# 25.摘要 [TOC=3,5] ## 25 Summary ## 摘要 ### 25.1 Learning ### 学习 #### 25.1.1 Learn drive #### 学习内驱力 * [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) is a natural tendency of the brain to seek new information * 学习内驱力是大脑寻求新信息的一种自然倾向 * learn drive activates the reward centers upon detecting novel patterns in memory storage * 学习内驱力根据检测记忆存储中的新模式，激活奖励中枢 * healthy [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) is the basis of good learning * 健康的学习内驱力基于好的学习 * self-directed learning grounds its efficiency in the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 自我导向学习的效率建立在学习内驱力上 * learn drive innate but is trainable * 学习内驱力是与生俱来的但是也是可以培养的 * learn drive is universal * 学习内驱力是普遍的 * learn drive does not need to decline with age, it can be sustained till the end of a healthy lifespan * 学习内驱力不随着年龄的增长而衰退，它可以持续到健康的寿命结束 * learn drive can be suppressed * 学习内驱力可以被抑制的 * established knowledge undermines the learn drive * 已掌握的知识会降低学习内驱力 * compulsory schooling is usually a suppressor of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 强制的学校教育常常是学习内驱力的抑制者 * providing children with answers to their own questions can also be suppressive for the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 回答孩子他们自己提出的问题的答案也可能抑制[学习内驱力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * low [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) makes schooling an unpleasant experience for most kids * 低学习内驱力使学校教育成为大多数孩子的不愉快经历 * one of the main goals of any modern education system should be to help [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) flourish * 任何现代教育体系的主要目标之一都应该是帮助[学习内驱力](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive)蓬勃发展 * best enhancer of the learn drive is rich learning * 学习内驱力的最佳增强方法是饱满的学习 * [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) corrections within the optimum [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) can improve learning and its direction * 在最佳[推动区](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)内的学习内驱力修正可以改善学习及其方向 * there is a positive feedback loop: learning feeds interest, interest feeds learning \(see: [Learning history](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 这是一个积极的反馈循环：学习产生兴趣，兴趣产生学习（参见：学习历史） #### 25.1.2 Self-directed learning #### 自我导向学习 * self-directed learning is efficient due to amplifying the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), operating within the [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone), knowledge generalization, knowledge matching, etc. * 自我导向学习是一种有效的学习方式，这归因于在增强学习内驱力、在推动区内操作、知识概括、知识匹配等 * self-directed learning is best achieved in conditions of freedom \(e.g. in [democratic schools](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school), in [homeschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling), or in [unschooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)\) * 自我导向学习在自由的条件下得到最好的实现（例如在[民主学校](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Democratic_school)、[在家教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Homeschooling)或[非学校教育](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Unschooling)中）。 * self-directed learning leads to faster learning and to richer knowledge * 自我导向学习使学习更快，使知识更丰富 * at societal level, self-learning does not lead to communication breakdown due to convergence of knowledge * 在社会层面上，自学不会因为知识的趋同而导致沟通中断 #### 25.1.3 Learning reward #### 学习奖励 * pleasure of learning is a highly reliable indicator of the efficiency of learning \(as measured by the total of well-structured long-term memories established\) * 学习的乐趣是衡量学习效率的一个高度可靠的指标（通过建立结构良好的长期记忆的总量来衡量） * displeasure of boredom is part of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) targeted at maximized learning * 厌倦的不快是以最大化学习为目标的学习内驱力的一部分。 * instilling passions in a class of students is [rarely effective](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) * 在课堂上灌输激情很少有效果 ### 25.2 Creativity ### 创造力 * [Natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) can be used to boost creativity and improve problem solving * 自然创造力周期可以用来激发创造力和提高解决问题的能力。 * natural creativity cycle helps promote positive thinking and optimistic frame of mind * 自然创造力周期有助于促进积极思考和乐观心态。 * natural creativity cycle is disrupted by schooling, which severely affects learning * 学校教育扰乱了自然创造力周期，严重影响了学习。 * creativity and focus stand in opposition. Both are desirable and vital \(see: [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD)\) * 创造力和注意力是对立的。