(self.hwnd) win32gui.TrackPopupMenu(menu, win32con.TPM_LEFTALIGN, pos[0], pos[1], 0, self.hwnd, None) win32gui.PostMessage(self.hwnd, win32con.WM_NULL, 0, 0) def create_menu(self, menu, menu_options): for option_text, option_icon, option_action, option_id in menu_options[::-1]: if option_icon: option_icon = self.prep_menu_icon(option_icon) if option_id in self.menu_actions_by_id: item, extras = win32gui_struct.PackMENUITEMINFO(text=option_text, hbmpItem=option_icon, wID=option_id) win32gui.InsertMenuItem(menu, 0, 1, item) else: submenu = win32gui.CreatePopupMenu() self.create_menu(submenu, option_action) item, extras = win32gui_struct.PackMENUITEMINFO(text=option_text, hbmpItem=option_icon, hSubMenu=submenu) win32gui.InsertMenuItem(menu, 0, 1, item) def prep_menu_icon(self, icon): # First load the icon. ico_x = win32api.GetSystemMetrics(win32con.SM_CXSMICON) ico_y = win32api.GetSystemMetrics(win32con.SM_CYSMICON) hicon = win32gui.LoadImage(0, icon, win32con.IMAGE_ICON, ico_x, ico_y, win32con.LR_LOADFROMFILE) hdcBitmap = win32gui.CreateCompatibleDC(0) hdcScreen = win32gui.GetDC(0) hbm = win32gui.CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdcScreen, ico_x, ico_y) hbmOld = win32gui.SelectObject(hdcBitmap, hbm) # Fill the background. brush = win32gui.GetSysColorBrush(win32con.COLOR_MENU) win32gui.FillRect(hdcBitmap, (0, 0, 16, 16), brush) # unclear if brush needs to be feed. Best clue I can find is: # "GetSysColorBrush returns a cached brush instead of allocating a new # one." - implies no DeleteObject # draw the icon win32gui.DrawIconEx(hdcBitmap, 0, 0, hicon, ico_x, ico_y, 0, 0, win32con.DI_NORMAL) win32gui.SelectObject(hdcBitmap, hbmOld) win32gui.DeleteDC(hdcBitmap) return hbm def command(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): id = win32gui.LOWORD(wparam) self.execute_menu_option(id) def execute_menu_option(self, id): menu_action = self.menu_actions_by_id[id] if menu_action == self.QUIT: win32gui.DestroyWindow(self.hwnd) else: menu_action(self) def non_string_iterable(obj): try: iter(obj) except TypeError: return False else: return not isinstance(obj, basestring) # Minimal self test. You'll need a bunch of ICO files in the current working # directory in order for this to work... if __name__ == '__main__': import itertools, glob icons = 'screenshot_tray.ico' hover_text = "多功能抓图工具" menu_options = (('抓取全屏', icons, screenshot.capture_fullscreen), ('抓取当前窗口', icons, screenshot.capture_current_windows), ('抓取所选区域', icons, screenshot.capture_choose_windows) ) def bye(sysTrayIcon): print '退出' SysTrayIcon(icons, hover_text, menu_options, on_quit=bye) #提供快捷键操作 screenshot.screenshot_main() ~~~ 3、执行screen_tray.py，托盘出现菜单项，各功能运行正常，快捷键功能正常，如下图。   4、附： 本文所使用托盘模块下载地址：[http://www.brunningonline.net/simon/blog/archives/SysTrayIcon.py.html](http://www.brunningonline.net/simon/blog/archives/SysTrayIcon.py.html) 附内容：  ~~~ #!/usr/bin/env python # Module : SysTrayIcon.py # Synopsis : Windows System tray icon. # Programmer : Simon Brunning - simon@brunningonline.net # Date : 11 April 2005 # Notes : Based on (i.e. ripped off from) Mark Hammond's # win32gui_taskbar.py and win32gui_menu.py demos from PyWin32 '''TODO For now, the demo at the bottom shows how to use it...''' import os import sys import win32api import win32con import win32gui_struct try: import winxpgui as win32gui except ImportError: import win32gui class