# 上下文编码(Contextual Escaping)
# 上下文编码(Contextual Escaping)
网站及其它B/S应用极易受到 [XSS](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS) 攻击,尽管PHP提供了转义功能,在某些情况下依然不够安全。在Phalcon中 [*Phalcon\\Escaper*](#) 提供了上下文转义功能,这个模块是由C语言实现的,这在进行转义时可以有更好的性能。
Phalcon的上下文转义组件基于 [OWASP](https://www.owasp.org) 提供的`XSS (Cross Site Scripting) 预防作弊表`\_
另外,这个组件依赖于 [mbstring](http://php.net/manual/en/book.mbstring.php) 扩展,以支持几乎所有的字符集。
下面的例子中展示了这个组件是如何工作的:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<?php
// 带有额外的html标签的恶意的文档标题
$maliciousTitle = '</title><script>alert(1)</script>';
// 恶意的css类名
$className = ';`(';
// 恶意的css字体名
$fontName = 'Verdana"</style>';
// 恶意的Javascript文本
$javascriptText = "';</script>Hello";
// 创建转义实例对象
$e = new Phalcon\Escaper();
?>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<title><?php echo $e->escapeHtml($maliciousTitle) ?></title>
<style type="text/css">
.<?php echo $e->escapeCss($className) ?> {
font-family : "<?php echo $e->escapeCss($fontName) ?>";
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class='<?php echo $e->escapeHtmlAttr($className) ?>'>hello</div>
<script>var some = '<?php echo $e->escapeJs($javascriptText) ?>'</script>
</body>
</html>
```
```
结果如下:
![](https://box.kancloud.cn/2015-12-30_5683412b9377a.jpeg)
Phalcon会根据文本所处的上下文进行转义。 恰当的上下文环境对防范XSS攻击来说是非常重要的。
### HTML 编码(Escaping HTML)
最不安全的情形即是在html标签中插入非安全的数据。
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<div class="comments"><!-- Escape untrusted data here! --></div>
```
```
我们可以使用escapeHtml方法对这些文本进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<div class="comments"><?php echo $e->escapeHtml('></div><h1>myattack</h1>'); ?></div>
```
```
结果如下:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<div class="comments">></div><h1>myattack</h1></div>
```
```
### HTML 属性编码(Escaping HTML Attributes)
对html属性进行转义和对html内容进行转义略有不同。对html的属性进行转义是通过对所有的非字母和数字转义来实现的。类例的转义都会如此进行的,除了一些复杂的属性外如:href和url:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<table width="Escape untrusted data here!"><tr><td>Hello</td></tr></table>
```
```
我们这里使用escapeHtmlAttr方法对html属性进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<table width="<?php echo $e->escapeHtmlAttr('"><h1>Hello</table'); ?>"><tr><td>Hello</td></tr></table>
```
```
结果如下:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<table width=""><h1>Hello</table"><tr><td>Hello</td></tr></table>
```
```
### URL 编码(Escaping URLs)
一些html的属性如href或url需要使用特定的方法进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a href="Escape untrusted data here!">Some link</a>
```
```
我们这里使用escapeUrl方法进行url的转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a href="<?php echo $e->escapeUrl('"><script>alert(1)</script><a href="#'); ?>">Some link</a>
```
```
结果如下:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a href="%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert%281%29%3C%2Fscript%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22%23">Some link</a>
```
```
### CSS 编码(Escaping CSS)
CSS标识/值也可以进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a style="color: Escape untrusted data here">Some link</a>
```
```
这里我们使用escapeCss方法进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a style="color: <?php echo $e->escapeCss('"><script>alert(1)</script><a href="#'); ?>">Some link</a>
```
```
结果:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<a style="color: \22 \3e \3c script\3e alert\28 1\29 \3c \2f script\3e \3c a\20 href\3d \22 \23 ">Some link</a>
```
```
### Javascript 编码(Escaping Javascript)
插入Javascript代码的字符串也需要进行适当的转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<script>document.title = 'Escape untrusted data here'</script>
```
```
这里我们使用escapeJs进行转义:
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<script>document.title = '<?php echo $e->escapejs("'; alert(100); var x='"); ?>'</script>
```
```
```
<pre class="calibre14">```
<script>document.title = '\x27; alert(100); var x\x3d\x27'</script>
```
```
|
- [索引](# "总目录")
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- API参考
- API列表
- Abstract class Phalcon\Acl
- Abstract class Phalcon\Acl\Adapter
- Class Phalcon\Acl\Adapter\Memory
- Interface Phalcon\Acl\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Acl\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Acl\Resource
- Interface Phalcon\Acl\ResourceInterface
- Class Phalcon\Acl\Role
- Interface Phalcon\Acl\RoleInterface
- Class Phalcon\Annotations\Annotation
- Abstract class Phalcon\Annotations\Adapter
- Interface Phalcon\Annotations\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Annotations\Collection
- Class Phalcon\Annotations\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Annotations\Reader
- Interface Phalcon\Annotations\ReaderInterface
- Class Phalcon\Annotations\Reflection
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Collection
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\Assets\FilterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Filters\Cssmin
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Filters\Jsmin
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Filters\None
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Inline
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Inline\Css
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Inline\Js
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Manager
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Resource
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Resource\Css
- Class Phalcon\Assets\Resource\Js
- Abstract class Phalcon\Cache\Backend
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Apc
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\File
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Libmemcached
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Memcache
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Memory
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Mongo
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Redis
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Backend\Xcache
- Interface Phalcon\Cache\BackendInterface
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\Base64
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\Data
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\Igbinary
