# 附录：lsof工具的使用
[TOC]
Linux平台提供了`lsof`工具可以查看某个进程打开的文件句柄。可以用于跟踪swoole的工作进程所有打开的socket、file、资源。
## 使用方法
~~~
lsof -p [进程ID]
~~~
## 运行结果
~~~
lsof -p 26821
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() tracefs file system /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
php 26821 htf cwd DIR 8,4 4096 5375979 /home/htf/workspace/swoole/examples
php 26821 htf rtd DIR 8,4 4096 2 /
php 26821 htf txt REG 8,4 24192400 6160666 /opt/php/php-5.6/bin/php
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204965 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204960 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204958 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204957 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204945 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf mem REG 8,4 761912 6160770 /opt/php/php-5.6/lib/php/extensions/debug-zts-20131226/gd.so
php 26821 htf mem REG 8,4 2769230 2757968 /usr/local/lib/libcrypto.so.1.1
php 26821 htf mem REG 8,4 162632 6322346 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
php 26821 htf DEL REG 0,5 7204959 /dev/zero
php 26821 htf 0u CHR 136,20 0t0 23 /dev/pts/20
php 26821 htf 1u CHR 136,20 0t0 23 /dev/pts/20
php 26821 htf 2u CHR 136,20 0t0 23 /dev/pts/20
php 26821 htf 3r CHR 1,9 0t0 11 /dev/urandom
php 26821 htf 4u IPv4 7204948 0t0 TCP *:9501 (LISTEN)
php 26821 htf 5u IPv4 7204949 0t0 UDP *:9502
php 26821 htf 6u IPv6 7204950 0t0 TCP *:9503 (LISTEN)
php 26821 htf 7u IPv6 7204951 0t0 UDP *:9504
php 26821 htf 8u IPv4 7204952 0t0 TCP localhost:8000 (LISTEN)
php 26821 htf 9u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204953 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 10u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204954 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 11u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204955 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 12u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204956 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 13u a_inode 0,11 0 9043 [eventfd]
php 26821 htf 14u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204961 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 15u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204962 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 16u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204963 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 17u unix 0x0000000000000000 0t0 7204964 type=DGRAM
php 26821 htf 18u a_inode 0,11 0 9043 [eventpoll]
php 26821 htf 19u a_inode 0,11 0 9043 [signalfd]
php 26821 htf 20u a_inode 0,11 0 9043 [eventpoll]
php 26821 htf 22u IPv4 7452776 0t0 TCP localhost:9501->localhost:59056 (ESTABLISHED)
~~~
* so文件是进程加载的动态连接库
* IPv4/IPv6 TCP (LISTEN) 是服务器监听的端口
* UDP 是服务器监听的UDP端口
* unix type=DGRAM 时是进程创建的UnixSocket管道
* IPv4 (ESTABLISHED) 表示连接到服务器的TCP客户端，包含了客户端的IP和PORT，以及状态(ESTABLISHED)
* 9u / 10u 表示该文件句柄的fd值(文件描述符)
* 其他更多信息可以参考lsof的手册
- 序言
- 入门指引
- 环境依赖