SysTrayIcon(object): '''TODO''' QUIT = 'QUIT' SPECIAL_ACTIONS = [QUIT] FIRST_ID = 1023 def __init__(self, icon, hover_text, menu_options, on_quit=None, default_menu_index=None, window_class_name=None,): self.icon = icon self.hover_text = hover_text self.on_quit = on_quit menu_options = menu_options + (('Quit', None, self.QUIT),) self._next_action_id = self.FIRST_ID self.menu_actions_by_id = set() self.menu_options = self._add_ids_to_menu_options(list(menu_options)) self.menu_actions_by_id = dict(self.menu_actions_by_id) del self._next_action_id self.default_menu_index = (default_menu_index or 0) self.window_class_name = window_class_name or "SysTrayIconPy" message_map = {win32gui.RegisterWindowMessage("TaskbarCreated"): self.restart, win32con.WM_DESTROY: self.destroy, win32con.WM_COMMAND: self.command, win32con.WM_USER+20 : self.notify,} # Register the Window class. window_class = win32gui.WNDCLASS() hinst = window_class.hInstance = win32gui.GetModuleHandle(None) window_class.lpszClassName = self.window_class_name window_class.style = win32con.CS_VREDRAW | win32con.CS_HREDRAW; window_class.hCursor = win32gui.LoadCursor(0, win32con.IDC_ARROW) window_class.hbrBackground = win32con.COLOR_WINDOW window_class.lpfnWndProc = message_map # could also specify a wndproc. classAtom = win32gui.RegisterClass(window_class) # Create the Window. style = win32con.WS_OVERLAPPED | win32con.WS_SYSMENU self.hwnd = win32gui.CreateWindow(classAtom, self.window_class_name, style, 0, 0, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, 0, hinst, None) win32gui.UpdateWindow(self.hwnd) self.notify_id = None self.refresh_icon() win32gui.PumpMessages() def _add_ids_to_menu_options(self, menu_options): result = [] for menu_option in menu_options: option_text, option_icon, option_action = menu_option if callable(option_action) or option_action in self.SPECIAL_ACTIONS: self.menu_actions_by_id.add((self._next_action_id, option_action)) result.append(menu_option + (self._next_action_id,)) elif non_string_iterable(option_action): result.append((option_text, option_icon, self._add_ids_to_menu_options(option_action), self._next_action_id)) else: print 'Unknown item', option_text, option_icon, option_action self._next_action_id += 1 return result def refresh_icon(self): # Try and find a custom icon hinst = win32gui.GetModuleHandle(None) if os.path.isfile(self.icon): icon_flags = win32con.LR_LOADFROMFILE | win32con.LR_DEFAULTSIZE hicon = win32gui.LoadImage(hinst, self.icon, win32con.IMAGE_ICON, 0, 0, icon_flags) else: print "Can't find icon file - using default." hicon = win32gui.LoadIcon(0, win32con.IDI_APPLICATION) if self.notify_id: message = win32gui.NIM_MODIFY else: message = win32gui.NIM_ADD self.notify_id = (self.hwnd, 0, win32gui.NIF_ICON | win32gui.NIF_MESSAGE | win32gui.NIF_TIP, win32con.WM_USER+20, hicon, self.hover_text) win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(message, self.notify_id) def restart(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): self.refresh_icon() def destroy(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): if self.on_quit: self.on_quit(self) nid = (self.hwnd, 0) win32gui.Shell_NotifyIcon(win32gui.NIM_DELETE, nid) win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0) # Terminate the app. def notify(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): if lparam==win32con.WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK: