## 问题 You have (somehow) obtained the memory address of a compiled function, but wantto turn it into a Python callable that you can use as an extension function. ## 解决方案 The ctypes module can be used to create Python callables that wrap around arbitrarymemory addresses. The following example shows how to obtain the raw, low-level ad‐dress of a C function and how to turn it back into a callable object: >>> import ctypes >>> lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(None) >>> # Get the address of sin() from the C math library >>> addr = ctypes.cast(lib.sin, ctypes.c_void_p).value >>> addr 140735505915760 >>> # Turn the address into a callable function >>> functype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double) >>> func = functype(addr) >>> func <CFunctionType object at 0x1006816d0> >>> # Call the resulting function >>> func(2) 0.9092974268256817 >>> func(0) 0.0 >>> ## 讨论 To make a callable, you must first create a CFUNCTYPE instance. The first argument toCFUNCTYPE() is the return type. Subsequent arguments are the types of the arguments.Once you have defined the function type, you wrap it around an integer memory addressto create a callable object. The resulting object is used like any normal function accessedthrough ctypes.This recipe might look rather cryptic and low level. However, it is becoming increasinglycommon for programs and libraries to utilize advanced code generation techniques likejust in-time compilation, as found in libraries such as LLVM.For example, here is a simple example that uses the llvmpy extension to make a smallassembly function, obtain a function pointer to it, and turn it into a Python callable: >>> from llvm.core import Module, Function, Type, Builder >>> mod = Module.new('example') >>> f = Function.new(mod,Type.function(Type.double(), \ [Type.double(), Type.double()], False), 'foo') >>> block = f.append_basic_block('entry') >>> builder = Builder.new(block) >>> x2 = builder.fmul(f.args[0],f.args[0]) >>> y2 = builder.fmul(f.args[1],f.args[1]) >>> r = builder.fadd(x2,y2) >>> builder.ret(r) <llvm.core.Instruction object at 0x10078e990> >>> from llvm.ee import ExecutionEngine >>> engine = ExecutionEngine.new(mod) >>> ptr = engine.get_pointer_to_function(f) >>> ptr 4325863440 >>> foo = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double)(ptr) >>> # Call the resulting function >>> foo(2,3) 13.0 >>> foo(4,5) 41.0 >>> foo(1,2) 5.0 >>> It goes without saying that doing anything wrong at this level will probably cause thePython interpreter to die a horrible death. Keep in mind that you’re directly workingwith machine-level memory addresses and native machine code—not Pythonfunctions.