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# [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") --- Read and write tar archive files
**Source code:** [Lib/tarfile.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/tarfile.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/tarfile.py\]
- - - - - -
The [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module makes it possible to read and write tar archives, including those using gzip, bz2 and lzma compression. Use the [`zipfile`](zipfile.xhtml#module-zipfile "zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.") module to read or write `.zip` files, or the higher-level functions in [shutil](shutil.xhtml#archiving-operations).
Some facts and figures:
- reads and writes [`gzip`](gzip.xhtml#module-gzip "gzip: Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects."), [`bz2`](bz2.xhtml#module-bz2 "bz2: Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.") and [`lzma`](lzma.xhtml#module-lzma "lzma: A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.") compressed archives if the respective modules are available.
- read/write support for the POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
- read/write support for the GNU tar format including *longname* and *longlink*extensions, read-only support for all variants of the *sparse* extension including restoration of sparse files.
- read/write support for the POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
- handles directories, regular files, hardlinks, symbolic links, fifos, character devices and block devices and is able to acquire and restore file information like timestamp, access permissions and owner.
在 3.3 版更改: Added support for [`lzma`](lzma.xhtml#module-lzma "lzma: A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.") compression.
`tarfile.``open`(*name=None*, *mode='r'*, *fileobj=None*, *bufsize=10240*, *\*\*kwargs*)Return a [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") object for the pathname *name*. For detailed information on [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") objects and the keyword arguments that are allowed, see [TarFile Objects](#tarfile-objects).
*mode* has to be a string of the form `'filemode[:compression]'`, it defaults to `'r'`. Here is a full list of mode combinations:
mode
动作
`'r' or 'r:*'`
Open for reading with transparent compression (recommended).
`'r:'`
Open for reading exclusively without compression.
`'r:gz'`
Open for reading with gzip compression.
`'r:bz2'`
Open for reading with bzip2 compression.
`'r:xz'`
Open for reading with lzma compression.
`'x'` or `'x:'`
Create a tarfile exclusively without compression. Raise an [`FileExistsError`](exceptions.xhtml#FileExistsError "FileExistsError") exception if it already exists.
`'x:gz'`
Create a tarfile with gzip compression. Raise an [`FileExistsError`](exceptions.xhtml#FileExistsError "FileExistsError") exception if it already exists.
`'x:bz2'`
Create a tarfile with bzip2 compression. Raise an [`FileExistsError`](exceptions.xhtml#FileExistsError "FileExistsError") exception if it already exists.
`'x:xz'`
Create a tarfile with lzma compression. Raise an [`FileExistsError`](exceptions.xhtml#FileExistsError "FileExistsError") exception if it already exists.
`'a' or 'a:'`
Open for appending with no compression. The file is created if it does not exist.
`'w' or 'w:'`
Open for uncompressed writing.
`'w:gz'`
Open for gzip compressed writing.
`'w:bz2'`
Open for bzip2 compressed writing.
`'w:xz'`
Open for lzma compressed writing.
Note that `'a:gz'`, `'a:bz2'` or `'a:xz'` is not possible. If *mode*is not suitable to open a certain (compressed) file for reading, [`ReadError`](#tarfile.ReadError "tarfile.ReadError") is raised. Use *mode*`'r'` to avoid this. If a compression method is not supported, [`CompressionError`](#tarfile.CompressionError "tarfile.CompressionError") is raised.
If *fileobj* is specified, it is used as an alternative to a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object)opened in binary mode for *name*. It is supposed to be at position 0.
For modes `'w:gz'`, `'r:gz'`, `'w:bz2'`, `'r:bz2'`, `'x:gz'`, `'x:bz2'`, [`tarfile.open()`](#tarfile.open "tarfile.open") accepts the keyword argument *compresslevel* (default `9`) to specify the compression level of the file.
For special purposes, there is a second format for *mode*: `'filemode|[compression]'`. [`tarfile.open()`](#tarfile.open "tarfile.open") will return a [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile")object that processes its data as a stream of blocks. No random seeking will be done on the file. If given, *fileobj* may be any object that has a `read()` or `write()` method (depending on the *mode*). *bufsize*specifies the blocksize and defaults to `20 * 512` bytes. Use this variant in combination with e.g. `sys.stdin`, a socket [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object) or a tape device. However, such a [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") object is limited in that it does not allow random access, see [示例](#tar-examples). The currently possible modes:
模式
动作
`'r|*'`
Open a *stream* of tar blocks for reading with transparent compression.
`'r|'`
Open a *stream* of uncompressed tar blocks for reading.
`'r|gz'`
Open a gzip compressed *stream* for reading.
`'r|bz2'`
Open a bzip2 compressed *stream* for reading.
`'r|xz'`
Open an lzma compressed *stream* for reading.
