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# 计算衍生数据 [Reselect](https://github.com/faassen/reselect.git) 库可以创建可记忆的(Memoized)、可组合的 **selector** 函数。Reselect selectors 可以用来高效地计算 Redux store 里的衍生数据。 ### 可记忆的 Selectors 初衷 首先访问 [Todos 列表示例](../basics/UsageWithReact.md): #### `containers/VisibleTodoList.js` ```js import { connect } from 'react-redux' import { toggleTodo } from '../actions' import TodoList from '../components/TodoList' const getVisibleTodos = (todos, filter) => { switch (filter) { case 'SHOW_ALL': return todos case 'SHOW_COMPLETED': return todos.filter(t => t.completed) case 'SHOW_ACTIVE': return todos.filter(t => !t.completed) } } const mapStateToProps = state => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter) } } const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => { return { onTodoClick: id => { dispatch(toggleTodo(id)) } } } const VisibleTodoList = connect( mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps )(TodoList) export default VisibleTodoList ``` 上面的示例中,`mapStateToProps` 调用了 `getVisibleTodos` 来计算 `todos`。运行没问题,但有一个缺点:每当组件更新时都会重新计算 `todos`。如果 state tree 非常大,或者计算量非常大,每次更新都重新计算可能会带来性能问题。Reselect 能帮你省去这些没必要的重新计算。 ### 创建可记忆的 Selector 我们需要一个可记忆的 selector 来替代这个 `getVisibleTodos`,只在 `state.todos` or `state.visibilityFilter` 变化时重新计算 `todos`,而在其它部分(非相关)变化时不做计算。 Reselect 提供 `createSelector` 函数来创建可记忆的 selector。`createSelector` 接收一个 input-selectors 数组和一个转换函数作为参数。如果 state tree 的改变会引起 input-selector 值变化,那么 selector 会调用转换函数,传入 input-selectors 作为参数,并返回结果。如果 input-selectors 的值和前一次的一样,它将会直接返回前一次计算的数据,而不会再调用一次转换函数。 定义一个可记忆的 selector `getVisibleTodos` 来替代上面的无记忆版本: #### `selectors/index.js` ```js import { createSelector } from 'reselect' const getVisibilityFilter = state => state.visibilityFilter const getTodos = state => state.todos export const getVisibleTodos = createSelector( [getVisibilityFilter, getTodos], (visibilityFilter, todos) => { switch (visibilityFilter) { case 'SHOW_ALL': return todos case 'SHOW_COMPLETED': return todos.filter(t => t.completed) case 'SHOW_ACTIVE': return todos.filter(t => !t.completed) } } ) ``` 在上例中,`getVisibilityFilter` 和 `getTodos` 是 input-selector。因为他们并不转换数据,所以被创建成普通的非记忆的 selector 函数。但是,`getVisibleTodos` 是一个可记忆的 selector。他接收 `getVisibilityFilter` 和 `getTodos` 为 input-selector,还有一个转换函数来计算过滤的 todos 列表。 ### 组合 Selector 可记忆的 selector 自身可以作为其它可记忆的 selector 的 input-selector。下面的 `getVisibleTodos` 被当作另一个 selector 的 input-selector,来进一步通过关键字(keyword)过滤 todos。 ```js const getKeyword = state => state.keyword const getVisibleTodosFilteredByKeyword = createSelector( [getVisibleTodos, getKeyword], (visibleTodos, keyword) => visibleTodos.filter(todo => todo.text.indexOf(keyword) > -1) ) ``` ### 连接 Selector 和 Redux Store 如果你在使用 React Redux,你可以在 `mapStateToProps()` 中当正常函数来调用 selectors #### `containers/VisibleTodoList.js` ```js import { connect } from 'react-redux' import { toggleTodo } from '../actions' import TodoList from '../components/TodoList' import { getVisibleTodos } from '../selectors' const mapStateToProps = state => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state) } } const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => { return { onTodoClick: id => { dispatch(toggleTodo(id)) } } } const VisibleTodoList = connect( mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps )(TodoList) export default VisibleTodoList ``` ### 在 selectors 中访问 React Props 到目前为止,我们只看到 selector 接收 Redux store state 作为参数,然而,selector 也可以接收 props。 例如,我们来实现包含多个 Todo List 的应用。我们需要改写 state 来支持多个 Todo List,每个 Todo List 分别有各自的 `todos` 和 `visibilityFilter` state。 