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\Json
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\None
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Frontend\Output
- Interface Phalcon\Cache\FrontendInterface
- Class Phalcon\Cache\Multiple
- Class Phalcon\Cli\Router\Route
- Class Phalcon\Config
- Class Phalcon\Config\Adapter\Ini
- Class Phalcon\Config\Adapter\Json
- Class Phalcon\Config\Adapter\Php
- Class Phalcon\Config\Adapter\Yaml
- Class Phalcon\Config\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Crypt
- Class Phalcon\Crypt\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\CryptInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Db
- Abstract class Phalcon\Db\Adapter
- Interface Phalcon\Db\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Db\Column
- Interface Phalcon\Db\ColumnInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Db\Dialect
- Interface Phalcon\Db\DialectInterface
- Class Phalcon\Db\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Db\Index
- Interface Phalcon\Db\IndexInterface
- Class Phalcon\Db\Profiler
- Class Phalcon\Db\RawValue
- Class Phalcon\Db\Reference
- Interface Phalcon\Db\ReferenceInterface
- Class Phalcon\Db\Result\Pdo
- Interface Phalcon\Db\ResultInterface
- Class Phalcon\Debug
- Class Phalcon\Debug\Dump
- Class Phalcon\Debug\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\DiInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Dispatcher
- Interface Phalcon\DispatcherInterface
- Class Phalcon\Escaper
- Class Phalcon\Escaper\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\EscaperInterface
- Class Phalcon\Events\Event
- Interface Phalcon\Events\EventsAwareInterface
- Class Phalcon\Events\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Events\Manager
- Interface Phalcon\Events\ManagerInterface
- Class Phalcon\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Filter
- Class Phalcon\Filter\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\Filter\UserFilterInterface
- Interface Phalcon\FilterInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Flash
- Class Phalcon\Flash\Direct
- Class Phalcon\Flash\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Flash\Session
- Interface Phalcon\FlashInterface
- Class Phalcon\Forms\Form
- Abstract class Phalcon\Forms\Element
- Class Phalcon\Forms\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Forms\Manager
- Class Phalcon\Http\Cookie
- Class Phalcon\Http\Cookie\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Http\Request
- Class Phalcon\Http\Request\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Http\Request\File
- Interface Phalcon\Http\Request\FileInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Http\RequestInterface
- Class Phalcon\Http\Response
- Class Phalcon\Http\Response\Cookies
- Interface Phalcon\Http\Response\CookiesInterface
- Class Phalcon\Http\Response\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Http\Response\Headers
- Interface Phalcon\Http\Response\HeadersInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Http\ResponseInterface
- Class Phalcon\Image
- Abstract class Phalcon\Image\Adapter
- Class Phalcon\Image\Adapter\Imagick
- Interface Phalcon\Image\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Image\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Kernel
- Class Phalcon\Loader
- Class Phalcon\Loader\Exception
- Abstract class Phalcon\Logger
- Abstract class Phalcon\Logger\Adapter
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Adapter\File
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Adapter\Firephp
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Adapter\Stream
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Adapter\Syslog
- Interface Phalcon\Logger\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Exception
- Abstract class Phalcon\Logger\Formatter
- Interface Phalcon\Logger\FormatterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Item
- Class Phalcon\Logger\Multiple
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Application
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Application\Exception
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Behavior
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Behavior\SoftDelete
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Behavior\Timestampable
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\BehaviorInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Document
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\Manager
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Collection\ManagerInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\CollectionInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Controller
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\ControllerInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Dispatcher
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Dispatcher\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\DispatcherInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\EntityInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Micro
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\Collection
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\CollectionInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\LazyLoader
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\MiddlewareInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Model
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Behavior
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Criteria
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\CriteriaInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Manager
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\ManagerInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Message
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\MessageInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\MetaData
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\MetaDataInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Query
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\QueryInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Relation