两者都是值得拥有的和至关重要的（参见：ADHD） * classroom focus is maximized by suppression of creativity via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 最大化课堂注意力是以通过习得性无助抑制创造力为代价 * [for most kids, creative processes are largely blocked by teaching, homework, structured activities, and home chores](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity:_abundant_but_suppressed!) * 对于大多数孩子来说，创造性过程在很大程度上被教学、作业、有组织的活动和家务所阻碍 * homogeneous education based on a curriculum is a stumbling block on the way towards future creative breakthroughs * 基于课程的同质教育是未来创新突破的绊脚石。 * high creativity can easily produce behaviors that can be confused with symptoms of [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) * 高创造力很容易产生与多动症症状相混淆的行为 * [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) may correlate with giftedness * 多动症可能与天赋有关 * pranks, rebellions, and disobedience at school are an expression of freedom and may foster better learning * 在学校里，恶作剧、反叛和不服从是自由的表现，可以促进更好的学习。 ### 25.3 Sleep ### 睡眠 For a detailed summary see: [Sleep science summary](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Good_sleep,_good_learning,_good_life:_Summary) 有关详细总结，请参见：睡眠科学摘要 * all efficient human operation requires strict adherence to the demands of the [circadian cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Circadian_cycle) * 所有有效的人工操作都需要严格遵守昼夜周期的要求 * efficient learning and creativity requires strict adherence to the demands of the circadian cycle * 有效的学习和创造性要求严格遵守昼夜周期的要求 * in a healthy circadian cycle, [best learning and creativity occur after sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle), i.e. in the morning or after a [siesta](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Siesta) * 在健康的生理周期中，最好的学习和创造力发生在睡眠之后，也就是早晨或午睡之后。 * [sleep deprivation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_deprivation) is one of the main reasons schooling is ineffective * 睡眠不足是学校教育效率低下的主要原因之一 * early school start is one of the main reasons [kids dislike school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_students_hate_school%3F) * 早早开始上学是孩子们不喜欢学校的主要原因之一 * circadian system and sleep patterns develop slowly over the first year of life \(see: [Baby sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_sleep)\) * 在生命的第一年，昼夜节律和睡眠模式发展缓慢（参见：婴儿睡眠） * [co-sleeping](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_sleep) is a natural way of sleeping and breastfeeding * 共眠是一种自然的睡眠和哺乳方式。 * waking kids in the morning can have consequences that may last a lifetime * 在早上叫醒孩子可能会有一辈子的后果 * kids should sleep when they are sleepy, not when we think they should sleep * 孩子们应该在他们想睡觉的时候睡觉，而不是在我们认为他们应该睡觉的时候。 * [free running sleep](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Free_running_sleep) is the best form of sleep for children and adults * 自由运转睡眠是儿童和成人最好的睡眠形式 * sleepiness is a defense against [sleep deprivation](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Sleep_deprivation) * 嗜睡是防止睡眠不足的一种防御措施 * Sleep is not food. You cannot get more in advance and store it for later * 睡眠不是食物。你不能提前获得更多，然后再储存起来备用 * alarm clock is an invention that is bad for health * 闹钟是一种有害健康的发明 ### 25.4 Stress ### 压力 * stress is one of chief reasons why schooling is ineffective * 压力是学校教育失效的主要原因之一 * expanding student freedoms is the best way towards reducing stress at school * 扩大学生的自由是减轻来自学校的压力的最好方法 * bullying is one of the main sources of stress at school and may have highly destructive long-term impact on young minds * 欺凌是学校压力的主要来源之一，可能对青少年的思想产生极具破坏性的长期影响 * teacher attitudes have a tremendous impact on stress levels at school * 教师的态度对来自学校的压力的水平有很大的影响 * pushing the brain to the limits does not benefit the [evolution of the brain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain) * 把大脑推向极限对大脑的进化没有好处 ### 25.5 School ### 学校 #### 25.5.1 Learning #### 学习 * loss of freedom and excess work are a frequent reason for school hate * 失去自由和过度工作是厌恶学校的常见原因 * self-directed learning outperforms schooling by an order of magnitude in the efficiency of gaining coherent long-term knowledge \(see: [Learning history: school vs. self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 在获得连贯的长期知识的效率方面，自我导向学习的效果比学校教育要好一个数量级（参见：学习历史：学校vs.自我导向学习）。 * there is an optimum volume of reading in a learning session that maximized long-term learning outcomes. Teachers who pile up too much, do actual harm to learning itself and, more importantly, to the [love of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) in the end * 在学习过程中，有一个最佳的阅读量可以最大化长期学习成果。