## 问题 You have a program that has a method whose output goes to standard Output(sys.stdout). This almost always means that it emits text to the screen. You’d like towrite a test for your code to prove that, given the proper input, the proper output isdisplayed. ## 解决方案 Using the unittest.mock module’s patch() function, it’s pretty simple to mock outsys.stdout for just a single test, and put it back again, without messy temporary vari‐ables or leaking mocked-out state between test cases.Consider, as an example, the following function in a module mymodule: # mymodule.py def urlprint(protocol, host, domain):url = ‘{}://{}.{}'.format(protocol, host, domain)print(url) The built-in print function, by default, sends output to sys.stdout. In order to testthat output is actually getting there, you can mock it out using a stand-in object, andthen make assertions about what happened. Using the unittest.mock module’s patch()method makes it convenient to replace objects only within the context of a running test,returning things to their original state immediately after the test is complete. Here’s thetest code for mymodule: from io import StringIOfrom unittest import TestCasefrom unittest.mock import patchimport mymodule class TestURLPrint(TestCase):def test_url_gets_to_stdout(self): protocol = ‘http'host = ‘www'domain = ‘example.com'expected_url = ‘{}://{}.{}n'.format(protocol, host, domain) with patch(‘sys.stdout', new=StringIO()) as fake_out:mymodule.urlprint(protocol, host, domain)self.assertEqual(fake_out.getvalue(), expected_url) ## 讨论 The urlprint() function takes three arguments, and the test starts by setting up dummyarguments for each one. The expected_url variable is set to a string containing theexpected output.To run the test, the unittest.mock.patch() function is used as a context manager toreplace the value of sys.stdout with a StringIO object as a substitute. The fake_outvariable is the mock object that’s created in this process. This can be used inside thebody of the with statement to perform various checks. When the with statement com‐pletes, patch conveniently puts everything back the way it was before the test ever ran.It’s worth noting that certain C extensions to Python may write directly to standardoutput, bypassing the setting of sys.stdout. This recipe won’t help with that scenario,but it should work fine with pure Python code (if you need to capture I/O from such Cextensions, you can do it by opening a temporary file and performing various tricksinvolving file descriptors to have standard output temporarily redirected to that file).More information about capturing IO in a string and StringIO objects can be found inRecipe 5.6.