`'w|'`
Open an uncompressed *stream* for writing.
`'w|gz'`
Open a gzip compressed *stream* for writing.
`'w|bz2'`
Open a bzip2 compressed *stream* for writing.
`'w|xz'`
Open an lzma compressed *stream* for writing.
在 3.5 版更改: 添加了 `'x'` (仅创建) 模式。
在 3.6 版更改: The *name* parameter accepts a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object).
*class* `tarfile.``TarFile`Class for reading and writing tar archives. Do not use this class directly: use [`tarfile.open()`](#tarfile.open "tarfile.open") instead. See [TarFile Objects](#tarfile-objects).
`tarfile.``is_tarfile`(*name*)Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if *name* is a tar archive file, that the [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.")module can read.
The [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module defines the following exceptions:
*exception* `tarfile.``TarError`Base class for all [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") exceptions.
*exception* `tarfile.``ReadError`Is raised when a tar archive is opened, that either cannot be handled by the [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module or is somehow invalid.
*exception* `tarfile.``CompressionError`Is raised when a compression method is not supported or when the data cannot be decoded properly.
*exception* `tarfile.``StreamError`Is raised for the limitations that are typical for stream-like [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile")objects.
*exception* `tarfile.``ExtractError`Is raised for *non-fatal* errors when using [`TarFile.extract()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extract "tarfile.TarFile.extract"), but only if `TarFile.errorlevel``== 2`.
*exception* `tarfile.``HeaderError`Is raised by [`TarInfo.frombuf()`](#tarfile.TarInfo.frombuf "tarfile.TarInfo.frombuf") if the buffer it gets is invalid.
The following constants are available at the module level:
`tarfile.``ENCODING`The default character encoding: `'utf-8'` on Windows, the value returned by [`sys.getfilesystemencoding()`](sys.xhtml#sys.getfilesystemencoding "sys.getfilesystemencoding") otherwise.
Each of the following constants defines a tar archive format that the [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module is able to create. See section [Supported tar formats](#tar-formats) for details.
`tarfile.``USTAR_FORMAT`POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format.
`tarfile.``GNU_FORMAT`GNU tar format.
`tarfile.``PAX_FORMAT`POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format.
`tarfile.``DEFAULT_FORMAT`The default format for creating archives. This is currently [`GNU_FORMAT`](#tarfile.GNU_FORMAT "tarfile.GNU_FORMAT").
参见
Module [`zipfile`](zipfile.xhtml#module-zipfile "zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.")Documentation of the [`zipfile`](zipfile.xhtml#module-zipfile "zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files.") standard module.
[Archiving operations](shutil.xhtml#archiving-operations)Documentation of the higher-level archiving facilities provided by the standard [`shutil`](shutil.xhtml#module-shutil "shutil: High-level file operations, including copying.") module.
[GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format](https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html) \[https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html\_node/Standard.html\]Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.
## TarFile Objects
The [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") object provides an interface to a tar archive. A tar archive is a sequence of blocks. An archive member (a stored file) is made up of a header block followed by data blocks. It is possible to store a file in a tar archive several times. Each archive member is represented by a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo")object, see [TarInfo Objects](#tarinfo-objects) for details.
A [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") object can be used as a context manager in a [`with`](../reference/compound_stmts.xhtml#with)statement. It will automatically be closed when the block is completed. Please note that in the event of an exception an archive opened for writing will not be finalized; only the internally used file object will be closed. See the [示例](#tar-examples) section for a use case.
3\.2 新版功能: Added support for the context management protocol.
*class* `tarfile.``TarFile`(*name=None*, *mode='r'*, *fileobj=None*, *format=DEFAULT\_FORMAT*, *tarinfo=TarInfo*, *dereference=False*, *ignore\_zeros=False*, *encoding=ENCODING*, *errors='surrogateescape'*, *pax\_headers=None*, *debug=0*, *errorlevel=0*)All following arguments are optional and can be accessed as instance attributes as well.
*name* is the pathname of the archive. *name* may be a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object). It can be omitted if *fileobj* is given. In this case, the file object's `name` attribute is used if it exists.
*mode* is either `'r'` to read from an existing archive, `'a'` to append data to an existing file, `'w'` to create a new file overwriting an existing one, or `'x'` to create a new file only if it does not already exist.
If *fileobj* is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, *mode* is overridden by *fileobj*'s mode. *fileobj* will be used from position 0.
注解
*fileobj* is not closed, when [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") is closed.
*format* controls the archive format. It must be one of the constants [`USTAR_FORMAT`](#tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT "tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT"), [`GNU_FORMAT`](#tarfile.GNU_FORMAT "tarfile.GNU_FORMAT") or [`PAX_FORMAT`](#tarfile.PAX_FORMAT "tarfile.PAX_FORMAT") that are defined at module level.