教师填塞过多，对学习本身造成了实实在在的伤害，更重要的是，最终伤害了对学习的热爱 * excess volume and excess speed of learning result in a [leaky vessel approach](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_the_superiority_of_a_rat_over_a_schooled_human): new knowledge easily displaces old knowledge via [interference](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Interference) * 过多的学习容量和过快的学习速度导致了一种漏洞百出的方法：新知识很容易通过干扰取代旧知识 * rigors of schooling may reveal creative personalities as [most disruptive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Creativity:_Asset_or_Burden%3F) * 严格的学校教育可能透露出创造性人格是最具破坏性的 * school schedule design stands in mortal conflict with lifestyle conducive for [learning and creativity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) * 学校的课程表设计与有利于学习和创造力的生活方式存在着严重的冲突 * compulsory schooling suppress the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) in kids * 强制学校教育抑制了孩子的学习内驱力 * schools can easily produce an illusion of good learning and an illusion of long-term memory * 学校很容易产生一种良好学习的错觉和一种长期记忆的错觉。 * most kids adapt to the [coercion in schooling](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Coercion_in_learning) via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 大多数孩子通过习得性无助来适应学校教育的强迫。 * learned helplessness may lead to problems such as depression, obesity, addictions, risk-taking, aggression, bullying, cruelty, etc. * 习得性无助可能导致抑郁、肥胖、上瘾、冒险、攻击、欺凌、冷酷等问题 * as experience shapes the brain, inaction in the wake of learned helplessness is bound to stunt cognitive abilities of children * 经验塑造大脑，习得性无助后的不作为，必然会阻碍儿童的认知能力 * most often mentioned reasons for linking school are: friends, physical education, good grades, and very rarely, actual progress in learning * 最常提到的与学校关联的原因是：朋友、体育课、好成绩，而很少有真正的学习进步。 #### 25.5.2 Homework #### 作业 * morning hours are best for homework, yet most kids do homework late in the evening * 早晨的时间最适合做作业，而大多数孩子在晚上做作业都很晚 * self-directed learning is superior to homework * 自我导向学习优于家庭作业 * trading school hours for homework will increase the efficiency of learning in a large subset of students * 把在学校的时间换成作业将提高一大部分学生的学习效率 * homework amplifies the inefficiency of schooling by re-conditioning of the dislike of learning * 作业通过重新调节对学习的厌恶而放大了学校教育的低效 * self-directed learning with a correction within a [push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone) is the best form of "homework" * 在推动区内的修正的帮助下的自我导向学习是「作业」的最好形式 #### 25.5.3 Cramming #### 死记硬背 * schooling schedules inevitably lead to cramming * 学校的课程规划不可避免地会导致死记硬背 * cramming is bad for memory, mood, and long-term learning outcomes * 死记硬背不利于记忆、情绪和长期的学习成果 * schooling conditions the brain to underestimate the value of lasting knowledge and the cost of quality learning * 学校教育使大脑低估了持久知识的价值和高质量学习的成本。 * cramming techniques inspired [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading), which has nothing to do with cramming * 死记硬背技术启发了渐进式阅读，而这与死记硬背毫无关系。 #### 25.5.4Dropping out #### 辍学 * great people can be found among college graduates and among high [school dropouts](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/School_dropouts) * 大学毕业生和高中辍学者中都有伟人 * genius is incompatible with schooling. This is why there are many high achieving [school dropouts](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/School_dropouts) * 天才与学校教育是不相容的。这就是为什么有许多成绩优异的辍学者。 * school inherently [suppress creativity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_violate_the_Genius_Checklist) * 学校内在抑制创造力 #### 25.5.5 Unschooling #### 非学校教育 * unschooling provides most freedom to develop powerful [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), and paradoxically, produce best learning outcomes * 非学校教育为培养强大的学习内驱力提供了最多的自由，而反常的是，它产生了最好的学习成果 * homeschooling, unschooling and democratic schooling resolve nearly all causes of school hate * 在家教育、非学校教育和民主学校教育几乎解决了所有引起讨厌学校的原因 * ubiquity of information and convergence of knowledge imply that we have fewer reasons to worry about unschooling and/or [free education](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/On_freedom_of_education_and_freedom_of_information) * 信息的普及和知识的汇集意味着我们没有多少理由担心非学校教育或自由教育 * unrestrained development of personality may take three decades. Accelerating that process limits human cognitive powers * 不受限制的个性的发展可能需要三十年的时间。