## 问题 You are writing an extension module that needs to pass a Python string to a C libraryfunction that may or may not know how to properly handle Unicode. ## 解决方案 There are many issues to be concerned with here, but the main one is that existing Clibraries won’t understand Python’s native representation of Unicode. Therefore, yourchallenge is to convert the Python string into a form that can be more easily understoodby C libraries.For the purposes of illustration, here are two C functions that operate on string dataand output it for the purposes of debugging and experimentation. One uses bytes pro‐vided in the form char [*](#), int, whereas the other uses wide characters in the formwchar_t [*](#), int: void print_chars(char [*](#)s, int len) { int n = 0; while (n < len) {printf(“%2x ”, (unsigned char) s[n]);n++; }printf(“n”); } void print_wchars(wchar_t [*](#)s, int len) { int n = 0;while (n < len) { > printf(“%x ”, s[n]);n++; }printf(“n”); } For the byte-oriented function print_chars(), you need to convert Python strings intoa suitable byte encoding such as UTF-8. Here is a sample extension function that doesthis: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_chars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { char [*](#)s;Py_ssize_t len; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “s#”, &s, &len)) {return NULL; }print_chars(s, len);Py_RETURN_NONE; } For library functions that work with the machine native wchar_t type, you can writeextension code such as this: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_wchars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { wchar_t [*](#)s;Py_ssize_t len; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “u#”, &s, &len)) {return NULL; }print_wchars(s,len);Py_RETURN_NONE; } Here is an interactive session that illustrates how these functions work: >>> s = 'Spicy Jalape\u00f1o' >>> print_chars(s) 53 70 69 63 79 20 4a 61 6c 61 70 65 c3 b1 6f >>> print_wchars(s) 53 70 69 63 79 20 4a 61 6c 61 70 65 f1 6f >>> Carefully observe how the byte-oriented function print_chars() is receiving UTF-8encoded data, whereas print_wchars() is receiving the Unicode code point values. ## 讨论 Before considering this recipe, you should first study the nature of the C library thatyou’re accessing. For many C libraries, it might make more sense to pass bytes insteadof a string. To do that, use this conversion code instead: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_chars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { char [*](#)s;Py_ssize_t len; /* accepts bytes, bytearray, or other byte-like object [*](#)/if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “y#”, &s, &len)) { > return NULL; }print_chars(s, len);Py_RETURN_NONE; } If you decide that you still want to pass strings, you need to know that Python 3 uses anadaptable string representation that is not entirely straightforward to map directly to Clibraries using the standard types char * or wchar_t * See PEP 393 for details. Thus,to present string data to C, some kind of conversion is almost always necessary. The s#and u# format codes to PyArg_ParseTuple() safely perform such conversions.One potential downside is that such conversions cause the size of the original stringobject to permanently increase. Whenever a conversion is made, a copy of the converteddata is kept and attached to the original string object so that it can be reused later. Youcan observe this effect: >>> import sys >>> s = 'Spicy Jalape\u00f1o' >>> sys.getsizeof(s) 87 >>> print_chars(s) 53 70 69 63 79 20 4a 61 6c 61 70 65 c3 b1 6f >>> sys.getsizeof(s) 103 >>> print_wchars(s) 53 70 69 63 79 20 4a 61 6c 61 70 65 f1 6f >>> sys.getsizeof(s) 163 >>> For small amounts of string data, this might not matter, but if you’re doing large amountsof text processing in extensions, you may want to avoid the overhead. Here is analternative implementation of the first extension function that avoids these memoryinefficiencies: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_chars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { PyObject [*](#)obj, [*](#)bytes;char [*](#)s;Py_ssize_t len; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “U”, &obj)) {return NULL; }bytes = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(obj);PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(bytes, &s, &len);print_chars(s, len);Py_DECREF(bytes);Py_RETURN_NONE; } Avoiding memory overhead for wchar_t handling is much more tricky. Internally,Python stores strings using the most efficient representation possible. For example,strings containing nothing but ASCII are stored as arrays of bytes, whereas strings con‐taining characters in the range U+0000 to U+FFFF use a two-byte representation. Sincethere isn’t a single representation of the data, you can’t just cast the internal array towchar_t * and hope that it works. Instead, a wchar_t array has to be created and textcopied into it. The “u#” format code to PyArg_ParseTuple() does this for you at thecost of efficiency (it attaches the resulting copy to the string object).If you want to avoid this long-term memory overhead, your only real choice is to copythe Unicode data into a temporary array, pass it to the C library function, and thendeallocate the array. Here is one possible implementation: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_wchars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { PyObject [*](#)obj;wchar_t [*](#)s;Py_ssize_t len; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “U”, &obj)) {return NULL; }if ((s = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(obj, &len)) == NULL) { > return NULL; }print_wchars(s, len);PyMem_Free(s);Py_RETURN_NONE; } In this implementation, PyUnicode_AsWideCharString() creates a temporary buffer ofwchar_t characters and copies data into it. That buffer is passed to C and then releasedafterward. As of this writing, there seems to be a possible bug related to this behavior,as described at the Python issues page. If, for some reason you know that the C library takes the data in a different byte encodingthan UTF-8, you can force Python to perform an appropriate conversion using exten‐sion code such as the following: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_chars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { char [*](#)s = 0;int len;if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “es#”, “encoding-name”, &s, &len)) { > return NULL; }print_chars(s, len);PyMem_Free(s);Py_RETURN_NONE; } Last, but not least, if you want to work directly with the characters in a Unicode string,here is an example that illustrates low-level access: static PyObject [*](#)py_print_wchars(PyObject [*](#)self, PyObject [*](#)args) { PyObject [*](#)obj;int n, len;int kind;void [*](#)data; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, “U”, &obj)) {return NULL; }if (PyUnicode_READY(obj) < 0) { > return NULL; } len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj);kind = PyUnicode_KIND(obj);data = PyUnicode_DATA(obj); for (n = 0; n < len; n++) {Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, n);printf(“%x ”, ch); }printf(“n”);Py_RETURN_NONE; } In this code, the PyUnicode_KIND() and PyUnicode_DATA() macros are related to thevariable-width storage of Unicode, as described in PEP 393. The kind variable encodesinformation about the underlying storage (8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit) and data points thebuffer. In reality, you don’t need to do anything with these values as long as you passthem to the PyUnicode_READ() macro when extracting characters.A few final words: when passing Unicode strings from Python to C, you should probablytry to make it as simple as possible. If given the choice between an encoding such as UTF-8 or wide characters, choose UTF-8. Support for UTF-8 seems to be much morecommon, less trouble-prone, and better supported by the interpreter. Finally, make sureyour review the documentation on Unicode handling.