- 编译安装
- 编译参数
- 常见错误
- Cygwin
- Linux二进制包
- 快速起步
- 创建TCP服务器
- 创建UDP服务器
- 创建Web服务器
- 创建WebSocket服务器
- 设置定时器
- 执行异步任务
- 创建同步TCP客户端
- 创建异步TCP客户端
- 网络通信协议设计
- 使用异步客户端
- 多进程共享数据
- 使用协程客户端
- 协程：并发 shell_exec
- 协程：Go + Chan + Defer
- 协程：实现 Go 语言风格的 defer
- 协程：实现 sync.WaitGroup 功能
- 编程须知
- sleep/usleep的影响
- exit/die函数的影响
- while循环的影响
- stat缓存清理
- mt_rand随机数
- 进程隔离
- 版本更新记录
- 4.3.1
- 4.3.0 [大版本]
- 4.2.13
- 4.2.12
- 4.2.11
- 4.2.10
- 4.2.9
- 4.2.8
- 4.2.7
- 4.2.0
- 4.1.0
- 4.0.1
- 4.0.0
- 向下不兼容改动
- 新特性使用
- 4.3.0 在 Process 中使用协程
- 4.3.0 延时事件机制改进
- 2.1.2 进程池模块的使用
- 1.9.24 调度支持 Stream 模式
- 1.9.24 异步客户端自动解析域名
- 1.9.17 支持异步安全重启特性
- 1.9.14 使用异步客户端超时机制
- 1.8.0 使用内置Http异步客户端
- 1.7.16 使用迭代器遍历Server所有连接
- 1.7.5 在Server中使用swoole_table
- 1.7.5 swoole_client支持sendfile接口
- 1.7.4 SSL隧道加密TCP-Server
- 1.7.4 task进程中使用毫秒定时器
- 1.7.3 固定包头+包体协议自动分包
- 1.7.3 onTask直接return取代finish函数
- 1.7.2 swoole_process多进程模块的使用
- 1.7.2 task进程使用消息队列
- 项目路线图
- php.ini选项
- 内核参数调整
- 开发者列表
- 衍生开源项目
- 框架
- 工具
- 分布式
- 通信协议
- 用户与案例
- 物联网项目
- 网络游戏
- 腾讯（Tencent）
- 百度（Baidu.com）
- 阅文集团
- BiliBili（哔哩哔哩）
- 车轮互联（chelun.com）
- (捞月狗) 游戏社区
- 儒博(roobo.com)
- 提交错误报告
- 常见问题
- 升级swoole版本的常见问题
- 生成可分发的二进制swoole版本
- 在phpinfo中有在php -m中没有
- Connection refused是怎么回事
- Resource temporarily unavailable [11]
- Cannot assign requested address [99]
- swoole与node.js相比有哪些优势
- swoole与golang相比有哪些优势
- pcre.h: No such file or directory
- undefined symbol: __sync_bool_compare_and_swap_4
- 学习Swoole需要掌握哪些基础知识
- 同步阻塞与异步非阻塞适用场景
- PHP7环境下出现zend_mm_heap corrupted
- Swoole 项目起源和名字由来
- '__builtin_saddl_overflow' was not declared in this scope
- Server
- 函数列表
- Server::__construct
- Server->set
- Server->on
- Server->addListener
- Server->addProcess
- Server->listen
- Server->start
- Server->reload
- Server->stop
- Server->shutdown
- Server->tick
- Server->after
- Server->defer
- Server->clearTimer
- Server->close
- Server->send
- Server->sendfile
- Server->sendto
- Server->sendwait
- Server->sendMessage
- Server->exist
- Server->pause
- Server->resume
- Server->getClientInfo
- Server->getClientList
- Server->bind
- Server->stats
- Server->task
- Server->taskwait
- Server->taskWaitMulti
- Server->taskCo
- Server->finish
- Server->heartbeat
- Server->getLastError
- Server->getSocket
- Server->protect
- Server->confirm
- 属性列表
- Server::$setting
- Server::$master_pid
- Server::$manager_pid
- Server::$worker_id
- Server::$worker_pid
- Server::$taskworker
- Server::$connections
- Server::$ports
- 配置选项
- reactor_num
- worker_num
- max_request
- max_conn (max_connection)
- task_worker_num
- task_ipc_mode
- task_max_request
- task_tmpdir
- dispatch_mode
- dispatch_func
- message_queue_key
- daemonize
- backlog
- log_file
- log_level
- heartbeat_check_interval
- heartbeat_idle_time
- open_eof_check
- open_eof_split
- package_eof
- open_length_check
- package_length_type
- package_length_func
- package_max_length
- open_cpu_affinity
- cpu_affinity_ignore
- open_tcp_nodelay
- tcp_defer_accept
- ssl_cert_file
- ssl_method
- ssl_ciphers