加速这一过程限制了人类的认知能力 * education system invest heavily into teaching things people can easily learn on their own \(and with [pleasure](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning)\) * 教育系统投入大量资金，教授人们可以轻松（且愉快）地自学东西 #### 25.5.6 Reform #### 改革 * **freedom** in many platforms is the key to effective educational reform * 可**自由**地在多种平台中选择是有效教育改革的关键 * freedom in education should affect children, students, teachers, educators, parents, innovators, organizers, and more * 教育自由应该影响到儿童、学生、教师、教育工作者、家长、创新者、组织者等 * adult-centric point of view is one of the driving forces behind the failure of modern education * 以成人为中心的观点是现代教育失败的驱动力之一 * changes in brain function from early childhood to adulthood make it virtually impossible for adults to understand child's brain without the help from science \(i.e. mostly learning neuroscience\) * 从幼儿期到成年期，大脑功能的变化使成人在没有科学（主要是关于学习的神经科学）的帮助下几乎不可能理解儿童的大脑 * mass production of great teachers is no easier than mass production of genius * 大规模培养优秀教师并不比大规模培养天才容易 * grants for students to get to college are as good as grants for students to skip college. All support for the youth is welcome * 给学生上大学的助学金和给学生跳过大学的助学金一样好。对所有青年的支持是受欢迎的 ### 25.6 Childhood ### 童年 #### 25.6.1 Learning in childhood #### 童年的学习 * children have a [very bad long-term memory](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) * 儿童的长期记忆力很差 * bad long-term memory in children results from fast growth, and [re-structuring of the brain](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Infantile_amnesia_caused_by_neurogenesis) * 儿童的长期记忆不好是由于快速发育和大脑结构调整所致 * poor declarative memories in children imply that formal instruction should best be delayed until the age of 7-9 * 儿童陈述性记忆差意味着正式教育最好推迟到 7 - 9 岁 * children learn best via self-directed play * 儿童通过自我导向游戏学得最好 * children [rarely recall](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia) memories from before the age of 2-3 * 儿童几乎回忆不起 2 - 3 岁以前的记忆 * children form episodic and declarative memories from birth. The term "[childhood amnesia](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Childhood_amnesia)" refers to rapid memory turnover in childhood * 儿童从出生起就形成断断续续的陈述性记忆。「童年健忘症」一词指的是儿童时期的快速记忆转换 * lifetime survival of early memories depends on \(1\) memory formation, \(2\) forgetting, \(3\) interference, \(4\) re-wiring, \(5\) exposure to memorable events, and \(6\) post exposure review * 早期记忆的终生保留取决于\(1\)记忆的形成，\(2\)遗忘，\(3\)干扰，\(4\)重新连接，\(5\)接触难忘的事件，和\(6\)接触后的回顾 * earliest memories are often unpleasant \(e.g. related to [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery)\) * 最早的记忆往往令人不愉快（例如与幼儿园有关） * [stress tends to improve learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_reduces_neurogenesis), and undermine brain growth * 压力会促进学习，但危害大脑发育 * maternal separation [improves memories via stress hormones](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_acceleration_via_stress) * 母婴分离通过应激激素改善记忆 * the myth of children as perfect learning machines comes from their ability to generalize with the use of short-term memory * 儿童是完美的学习机器的错误观念来自他们利用短期记忆进行概括的能力 * children store a lot of information in short-term memory because they spend all their days learning new things * 儿童在短期记忆中储存了大量的信息，因为他们整天都在学习新事物 * children can use words and phrases in the long term because they keep relearning things they use often * 儿童可以长期使用单词和短语，因为他们不断地重新学习他们经常使用的东西 * [early academic teaching may slow down brain development](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Early_Academic_Training_Retards_Intellectual_Development) and begin a lifelong [hate of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Why_kids_hate_school%3F) * 早期的学业教育可能会减缓大脑的发育，并开始产生终生的厌学情绪 * kids should **never** be made to learn if they show no interest or refuse \(see: [Pleasure of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Pleasure_of_learning), [Learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive), and [Push zone](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Push_zone)\) * 如果孩子没有兴趣或拒绝，就不应该让他们学习（参见：学习的乐趣、学习内驱力和推动区） * early acceleration in development does not need to translate to success in adulthood * 早期加速发展不需要在成年后转化为成功 * child prodigies often experience burnout at adolescence or early adulthood. This may be an expression of the early peak in development * 神童往往在青春期或成年初期感到精疲力竭。