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Python 还包含了一个数据类型 —— _set_ (集合)。集合是一个无序不重复元素的集。基本功能包括关系测试和消除重复元素。集合对象还支持 union(联合),intersection(交),difference(差)和 sysmmetric difference(对称差集)等数学运算。 大括号或 set() 函数可以用来创建集合。注意:想要创建空集合,你必须使用 set() 而不是 {}。后者用于创建空字典,我们在下一节中介绍的一种数据结构。 以下是一个简单的演示: ~~~ >>> basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'} >>> print(basket) # show that duplicates have been removed {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'} >>> 'orange' in basket # fast membership testing True >>> 'crabgrass' in basket False >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words ... >>> a = set('abracadabra') >>> b = set('alacazam') >>> a # unique letters in a {'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'} >>> a - b # letters in a but not in b {'r', 'd', 'b'} >>> a | b # letters in either a or b {'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'} >>> a & b # letters in both a and b {'a', 'c'} >>> a ^ b # letters in a or b but not both {'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'} ~~~ 类似 [_for lists_](http://www.pythondoc.com/pythontutorial3/datastructures.html#tut-listcomps),这里有一种集合推导式语法: ~~~ >>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'} >>> a {'r', 'd'} ~~~