- user
- group
- chroot
- pid_file
- pipe_buffer_size
- buffer_output_size
- socket_buffer_size
- enable_unsafe_event
- discard_timeout_request
- enable_reuse_port
- enable_delay_receive
- open_http_protocol
- open_http2_protocol
- open_websocket_protocol
- open_mqtt_protocol
- open_websocket_close_frame
- reload_async
- tcp_fastopen
- request_slowlog_file
- enable_coroutine
- max_coroutine
- task_enable_coroutine
- ssl_verify_peer
- 监听端口
- 可选参数
- 可选回调
- 连接迭代器
- 预定义常量
- 事件回调函数
- onStart
- onShutdown
- onWorkerStart
- onWorkerStop
- onWorkerExit
- onConnect
- onReceive
- onPacket
- onClose
- onBufferFull
- onBufferEmpty
- onTask
- onFinish
- onPipeMessage
- onWorkerError
- onManagerStart
- onManagerStop
- 高级特性
- 改变Worker进程的用户/组
- 回调函数中的 reactor_id 和 fd
- Length_Check 和 EOF_Check 的使用
- Worker与Reactor通信模式
- TCP-Keepalive死连接检测
- TCP服务器心跳维持方案
- 多端口监听的使用
- 捕获Server运行期致命错误
- Server内存管理机制
- Server的两种运行模式介绍
- Server中对象的4层生命周期
- 在worker进程内监听一个Server端口
- 在php-fpm/apache中使用task功能
- 常见问题
- 为什么不要send完后立即close
- 如何在回调函数中访问外部的变量
- 是否可以共用1个redis或mysql连接
- 关于onConnect/onReceive/onClose顺序
- 4种PHP回调函数风格
- 不同的Server程序实例间如何通信
- 错误信息：ERROR (9006)
- eventLoop has already been created. unable to create swoole_server
- 压力测试
- 并发10万TCP连接的测试
- PHP7+Swoole/Nginx/Golang性能对比
- 全球Web框架权威性能测试 Techempower Web Framework Benchmarks
- Coroutine
- Coroutine
- Coroutine::set
- Coroutine::stats
- Coroutine::create
- Coroutine::exist
- Coroutine::getCid
- Coroutine::getPcid
- Coroutine::getContext
- Coroutine::defer
- Coroutine::list
- Coroutine::getBackTrace
- Coroutine::yield
- Coroutine::resume
- Coroutine::fread
- Coroutine::fgets
- Coroutine::fwrite
- Coroutine::sleep
- Coroutine::gethostbyname
- Coroutine::getaddrinfo
- Coroutine::exec
- Coroutine::readFile
- Coroutine::writeFile
- Coroutine::statvfs
- Coroutine\Channel
- Coroutine\Channel->__construct
- Coroutine\Channel->push
- Coroutine\Channel->pop
- Coroutine\Channel->stats
- Coroutine\Channel->close
- Coroutine\Channel->length
- Coroutine\Channel->isEmpty
- Coroutine\Channel->isFull
- Coroutine\Channel->$capacity
- Coroutine\Channel->$errCode
- Coroutine\Client
- Coroutine\Client->connect
- Coroutine\Client->send
- Coroutine\Client->recv
- Coroutine\Client->close
- Coroutine\Client->peek
- Coroutine\Http\Client
- 属性列表
- Coroutine\Http\Client->get
- Coroutine\Http\Client->post
- Coroutine\Http\Client->upgrade
- Coroutine\Http\Client->push
- Coroutine\Http\Client->recv
- Coroutine\Http\Client->addFile
- Coroutine\Http\Client->addData
- Coroutine\Http\Client->download
- Coroutine\Http2\Client
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->__construct
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->set
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->connect
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->send
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->write
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->recv
- Coroutine\Http2\Client->close
- Coroutine\Redis