这可能是在早期发展到高峰的一种表现 * overstimulation can best be prevented by letting kids decide their own exposure to stimuli * 防止过度刺激的最好办法是让孩子自己决定是否接受刺激 * slow brain development may result in better long term outcomes \(see: [Infantile amnesia caused by neurogenesis](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Infantile_amnesia_caused_by_neurogenesis)\) * 大脑发育缓慢可能导致更好的长期结果（参见：由神经形成引起的婴儿健忘症） * math and physics geniuses often come from slow or troubled childhood * 数学和物理天才往往在童年发展缓慢或糟糕 * development acceleration induced by [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) may turn out to be harmful * 幼儿园所导致的发展加速证明是有害的 #### 25.6.2 Childhood passions #### 童年的激情 * relentless lifelong pursuit of goals born from [childhood passions](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passion_and_memory) is a solid formula for success * 终身不懈地追求源于童年激情的目标是成功的可靠方法 * minor events in childhood can turn into [lifelong passions](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Passion_and_memory) * 童年的小事可以变成终生的激情 * child passions have a dramatic positive impact on the power of the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 儿童的激情对学习内驱力有巨大的积极影响 * child passions should be cherished and protected * 应珍惜和保护儿童的激情 * true passions do not need to be stoked up as they serve an inner need * 真正的激情不需要被激发，因为它们满足了内心的需要 * childhood passions can easily get lost due to preoccupation with schooling * 由于全神贯注于学校教育，童年的激情很容易消失 * best formula for helping kids get interested in science by [Neil deGrasse Tyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson) is: "_Get off their back!_" * Neil DeGrasse Tyson 帮助孩子们对科学产生兴趣的最佳方法是：「_放开他们的背！_」 #### 25.6.3 Baby care #### 照顾婴儿 * we should follow [hunter-gatherer prescription](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Hunter-gatherer_childhood) for child care to maximize development and minimize the whole host of behavioral problems * 我们应该遵循猎人-采集者的儿童照料方法，最大化发展，最小化各种行为问题 * [weaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaning) should be natural and may take up to 4 years. In particular, it should not be accelerated for the sake of daycare * 断奶应该是自然的，可能需要长达 4 年的时间。特别注意，不应该为了幼儿园而加快这一进程 * forceful weaning begins the negative process in which child's brain adapts to the environment via [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness_vs._learn_drive) * 强行断奶开始了一个消极的过程，在这个过程中，孩子的大脑通过习得性的无助来适应环境 * all limits on the freedom of movement, slow down baby development * 限制行动自由会减缓婴儿发展速度 * for brain development, baby wearing is superior to using strollers * 在大脑发育方面，婴儿穿戴比使用婴儿车要好 * keeping kids safe with proofing makes it hard to teach them safety * 通过防护来保证孩子们的安全，很难教会他们什么是安全 * playing Mozart to a womb is more likely to scare the baby than to produce a music genius * 把莫扎特演奏到子宫里更有可能吓到孩子，而不是创造出一个音乐天才 * large [behavioral spaces](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Behavioral_space) with fewer rules are beneficial in cognitive development * 较大的行为空间和较少的规则有利于认知发展 * rigid regiment of rules enforced by strangers has a powerful impact on the brain via learned helplessness * 陌生人强制执行的严格管制规则通过引起婴儿的习得性无助对大脑产生强大的影响 #### 25.6.4 Daycare #### 幼儿园 * daycare is an inferior substitute of good parenting * 幼儿园是良好家庭教育的低劣替代品 * healthy childhood of few concerns without the relegation to [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) is the root of future greatness * 没有被送到幼儿园的顾虑的健康的童年是未来伟大的根源 * in western societies, there is a social pressure to send kids to daycare * 在西方社会，社会压力促使人们送孩子去幼儿园 * to a large extent, social pressure originates in self-exculpatory mindset of young career-oriented parents * 在很大程度上，社会压力源自以职业为导向的年轻父母的自我开脱心态 * peer pressure in favor of daycare is based on a series of myths about the biology of child development * 支持幼儿园的同侪压力是基于关于儿童发育生物学的一系列错误观念 * daycare acceleration is often a short-term phenomenon with poorer long-term outcomes * 幼儿园加速孩子发展往往是一种短期现象，长期效果较差 * daycare acceleration works only for kids from families characterized by low resources \(incl. time\), neglect, pathology, and/or poor education * 幼儿园加速孩子发展只适合来自以缺乏资源（包括时间）、怠慢、病态或低教育程度为特征的家庭的孩子 * daycare boost to immunity is a myth * 幼儿园能提高免疫力是错误观念 * daycare socialization is often [negative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization#Negative_socialization) * 幼儿园中的社会化经常是负面的 * daycare results in an increase in aggression and other behavioral problems * 幼儿园导致攻击性和其他行为问题增加 * for many kids, daycare begins too early and necessitates forceful waking * 对许多儿童来说，幼儿园的日程开始得太早，必须强迫醒来 * for most kids, daycare violates [natural creativity cycle](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle) * 对大多数孩子来说，幼儿园妨碍了自然的创造力周期 * for most kids, esp. young kids, or early in the process, daycare involves significant stress * 对大多数孩子来说，尤其是，年幼的孩子，或者在这个过程的初期，幼儿园就带来很大的压力 * for small kids, maternal separation is bad for the brain * 对于小孩子来说，母婴分离对大脑不好 * kids suffering from chronic daycare stress are likely to experience inferior long-term brain development * 患有慢性幼儿园压力的儿童可能会长期大脑发育低下 * [learned helplessness](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learned_helplessness) of daycare increases the likelihood of depression in