self.execute_menu_option(self.default_menu_index + self.FIRST_ID) elif lparam==win32con.WM_RBUTTONUP: self.show_menu() elif lparam==win32con.WM_LBUTTONUP: pass return True def show_menu(self): menu = win32gui.CreatePopupMenu() self.create_menu(menu, self.menu_options) #win32gui.SetMenuDefaultItem(menu, 1000, 0) pos = win32gui.GetCursorPos() # See http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/winui/menus_0hdi.asp win32gui.SetForegroundWindow(self.hwnd) win32gui.TrackPopupMenu(menu, win32con.TPM_LEFTALIGN, pos[0], pos[1], 0, self.hwnd, None) win32gui.PostMessage(self.hwnd, win32con.WM_NULL, 0, 0) def create_menu(self, menu, menu_options): for option_text, option_icon, option_action, option_id in menu_options[::-1]: if option_icon: option_icon = self.prep_menu_icon(option_icon) if option_id in self.menu_actions_by_id: item, extras = win32gui_struct.PackMENUITEMINFO(text=option_text, hbmpItem=option_icon, wID=option_id) win32gui.InsertMenuItem(menu, 0, 1, item) else: submenu = win32gui.CreatePopupMenu() self.create_menu(submenu, option_action) item, extras = win32gui_struct.PackMENUITEMINFO(text=option_text, hbmpItem=option_icon, hSubMenu=submenu) win32gui.InsertMenuItem(menu, 0, 1, item) def prep_menu_icon(self, icon): # First load the icon. ico_x = win32api.GetSystemMetrics(win32con.SM_CXSMICON) ico_y = win32api.GetSystemMetrics(win32con.SM_CYSMICON) hicon = win32gui.LoadImage(0, icon, win32con.IMAGE_ICON, ico_x, ico_y, win32con.LR_LOADFROMFILE) hdcBitmap = win32gui.CreateCompatibleDC(0) hdcScreen = win32gui.GetDC(0) hbm = win32gui.CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdcScreen, ico_x, ico_y) hbmOld = win32gui.SelectObject(hdcBitmap, hbm) # Fill the background. brush = win32gui.GetSysColorBrush(win32con.COLOR_MENU) win32gui.FillRect(hdcBitmap, (0, 0, 16, 16), brush) # unclear if brush needs to be feed. Best clue I can find is: # "GetSysColorBrush returns a cached brush instead of allocating a new # one." - implies no DeleteObject # draw the icon win32gui.DrawIconEx(hdcBitmap, 0, 0, hicon, ico_x, ico_y, 0, 0, win32con.DI_NORMAL) win32gui.SelectObject(hdcBitmap, hbmOld) win32gui.DeleteDC(hdcBitmap) return hbm def command(self, hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam): id = win32gui.LOWORD(wparam) self.execute_menu_option(id) def execute_menu_option(self, id): menu_action = self.menu_actions_by_id[id] if menu_action == self.QUIT: win32gui.DestroyWindow(self.hwnd) else: menu_action(self) def non_string_iterable(obj): try: iter(obj) except TypeError: return False else: return not isinstance(obj, basestring) # Minimal self test. You'll need a bunch of ICO files in the current working # directory in order for this to work... if __name__ == '__main__': import itertools, glob icons = itertools.cycle(glob.glob('*.ico')) hover_text = "SysTrayIcon.py Demo" def hello(sysTrayIcon): print "Hello World." def simon(sysTrayIcon): print "Hello Simon." def switch_icon(sysTrayIcon): sysTrayIcon.icon = icons.next() sysTrayIcon.refresh_icon() menu_options = (('Say Hello', icons.next(), hello), ('Switch Icon', None, switch_icon), ('A sub-menu', icons.next(), (('Say Hello to Simon', icons.next(), simon), ('Switch Icon', icons.next(), switch_icon), )) ) def bye(sysTrayIcon): print 'Bye, then.' SysTrayIcon(icons.next(), hover_text, menu_options, on_quit=bye, default_menu_index=1) ~~~