- Coroutine\Redis::__construct
- Coroutine\Redis::setOptions
- 属性列表
- 事务模式
- 订阅模式
- Coroutine\Socket
- Coroutine\Socket::__construct
- Coroutine\Socket->bind
- Coroutine\Socket->listen
- Coroutine\Socket->accept
- Coroutine\Socket->connect
- Coroutine\Socket->send
- Coroutine\Socket->sendAll
- Coroutine\Socket->recv
- Coroutine\Socket->recvAll
- Coroutine\Socket->sendto
- Coroutine\Socket->recvfrom
- Coroutine\Socket->getsockname
- Coroutine\Socket->getpeername
- Coroutine\Socket->close
- Coroutine\MySQL
- 属性列表
- Coroutine\MySQL->connect
- Coroutine\MySQL->query
- Coroutine\MySQL->prepare
- Coroutine\MySQL->escape
- Coroutine\MySQL->begin
- Coroutine\MySQL->commit
- Coroutine\MySQL->rollback
- Coroutine\MySQL\Statement->execute
- Coroutine\MySQL\Statement->fetch
- Coroutine\MySQL\Statement->fetchAll
- Coroutine\MySQL\Statement->nextResult
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->connect
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->query
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->fetchAll
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->affectedRows
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->numRows
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->fetchObject
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->fetchAssoc
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->fetchArray
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->fetchRow
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->metaData
- Coroutine\PostgreSQL->prepare
- Server
- 并发调用
- setDefer 机制
- 子协程+通道
- 实现原理
- 协程与线程
- 发送数据协程调度
- 协程内存开销
- 4.0 协程实现原理
- 协程客户端超时规则
- 协程执行流程
- 常见问题
- 运行中出现 Fatal error: Maximum function nesting level of '1000' reached, aborting!
- 为什么只能在回调函数中使用协程客户端
- 支持协程的回调方法列表
- 错误信息： XXXX client has already been bound to another coroutine
- Swoole4 协程与 PHP 的 Yield/Generator 协程有什么区别
- Swoole4 协程与 Go 协程有哪些区别
- 编程须知
- 在多个协程间共用同一个协程客户端
- 禁止使用协程 API 的场景（2.x 版本）
- 使用类静态变量/全局变量保存上下文
- 退出协程
- 异常处理
- 扩展组件
- MongoDB
- 编程调试
- Runtime
- 文件操作
- 睡眠函数
- 开关选项
- 严格模式
- Timer
- swoole_timer_tick
- swoole_timer_after
- swoole_timer_clear
- Memory
- Lock
- swoole_lock->__construct
- swoole_lock->lock
- swoole_lock->trylock
- swoole_lock->unlock
- swoole_lock->lock_read
- swoole_lock->trylock_read
- swoole_lock->lockwait
- Buffer
- swoole_buffer->__construct
- swoole_buffer->append
- swoole_buffer->substr
- swoole_buffer->clear
- swoole_buffer->expand
- swoole_buffer->write
- swoole_buffer->read
- swoole_buffer->recycle
- Table
- Table->__construct
- Table->column
- Table->create
- Table->set
- Table->incr
- Table->decr
- Table->get
- Table->exist
- Table->count
- Table->del
- Atomic
- swoole_atomic->__construct
- swoole_atomic->add
- swoole_atomic->sub
- swoole_atomic->get
- swoole_atomic->set
- swoole_atomic->cmpset
- swoole_atomic->wait
- swoole_atomic->wakeup
- mmap
- swoole_mmap::open
- Channel
- Channel->__construct
- Channel->push
- Channel->pop
- Channel->stats
- Serialize