adulthood * 幼儿园的习得性无助增加了成年后抑郁的可能性 * daycare often produces a positive feedback loop: slower development, lower immunity, infections, antibiotics, missed days, more stress, more sleep deprivation, etc. * 幼儿园通常会产生一个正反馈循环：发育缓慢、免疫力低下、感染、抗生素、缺勤、压力增大、睡眠不足等等 * potty-training is a waste of time, and can involve unnecessary stress * 上厕所训练是浪费时间，可能会带来不必要的压力 * all forms of physiological and developmental acceleration make sense only if they are child-driven, i.e. natural * 所有形式的生理和发展加速只有在儿童自愿（即自然）的情况下才有意义 ### 25.7 Socialization ### 社会化 * socialization can be modelled and optimized * 社会化可以被建模和优化 * for biological reasons, optimization of socialization is achieved best with minimum intervention * 出于生物学原因，社会化的优化是在最少干预的情况下实现的 * individualistic socializations serves the good of society along principles similar to market economics * 个人主义社会化按照类似于市场经济的原则为社会服务 * optimum socialization can be achieved in abstraction of value and in different value systems * 在价值抽象和不同的价值体系中可以实现最佳的社会化 * individual personality and values may determine the optimum level/degree of socialization * 个人个性和价值观可能决定社会化的最佳水平/程度 * socialization is a lifelong learning process * 社会化是一个终身学习的过程 * early socialization should focus on establishing a lifelong learning platform * 早期社会化应以建立终身学习平台为重点 * coercive socialization may backfire and result in asociality or anti-social behaviors * 强制社会化可能适得其反，导致不合群或反社会行为 * [critical periods](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Critical_period) in development make it important to opt against early socialization in [daycare](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_misery) * 在发展的关键时期，反对在幼儿园中过早的社会化很重要 * social intelligence might have had a significant contribution to the increase in the size of the human brain * 社会智力可能对人类大脑体积的增加有很大的贡献 * social intelligence is essential for further progress of mankind on the social platform and well beyond * 社会智力对于人类在社会平台上进一步发展是必不可少的 ### 25.8 Health ### 健康 * modern [baby management](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Baby_management) results in harmful restrictions in the exposure to healthy natural stimuli * 现代婴儿管理导致对健康自然刺激的有害限制 * all forms of medical intervention during pregnancy and birth may have negative impact on health * 怀孕和分娩期间所有形式的医疗干预都可能对健康产生负面影响 * moderate exposure to pathogens and allergens is vital for the health of the immune system * 适当接触病原体和过敏原对免疫系统的健康至关重要 * exposure to changes in temperature ensures efficient thermoregulation * 暴露在温度变化中可确保有效的温度调节 * thermogenesis is one of the most powerful body defenses \(e.g. against infections\) * 发烧是人体最强大的防御系统之一（例如防止感染） * [benefits of daycare for immunity](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) are questionable * 幼儿园对免疫力的益处值得怀疑 * exposure to pathogens is good, sickness is not * 接触病原体是好事，生病则不然 * [daycare infections](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) often produce consequences that last a lifetime * 幼儿园时的感染往往会造成终生的后果 * [daycare infections](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Daycare_infections) often affect entire households * 幼儿园时的感染往往影响到整个家庭 * daycare shifts the burden of disease to younger ages which may have negative impact on long-term cognitive development * 幼儿园将疾病负担转移到较小的年龄，这可能对长期认知发展产生负面影响 * kids in home care are often overprotected, which weakens their immune system * 在家照料的儿童往往受到过度保护，这削弱了他们的免疫系 * we tend to underestimate the power of newborns and toddlers to combat infections on their own * 我们往往低估了新生儿和蹒跚学步的儿童独自与感染作斗争的能力 * we tend to underestimate the power of innate immunity in combating colds and influenza * 我们往往低估先天免疫在对抗感冒和流感方面的作用 * media headlines which claim that home care weakens the immune system are misleading and dangerous * 媒体头条新闻声称在家照料削弱了免疫系统，这是误导和危险的 * in most cases, the best care for young kids is provided by their biological mom with support of members of her family * 在大多数情况下，对幼儿的最好照料是由其亲生母亲在其家庭成员的支持下提供的 * handling infections one at a time seems to be a safe strategy * 每次处理一个感染似乎是一个安全的策略 * Graham Rook's "old friend" hypothesis implies that we should expose kids to pathogens from natural environments * Graham Rook 的「老朋友」猜想暗示我们应该让孩子接触来自自然环境的病原体 * daycare provides excessive exposure to particularly dangerous pathogens in conditions of weakened immune system * 在免疫系统低下的情况下，幼儿园提供过量的特别危险的病原体接触 * respiratory infections are one of the chief destroyers of productivity * 呼吸道感染是破坏生产力的主要因素之一 * it is possible to avoid infections for decades in otherwise vulnerable individuals * 在其他易受感染的个体中，几十年内避免感染是可能的 * [good sleep](http://super-memory.com/articles/sleep.htm) is essential