The *tarinfo* argument can be used to replace the default [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") class with a different one.
If *dereference* is [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"), add symbolic and hard links to the archive. If it is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), add the content of the target files to the archive. This has no effect on systems that do not support symbolic links.
If *ignore\_zeros* is [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"), treat an empty block as the end of the archive. If it is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), skip empty (and invalid) blocks and try to get as many members as possible. This is only useful for reading concatenated or damaged archives.
*debug* can be set from `0` (no debug messages) up to `3` (all debug messages). The messages are written to `sys.stderr`.
If *errorlevel* is `0`, all errors are ignored when using [`TarFile.extract()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extract "tarfile.TarFile.extract"). Nevertheless, they appear as error messages in the debug output, when debugging is enabled. If `1`, all *fatal* errors are raised as [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError")exceptions. If `2`, all *non-fatal* errors are raised as [`TarError`](#tarfile.TarError "tarfile.TarError")exceptions as well.
The *encoding* and *errors* arguments define the character encoding to be used for reading or writing the archive and how conversion errors are going to be handled. The default settings will work for most users. See section [Unicode issues](#tar-unicode) for in-depth information.
The *pax\_headers* argument is an optional dictionary of strings which will be added as a pax global header if *format* is [`PAX_FORMAT`](#tarfile.PAX_FORMAT "tarfile.PAX_FORMAT").
在 3.2 版更改: Use `'surrogateescape'` as the default for the *errors* argument.
在 3.5 版更改: 添加了 `'x'` (仅创建) 模式。
在 3.6 版更改: The *name* parameter accepts a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object).
*classmethod* `TarFile.``open`(*...*)Alternative constructor. The [`tarfile.open()`](#tarfile.open "tarfile.open") function is actually a shortcut to this classmethod.
`TarFile.``getmember`(*name*)Return a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object for member *name*. If *name* can not be found in the archive, [`KeyError`](exceptions.xhtml#KeyError "KeyError") is raised.
注解
If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version.
`TarFile.``getmembers`()Return the members of the archive as a list of [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") objects. The list has the same order as the members in the archive.
`TarFile.``getnames`()Return the members as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by [`getmembers()`](#tarfile.TarFile.getmembers "tarfile.TarFile.getmembers").
`TarFile.``list`(*verbose=True*, *\**, *members=None*)Print a table of contents to `sys.stdout`. If *verbose* is [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"), only the names of the members are printed. If it is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), output similar to that of **ls -l** is produced. If optional *members* is given, it must be a subset of the list returned by [`getmembers()`](#tarfile.TarFile.getmembers "tarfile.TarFile.getmembers").
在 3.5 版更改: Added the *members* parameter.
`TarFile.``next`()Return the next member of the archive as a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object, when [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") is opened for reading. Return [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") if there is no more available.
`TarFile.``extractall`(*path="."*, *members=None*, *\**, *numeric\_owner=False*)Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory or directory *path*. If optional *members* is given, it must be a subset of the list returned by [`getmembers()`](#tarfile.TarFile.getmembers "tarfile.TarFile.getmembers"). Directory information like owner, modification time and permissions are set after all members have been extracted. This is done to work around two problems: A directory's modification time is reset each time a file is created in it. And, if a directory's permissions do not allow writing, extracting files to it will fail.
If *numeric\_owner* is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), the uid and gid numbers from the tarfile are used to set the owner/group for the extracted files. Otherwise, the named values from the tarfile are used.
警告
Never extract archives from untrusted sources without prior inspection. It is possible that files are created outside of *path*, e.g. members that have absolute filenames starting with `"/"` or filenames with two dots `".."`.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the *numeric\_owner* parameter.
在 3.6 版更改: The *path* parameter accepts a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object).
`TarFile.``extract`(*member*, *path=""*, *set\_attrs=True*, *\**, *numeric\_owner=False*)Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. *member*may be a filename or a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object. You can specify a different directory using *path*. *path* may be a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object). File attributes (owner, mtime, mode) are set unless *set\_attrs* is false.
If *numeric\_owner* is [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True"), the uid and gid numbers from the tarfile are used to set the owner/group for the extracted files. Otherwise, the named values from the tarfile are used.
注解
The [`extract()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extract "tarfile.TarFile.extract") method does not take care of several extraction issues. In most cases you should consider using the [`extractall()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extractall "tarfile.TarFile.extractall") method.
警告
See the warning for [`extractall()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extractall "tarfile.TarFile.extractall").
在 3.2 版更改: Added the *set\_attrs* parameter.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the *numeric\_owner* parameter.
在 3.6 版更改: The *path* parameter accepts a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object).
`TarFile.``extractfile`(*member*)Extract a member from the archive as a file object. *member* may be a filename or a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object. If *member* is a regular file or a link, an [`io.BufferedReader`](io.xhtml#io.BufferedReader "io.BufferedReader") object is returned. Otherwise, [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") is returned.