- swoole_serialize::pack
- swoole_serialize::unpack
- Http\Server
- Http\Server
- Http\Server->on
- Http\Server->start
- Http\Request
- Http\Request->$header
- Http\Request->$server
- Http\Request->$get
- Http\Request->$post
- Http\Request->$cookie
- Http\Request->$files
- Http\Request->rawContent
- Http\Request->getData
- Http\Response
- Http\Response->header
- Http\Response->cookie
- Http\Response->status
- Http\Response->gzip
- Http\Response->redirect
- Http\Response->write
- Http\Response->sendfile
- Http\Response->end
- Http\Response->detach
- Http\Response::create
- 配置选项
- upload_tmp_dir
- http_parse_post
- document_root
- http_compression
- 常见问题
- CURL发送POST请求服务器端超时
- 使用Chrome访问服务器会产生2次请求
- GET/POST请求的最大尺寸
- WebSocket\Server
- 回调函数
- onHandShake
- onOpen
- onMessage
- 函数列表
- WebSocket\Server->push
- WebSocket\Server->exist
- WebSocket\Server::pack
- WebSocket\Server::unpack
- WebSocket\Server->disconnect
- WebSocket\Server->isEstablished
- 预定义常量
- 常见问题
- 配置选项
- WebSocket\Frame
- Redis\Server
- 方法
- Redis\Server->setHandler
- Redis\Server::format
- 常量
- Process
- Process::__construct
- Process->start
- Process->name
- Process->exec
- Process->write
- Process->read
- Process->setTimeout
- Process->setBlocking
- Process->useQueue
- Process->statQueue
- Process->freeQueue
- Process->push
- Process->pop
- Process->close
- Process->exit
- Process::kill
- Process::wait
- Process::daemon
- Process::signal
- Process::alarm
- Process::setAffinity
- Process::exportSocket
- Process\Pool
- Process\Pool::__construct
- Process\Pool->on
- Process\Pool->listen
- Process\Pool->write
- Process\Pool->start
- Process\Pool->getProcess
- Client
- 方法列表
- swoole_client::__construct
- swoole_client->set
- swoole_client->on
- swoole_client->connect
- swoole_client->isConnected
- swoole_client->getSocket
- swoole_client->getSockName
- swoole_client->getPeerName
- swoole_client->getPeerCert
- swoole_client->send
- swoole_client->sendto
- swoole_client->sendfile
- swoole_client->recv
- swoole_client->close
- swoole_client->sleep
- swoole_client->wakeup
- swoole_client->enableSSL
- 回调函数
- onConnect
- onError
- onReceive
- onClose
- onBufferFull
- onBufferEmpty
- 属性列表
- swoole_client->errCode
- swoole_client->sock
- swoole_client->reuse
- 并行
- swoole_client_select
- TCP客户端异步连接
- SWOOLE_KEEP建立TCP长连接
- 常量
- 配置选项
- ssl_verify_peer
- ssl_host_name
- ssl_cafile
- ssl_capath
- package_length_func
- http_proxy_host
- 常见问题
- Event
- swoole_event_add
- swoole_event_set
- swoole_event_isset
- swoole_event_write
- swoole_event_del
- swoole_event_exit
- swoole_event_defer
- swoole_event_cycle
- swoole_event_wait
- swoole_event_dispatch
- 常见问题
- epoll_wait 偶尔会用很长时间
- 异步回调
- 异步文件系统IO
- swoole_async_readfile
- swoole_async_writefile
- swoole_async_read
- swoole_async_write
- swoole_async_dns_lookup
- swoole_async::exec
- 异步MySQL客户端
- swoole_mysql->__construct
- swoole_mysql->on
- swoole_mysql->connect
- swoole_mysql->escape
- swoole_mysql->query
- swoole_mysql->begin