for immunity * 良好的睡眠对免疫系统至关重要 * alarm clocks destroy the quality of sleep * 闹钟会破坏睡眠质量 * winter swimming can be helpful in preventing respiratory infections * 冬泳有助于预防呼吸道感染 * moderate exercise helps prevent infections * 适度运动有助于预防感染 * [stress management](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience) is essential for immunity * 压力管理对免疫至关重要 * rehydration helps combat infections * 补水有助于对抗感染 * healthy diet and lifestyle help combat infections * 健康的饮食和生活方式有助于防治感染 * it is important to avoid heavy exposure to viruses during epidemics * 在流行病常发生期间避免大量接触病毒，这一点很重要 #### 25.8.1 Alzheimer's #### 老年痴呆症 * the root neuronal cause of Alzheimer's is excitotoxicity, which comes from excessive cognitive loads on networks with insufficient processing power * 老年痴呆症的根本神经原因是兴奋性毒性，这是由于处理能力不足的网络上的认知负荷过大所致 * good learning is preventive, while bad learning may contribute to Alzheimer's * 良好的学习可以预防老年痴呆症，而不良的学习可能会导致老年痴呆症 * the best reassurance for the positive impact of learning on prevention of Alzheimer's is the adherence to the [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) * 学习对预防老年痴呆症的积极影响的最好保证是遵守学习的基本规律 * schooling inherently violates the [Fundamental law of learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Fundamental_law_of_learning) through its coercive nature * 学校教育本质上违反了学习的基本规律，因为它具有强制性 * for many kids, schooling leads to neural injury, which may be instantly apparent, e.g. in developing depression * 对许多孩子来说，上学会导致神经损伤，这一点可能马上就会显现出来，例如发展成抑郁症 * despite all calls for reforms, mainstream schooling in the western world still keeps evolving in the wrong direction: more haste, more stress, greater loads, less coherence, and more neural injury * 尽管各方都在呼吁改革，但西方世界的主流学校教育仍在朝着错误的方向发展：更加匆忙、压力更大、负担更重、连贯性更低、神经损伤更严重 * main factors of schooling that lead to excitotoxic injury are: overload, low coherence, high interference, low retention, low [stability](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability), sleep deprivation, [circadian violations](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Natural_creativity_cycle), [stress](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stress_resilience), and [toxic memories](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Toxic_memory) * 导致兴奋性毒性损伤的学校教育的主要因素是：超负荷、低连贯性、高干扰、低记忆保留、低稳定性、睡眠剥夺、昼夜节律失调、压力和毒性记忆 * even though literacy is preventive, bad learning and bad habits taken from school may contribute to Alzheimer's pathology later in life * 尽管识字是一种预防措施，但不良学习和从学校学到的不良习惯可能会导致晚年老年痴呆症的病理变化 #### 25.8.2 ADHD #### 注意缺陷多动障碍 * a creative and lively child may easily be branded [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) by parents, teachers, or "well-wishing" strangers * 一个有创造力、活泼的孩子很容易被父母、老师或「善意」的陌生人打上 ADHD 的污名 * what a teacher recognizes as [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) may actually be a sign of giftedness * 被老师当成 ADHD，实际上可能是天赋的表现 * schooling provides an ideal breeding ground for ADHD-like problems and symptoms in otherwise healthy kids * 学校教育为健康儿童出现类似 ADHD 的问题和症状提供了理想的温床 * diagnostic criteria for [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) in DSM-5 \(2013\) have been relaxed, which may lead to further overdiagnosis * DSM-5\(2013年\)对ADHD的诊断标准已经放宽，这可能导致进一步的过度诊断 * ADHD may be managed better by understanding the circadian and homeostatic aspects of mental activity * 通过了解心理活动的昼夜节律和稳态方面，可以更好地控制 ADHD * circadian disruption may amplify symptoms of ADHD, or lead to a wrong diagnosis * 昼夜节律紊乱可能会加强 ADHD 的症状，或导致错误的诊断 * free running sleep is vital for managing ADHD * 自由运转睡眠对控制 ADHD 至关重要 * before administering medication, e.g. Ritalin, children should be evaluated in free running condition, i.e. away from pressures of schooling \(see: [prescription](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD)\) * 在使用药物（如利他林）之前，应在自由活动的情况下对儿童进行评估，即在远离学校压力的情况下（参见：处方） * psychiatric drugs target receptors and neurotransmitters, not specific brain structures. As such they are bound to have [side effects](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Indiscriminate_action_of_psychiatric_drugs) * 精神药物针对的是受体和神经递质，而不是特定的大脑结构。因此，它们必然会产生副作用 * schedule designed around the circadian cycle may mitigate all negative aspects of [ADHD](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/ADHD) * 围绕生理周期设计的时间表可以减轻 ADHD 的所有负面影响 ### 25.9 Domain-specific conclusions ### 特定领域的结论 #### 25.9.1 Learning English #### 学习英语 For details see: [Schools are useless in teaching English!](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_are_useless_in_teaching_English!) 