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\RelationInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\ResultInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Validator
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\ResultsetInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Row
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Transaction
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Model\TransactionInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Model\ValidationFailed
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\ModelInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\ModuleDefinitionInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Router
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Router\Annotations
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Router\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Router\Group
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Router\GroupInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Router\Route
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\Router\RouteInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\RouterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Url
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\Url\Exception
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\UrlInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\User\Component
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\User\Module
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\User\Plugin
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\View
- Abstract class Phalcon\Mvc\View\Engine
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\View\EngineInterface
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\View\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Mvc\View\Simple
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\ViewBaseInterface
- Interface Phalcon\Mvc\ViewInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Paginator\Adapter
- Class Phalcon\Paginator\Adapter\Model
- Class Phalcon\Paginator\Adapter\NativeArray
- Class Phalcon\Paginator\Adapter\QueryBuilder
- Interface Phalcon\Paginator\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Paginator\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Queue\Beanstalk
- Class Phalcon\Queue\Beanstalk\Job
- Final class Phalcon\Registry
- Class Phalcon\Security
- Class Phalcon\Security\Exception
- Abstract class Phalcon\Session
- Abstract class Phalcon\Session\Adapter
- Interface Phalcon\Session\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Session\Bag
- Interface Phalcon\Session\BagInterface
- Class Phalcon\Session\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Tag
- Class Phalcon\Tag\Exception
- Abstract class Phalcon\Tag\Select
- Abstract class Phalcon\Text
- Abstract class Phalcon\Translate
- Abstract class Phalcon\Translate\Adapter
- Class Phalcon\Translate\Adapter\Csv
- Class Phalcon\Translate\Adapter\Gettext
- Class Phalcon\Translate\Adapter\NativeArray
- Interface Phalcon\Translate\AdapterInterface
- Class Phalcon\Translate\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Validation
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Exception
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Message
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Message\Group
- Interface Phalcon\Validation\MessageInterface
- Abstract class Phalcon\Validation\Validator
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Alnum
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Alpha
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Between
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Confirmation
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Digit
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Email
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\ExclusionIn
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\File
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Identical
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\InclusionIn
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Numericality
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\PresenceOf
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Regex
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\StringLength
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Uniqueness
- Class Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Url
- Interface Phalcon\Validation\ValidatorInterface
- Class Phalcon\Version
- 参考手册
- 安装(Installation)
- 教程 1:让我们通过例子来学习(Tutorial 1: Let’s learn by example)
- 教程 2:Introducing INVO(Tutorial 2: Introducing INVO)
- 教程 3: Securing INVO
- 教程 4: Using CRUDs
- 教程 5: Customizing INVO
- 教程 6: Vkuró
- 教程 7:创建简单的 REST API(Tutorial 7: Creating a Simple REST API)
- 示例列表(List of examples)
- 依赖注入与服务定位器(Dependency Injection/Service Location)
- MVC 架构(The MVC Architecture)
- 使用控制器(Using Controllers)
- 使用模型(Working with Models)
- 模型元数据(Models Meta-Data)
- 事务管理(Model Transactions)
- Phalcon 查询语言(Phalcon Query Language (PHQL))
- 缓存对象关系映射(Caching in the ORM)
- 对象文档映射 ODM (Object-Document Mapper)
- 使用视图(Using Views)
- 视图助手(View Helpers)
- 资源文件管理(Assets Management)
- Volt 模版引擎(Volt: Template Engine)
- MVC 应用(MVC Applications)
- 路由(Routing)
- 调度控制器(Dispatching Controllers)
- 微应用(Micro Applications)
- 使用命名空间(Working with Namespaces)
- 事件管理器(Events Manager)
- Request Environment
- 返回响应(Returning Responses)
- Cookie 管理(Cookies Management)
- 生成 URL 和 路径(Generating URLs and Paths)
- 闪存消息(Flashing Messages)
- 使用 Session 存储数据(Storing data in Session)
- 过滤与清理(Filtering and Sanitizing)
- 上下文编码(Contextual Escaping)
- 验证(Validation)
- 表单(Forms)
- 读取配置(Reading Configurations)
- 分页(Pagination)
- 使用缓存提高性能(Improving Performance with Cache)
- 安全(Security)
- Encryption/Decryption
- 访问控制列表 ACL(Access Control Lists ACL)
- 多语言支持(Multi-lingual Support)
- Universal Class Loader
- 日志记录(Logging)
- 注释解析器(Annotations Parser)
- 命令行应用(Command Line Applications)
- 队列(Queueing)
- 数据库抽象层(Database Abstraction Layer)
- 国际化(Internationalization)
- 数据库迁移(Database Migrations)
- 调试应用程序(Debugging Applications)
- Phalcon 开发工具(Phalcon Developer Tools)
- 提高性能:下一步该做什么?(Increasing Performance: What’s next?)
- 单元测试(Unit testing)
- 授权(License)