- swoole_mysql->commit
- swoole_mysql->rollback
- swoole_mysql->close
- 异步Redis客户端
- swoole_redis->__construct
- swoole_redis->on
- swoole_redis->connect
- swoole_redis->__call
- swoole_redis->close
- 异步Http/WebSocket客户端
- swoole_http_client->__construct
- swoole_http_client->set
- swoole_http_client->setMethod
- swoole_http_client->setHeaders
- swoole_http_client->setCookies
- swoole_http_client->setData
- swoole_http_client->addFile
- swoole_http_client->get
- swoole_http_client->post
- swoole_http_client->upgrade
- swoole_http_client->push
- swoole_http_client->execute
- swoole_http_client->download
- swoole_http_client->close
- 异步Http2.0客户端
- swoole_http2_client->__construct
- swoole_http2_client->get
- swoole_http2_client->post
- swoole_http2_client->setHeaders
- swoole_http2_client->setCookies
- 高级
- Swoole的实现
- Reactor线程
- Manager进程
- Worker进程
- Reactor、Worker、TaskWorker的关系
- Task/Finish特性的用途
- 在php-fpm或apache中使用swoole
- Swoole异步与同步的选择
- TCP/UDP压测工具
- swoole服务器如何做到无人值守100%可用
- MySQL的连接池、异步、断线重连
- PHP中哪些函数是同步阻塞的
- 守护进程程序常用数据结构
- 队列（Queue）
- 堆（Heap）
- 定长数组（SplFixedArray）
- 使用jemalloc优化swoole内存分配性能
- C开发者如何使用Swoole
- C++开发者如何使用Swoole
- 使用systemd管理swoole服务
- 网卡中断设置
- 将Swoole静态编译内嵌到PHP
- 异步回调程序内存管理
- 日志等级控制
- 使用 asan 内存检测
- Windows编译
- Swoole协程之旅-前篇
- Swoole协程之旅-中篇
- Swoole协程之旅-后篇
- 协程CPU密集场景调度实现
- 其他
- 函数列表
- swoole_set_process_name
- swoole_version
- swoole_strerror
- swoole_errno
- swoole_get_local_ip
- swoole_clear_dns_cache
- swoole_get_local_mac
- swoole_cpu_num
- swoole_last_error
- Swoole社区
- Swoole技术会议
- 工作组（Working Groups）
- 参与开源项目指引
- 捐赠Swoole项目
- 加入Swoole开发组
- 非协程特性独立扩展 （swoole_async）
- 附录：Linux信号列表
- 附录：Linux错误码(errno)列表
- 附录：Swoole错误码列表
- 附录：TCP连接的状态
- 附录：tcpdump抓包工具的使用
- 附录：strace工具的使用
- 附录：gdb工具的使用
- 附录：lsof工具的使用
- 附录：perf工具的使用
- 附录：编译PHP扩展的相关工具
- 备用：已移除的历史特性
- swoole_server->handler
- task_worker_max
- swoole_server->addtimer
- swoole_server->deltimer
- onTimer
- swoole_timer_add
- swoole_timer_del
- swoole_get_mysqli_sock
- swoole_mysql_query
- onMasterConnect
- onMasterClose
- Nginx/Golang/Swoole/Node.js的性能对比
- Coroutine::call_user_func
- Coroutine::call_user_func_array
- Coroutine\Channel::select
- task_async
- 历史：版本更新记录（1.x）
- 1.10.3
- 1.10.2
- 1.10.1
- 1.10.0
- 1.9.23
- 1.9.22
- 1.9.19
- 1.9.18
- 1.9.17
- 1.9.16
- 1.9.15
- 1.9.14
- 1.9.12
- 1.9.11
- 1.9.9
- 1.9.7
- 1.9.6
- 1.9.5
- 1.9.4
- 1.9.3
- 1.9.2
- 1.9.1
- 1.9.0
- 1.8.13
- 1.8.12
- 1.8.11
- 1.8.10
- 1.8.9
- 1.8.8
- 1.8.7
- 1.8.6
- 1.8.5
- 1.8.4
- 1.8.3
- 1.8.2
- 1.8.1
- 1.8.0
- 1.7.22
- 1.7.21
- 1.7.20
- 1.7.19
- 1.7.18
- 1.7.17
- 1.7.16
- 1.7.15
- 1.7.14
- 1.7.13
- 1.7.12
- 1.7.11
- 1.7.10
- 1.7.9
- 1.7.8
- 1.7.7
- 1.7.6
- 1.7.5
- v1.5
- v1.6
- v1.7
- 历史：版本更新记录（2.x）
- 2.0.1-Alpha
- 2.0.5
- 2.0.9
- 1.9.21
- 2.0.10
- 2.0.11
- 2.0.12
- 2.0.13
- 2.1.1
- 2.1.2
- 2.2.0
- 3.0.0
- 历史：版本更新记录（4.x）
- 4.0.3
- 4.0.2
- 4.0.4
- 4.1.1
- 4.1.2
- 4.2.1
- 4.2.2
- 4.2.3
- 4.2.4
- 4.2.5
- 4.2.6
- 4.2.7
- 4.2.9
- 4.2.8
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