详情参见：学校在英语教学中毫无用处！ * English is now a global means of communication * 英语现在是一种全球化的交流手段 * all citizens of the globe should know English * 全球所有公民都应懂英语 * most kids in Europe learn English * 欧洲的大多数孩子都学英语 * learning a language is costly * 学习一门语言代价高昂 * kids who learn English only at school can hardly ever speak English * 只在学校学习英语的孩子几乎从来不会说英语 * \(formal\) language learning in children is largely futile * 儿童的（正式）语言学习在很大程度上是徒劳的 * a month with [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can bring as much vocabulary as 13 year of schooling \(see: [Learning English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_English)\) * 使用 SuperMemo 一个月所带来的词汇量相当于 13 年的学校教育所带来的（参见：学习英语） * in the course of 6 years, I learned no English at school * 在 6 年的时间里，我在学校里没有学到英语 * [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) helped me learn English and pass TOEFL at 99 percentile * SuperMemo 帮助我学习英语，并以 99 分的成绩通过托福考试 * my need to know English sparked the development of [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) * 我对英语的需求激发了 SuperMemo 的发展 #### 25.9.2 Learning history #### 学习历史 For details see: [Learning history: school vs. self-directed learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) 详情参见：学习历史：学校与自我导向学习 * average high school graduate knows little history * 普通高中毕业生对历史知之甚少 * most kids gain just about one [item](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_item) of history knowledge per week * 大多数孩子每周只学一个历史知识点 * self-learning based on [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) proved to be the fastest way to learn history * 基于渐进学习的自学被证明是学习历史的最快方法 * national curricula often feed nationalist sentiments that harm global communication and cooperation * 国家制定的课程往往助长损害全球交流与合作的民族主义情绪 ### 25.10 SuperMemo ### SuperMemo * long-term memories established by [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) keep interests alive and feed lifelong learning * SuperMemo 建立的长期记忆使兴趣生机勃勃，并促进终身学习 * a month with [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can bring as much vocabulary as 13 year of schooling \(see: [Learning English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_English)\) * 使用 SuperMemo 一个月所带来的词汇量相当于 13 年的学校教育所带来的（参见：学习英语） * poor employment of [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) can undermine the [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) \(the mechanisms is similar to schooling\) * 不正确的使用 SuperMemo 会削弱学习内驱力（其机制类似于学校教育） * self-learning based on [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) is the fastest way of long-term learning * 基于渐进学习的自学是最快的长期学习方式 * [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) is the most powerful tool for developing a strong [learn drive](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learn_drive) * 渐进学习是培养强大学习内驱力的最有力工具 * [\(internal\) interruption](http://super-memory.com/help/il.htm#The_value_of_interruption_in_learning) of [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) improves focus, creativity and long-term memory * 渐进学习（内部）中断可提高注意力、创造力和长期记忆 * some techniques of [incremental learning](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_learning) have been inspired by [mindless cramming](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Serendipitous_impact_of_mindless_cramming) * 一些渐进学习的技巧受到了盲目填鸭式学习的启发 ### 25.11 My own experience ### 我自己的经历 * catching a cold was a joyous moment in my young life: I did not have to go to school! * 感冒是我年轻时一个快乐的时刻：我不必去上学！ * at high school, I would learn 16 times faster on my own during summer vacation than during the school year \(see: [Learning history](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning)\) * 在高中，暑假期间我独自学习的速度是在学校的 16 倍（参见：学习历史） * schools have been extremely efficient in destroying my enthusiasm for schooling \(at all levels of education\) * 学校极有效率地破坏了我在学校学习的热情（在各教育的各个阶段） * in the course of 12 years, I learned [no history at school](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Learning_history:_school_vs._self-directed_learning) * 在 12 年的时间里，我在学校里没有学到任何历史 * in the course of 8 years, I learned [very little English](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Schools_are_useless_in_teaching_English!) at school * 在 8 年的时间里，我在学校里学的英语很少 * [SuperMemo](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo) accelerated my learning in 1987 * 在 1987 年，SuperMemo 加速了我的学习 * [incremental reading](https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Incremental_reading) accelerated my learning in 2000 * 渐进阅读加速了我在 2000 年的学习