我们还需要改写 reducer,现在 `todos` 和 `visibilityFilter` 分别在各自的 Todo List state 里, 所以我们只需要一个 `todoLists` reducer 来进行我们的 state 管理。 #### `reducers/index.js` ```js import { combineReducers } from 'redux' import todoLists from './todoLists' export default combineReducers({ todoLists }) ``` #### `reducers/todoLists.js` ```js // Note that we're hard coding three lists here just as an example. // In the real world, we'd have a feature to add/remove lists, // and this would be empty initially. const initialState = { 1: { todos: [], visibilityFilter: 'SHOW_ALL' }, 2: { todos: [], visibilityFilter: 'SHOW_ALL' }, 3: { todos: [], visibilityFilter: 'SHOW_ALL' } } const addTodo = (state, action) => { const todoList = state[action.listId] const { todos } = todoList return { ...state, [action.listId]: { ...todoList, todos: [ ...todos, { id: action.id, text: action.text, completed: false } ] } } } const toggleTodo = (state, action) => { const todoList = state[action.listId] const { todos } = todoList return { ...state, [action.listId]: { ...todoList, todos: todos.map(todo => (todo.id === action.id) ? {...todo, completed: !todo.completed} : todo ) } } } const setVisibilityFilter = (state, action) => { const todoList = state[action.listId] return { ...state, [action.listId]: { ...todoList, visibilityFilter: action.filter } } } export default const todoLists = (state = initialState, action) => { // make sure a list with the given id exists if (!state[action.listId]) { return state; } switch (action.type) { case 'ADD_TODO': return addTodo(state, action) case 'TOGGLE_TODO': return toggleTodo(state, action) case 'SET_VISIBILITY_FILTER': return setVisibilityFilter(state, action) default: return state } } ``` 上面的例子中,我们使用 `todoLists` reducer 来处理全部三个 action, 所以我们需要向 action creator 传入一个 `listId` 参数 #### `actions/index.js` ```js let nextTodoId = 0 export const addTodo = (text, listId) => ({ type: 'ADD_TODO', id: nextTodoId++, text, listId }) export const setVisibilityFilter = (filter, listId) => ({ type: 'SET_VISIBILITY_FILTER', filter, listId }) export const toggleTodo = (id, listId) => ({ type: 'TOGGLE_TODO', id, listId }) export const VisibilityFilters = { SHOW_ALL: 'SHOW_ALL', SHOW_COMPLETED: 'SHOW_COMPLETED', SHOW_ACTIVE: 'SHOW_ACTIVE' } ``` #### `components/TodoList.js` ```js import React from 'react' import PropTypes from 'prop-types' import Todo from './Todo' const TodoList = ({ todos, toggleTodo, listId }) => ( <ul> {todos.map(todo => ( <Todo key={todo.id} {...todo} onClick={() => toggleTodo(todo.id, listId)} /> ))} </ul> ) export default TodoList ``` 以下是渲染三个 `VisibleTodoList` components 的 `App` , 每个`VisibleTodoList` 都有一个 `listId` prop。 #### components/App.js ```js import React from 'react' import Footer from './Footer' import AddTodo from '../containers/AddTodo' import VisibleTodoList from '../containers/VisibleTodoList' const App = () => ( <div> <VisibleTodoList listId="1" /> <VisibleTodoList listId="2" /> <VisibleTodoList listId="3" /> </div> ) ``` 每个 `VisibleTodoList` 容器根据 `listId` props 的值选择不同的 state 切片,让我们修改 `getVisibilityFilter` 和 `getTodos` 来接收 props。 #### `selectors/todoSelectors.js` ```js import { createSelector } from 'reselect' const getVisibilityFilter = (state, props) => state.todoLists[props.listId].visibilityFilter const getTodos = (state, props) => state.todoLists[props.listId].todos const getVisibleTodos = createSelector( [getVisibilityFilter, getTodos], (visibilityFilter, todos) => { switch (visibilityFilter) { case 'SHOW_COMPLETED': return todos.filter(todo => todo.completed) case 'SHOW_ACTIVE': return todos.filter(todo => !todo.completed) default: return todos } } ) export default getVisibleTodos ``` `props` 可以通过 `mapStateToProps` 传递给 `getVisibleTodos`: ```js const mapStateToProps = (state, props) => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state, props) } } ``` 现在,`getVisibleTodos` 可以访问 `props`,一切看上去都是如此的美好。 **但是这儿有一个问题!** 使用带有多个 `visibleTodoList` 容器实例的 `getVisibleTodos` selector 不能正常使用函数记忆功能。 #### containers/VisibleTodoList.js ```js import { connect } from 'react-redux' import { toggleTodo } from '../actions' import TodoList from '../components/TodoList' import { getVisibleTodos } from '../selectors' const mapStateToProps = (state, props) => { return { // 警告:下面的 selector 不会正确记忆 todos: getVisibleTodos(state, props) } } const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => { return { onTodoClick: id => { dispatch(toggleTodo(id)) } } } const VisibleTodoList = connect( mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps )(TodoList) export default VisibleTodoList ``` 用 `createSelector` 创建的 selector 只有在参数集与之前的参数集相同时才会返回缓存的值。如果我们交替的渲染 `VisibleTodoList listId="1" />` 和 `VisibleTodoList listId="2" />`,共享的 selector 将交替的接收 `listId: 1` 和 `listId: 2`。这会导致每次调用时传入的参数不同,因此 selector 将始终重新计算而不是返回缓存的值。我们将在下一节了解如何解决这个限制。 ### 跨多组件的共享 Selector > 这节中的例子需要 React Redux v4.3.0 或者更高的版本 为了跨越多个 `VisibleTodoList` 组件共享 selector,**同时实现**正确记忆。每个组件的实例需要有拷贝 selector 的私有版本。 我们创建一个 `makeGetVisibleTodos` 的函数,在每个调用的时候返回一个 `getVisibleTodos` selector 的新拷贝。 ####selectors/todoSelectors.js ```js import { createSelector } from 'reselect' const getVisibilityFilter = (state, props) => state.todoLists[props.listId].visibilityFilter const getTodos = (state, props) => state.todoLists[props.listId].todos const makeGetVisibleTodos = () => { return createSelector( [getVisibilityFilter, getTodos], (visibilityFilter, todos) => { switch (visibilityFilter) { case 'SHOW_COMPLETED': return todos.filter(todo => todo.completed) case 'SHOW_ACTIVE': return todos.filter(todo => !todo.completed) default: return todos } } ) } ``` 我们还需要一种每个容器访问自己私有 selector 的方式。`connect` 的 `mapStateToProps` 函数可以帮助我们。 **如果 `connect` 的 `mapStateToProps` 返回的不是一个对象而是一个函数,他将被用做为每个容器的实例创建一个单独的 `mapStateToProps` 函数。** 下面例子中的 `makeMapStateToProps` 创建一个新的 `getVisibleTodos` selectors,返回一个独占新 selector 的权限的 `mapStateToProps` 函数。 ```js const makeMapStateToProps = () => { const getVisibleTodos = makeGetVisibleTodos() const mapStateToProps = (state, props) => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state, props) } } return mapStateToProps } ``` 如果我们通过 `makeMapStateToProps` 来 `connect`,`VisibleTodosList` 容器的每个组件都会拥有含私有 `getVisibleTodos` selector 的 `mapStateToProps`。不论 `VisibleTodosList` 容器的展现顺序如何,记忆功能都会正常工作。 #### container/VisibleTodosList.js ```js import { connect } from 'react-redux' import { toggleTodo } from '../actions' import TodoList from '../components/TodoList' import { makeGetVisibleTodos } from '../selectors' const makeMapStateToProps = () => { const getVisibleTodos = makeGetVisibleTodos() const mapStateToProps = (state, props) => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state, props) } } return mapStateToProps } const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => { return { onTodoClick: id => { dispatch(toggleTodo(id)) } } } const VisibleTodoList = connect( makeMapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps )(TodoList) export default VisibleTodoList ``` ### 下一步 查看 [官方文档](https://github.com/reactjs/reselect) 和 [FAQ](https://github.com/reactjs/reselect#faq)。当因为太多的衍生计算和重复渲染导致出现性能问题时,大多数的 Redux 项目会开始使用 Reselect。所以在你创建一个大型项目的时候确保你对 reselect 是熟悉的。你也可以去研究他的 [源码](https://github.com/reactjs/reselect/blob/master/src/index.js),这样你就不认为他是黑魔法了。