在 3.3 版更改: Return an [`io.BufferedReader`](io.xhtml#io.BufferedReader "io.BufferedReader") object.
`TarFile.``add`(*name*, *arcname=None*, *recursive=True*, *\**, *filter=None*)Add the file *name* to the archive. *name* may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, *arcname* specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting *recursive* to [`False`](constants.xhtml#False "False"). Recursion adds entries in sorted order. If *filter* is given, it should be a function that takes a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object argument and returns the changed [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object. If it instead returns [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None") the [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object will be excluded from the archive. See [示例](#tar-examples) for an example.
在 3.2 版更改: Added the *filter* parameter.
在 3.7 版更改: Recursion adds entries in sorted order.
`TarFile.``addfile`(*tarinfo*, *fileobj=None*)Add the [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object *tarinfo* to the archive. If *fileobj* is given, it should be a [binary file](../glossary.xhtml#term-binary-file), and `tarinfo.size` bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can create [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") objects directly, or by using [`gettarinfo()`](#tarfile.TarFile.gettarinfo "tarfile.TarFile.gettarinfo").
`TarFile.``gettarinfo`(*name=None*, *arcname=None*, *fileobj=None*)Create a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object from the result of [`os.stat()`](os.xhtml#os.stat "os.stat") or equivalent on an existing file. The file is either named by *name*, or specified as a [file object](../glossary.xhtml#term-file-object) *fileobj* with a file descriptor. *name* may be a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object). If given, *arcname* specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive, otherwise, the name is taken from *fileobj*’s [`name`](io.xhtml#io.FileIO.name "io.FileIO.name") attribute, or the *name* argument. The name should be a text string.
You can modify some of the [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo")’s attributes before you add it using [`addfile()`](#tarfile.TarFile.addfile "tarfile.TarFile.addfile"). If the file object is not an ordinary file object positioned at the beginning of the file, attributes such as [`size`](#tarfile.TarInfo.size "tarfile.TarInfo.size") may need modifying. This is the case for objects such as [`GzipFile`](gzip.xhtml#gzip.GzipFile "gzip.GzipFile"). The [`name`](#tarfile.TarInfo.name "tarfile.TarInfo.name") may also be modified, in which case *arcname*could be a dummy string.
在 3.6 版更改: The *name* parameter accepts a [path-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-path-like-object).
`TarFile.``close`()Close the [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile"). In write mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive.
`TarFile.``pax_headers`A dictionary containing key-value pairs of pax global headers.
## TarInfo Objects
A [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object represents one member in a [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile"). Aside from storing all required attributes of a file (like file type, size, time, permissions, owner etc.), it provides some useful methods to determine its type. It does *not* contain the file's data itself.
[`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") objects are returned by [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile")'s methods `getmember()`, `getmembers()` and `gettarinfo()`.
*class* `tarfile.``TarInfo`(*name=""*)Create a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object.
*classmethod* `TarInfo.``frombuf`(*buf*, *encoding*, *errors*)Create and return a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object from string buffer *buf*.
Raises [`HeaderError`](#tarfile.HeaderError "tarfile.HeaderError") if the buffer is invalid.
*classmethod* `TarInfo.``fromtarfile`(*tarfile*)Read the next member from the [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") object *tarfile* and return it as a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object.
`TarInfo.``tobuf`(*format=DEFAULT\_FORMAT*, *encoding=ENCODING*, *errors='surrogateescape'*)Create a string buffer from a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object. For information on the arguments see the constructor of the [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") class.
在 3.2 版更改: Use `'surrogateescape'` as the default for the *errors* argument.
A `TarInfo` object has the following public data attributes:
`TarInfo.``name`Name of the archive member.
`TarInfo.``size`Size in bytes.
`TarInfo.``mtime`Time of last modification.
`TarInfo.``mode`Permission bits.
`TarInfo.``type`File type. *type* is usually one of these constants: `REGTYPE`, `AREGTYPE`, `LNKTYPE`, `SYMTYPE`, `DIRTYPE`, `FIFOTYPE`, `CONTTYPE`, `CHRTYPE`, `BLKTYPE`, `GNUTYPE_SPARSE`. To determine the type of a [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object more conveniently, use the `is*()` methods below.
`TarInfo.``linkname`Name of the target file name, which is only present in [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") objects of type `LNKTYPE` and `SYMTYPE`.
`TarInfo.``uid`User ID of the user who originally stored this member.
`TarInfo.``gid`Group ID of the user who originally stored this member.
`TarInfo.``uname`User name.
`TarInfo.``gname`Group name.
`TarInfo.``pax_headers`A dictionary containing key-value pairs of an associated pax extended header.
A [`TarInfo`](#tarfile.TarInfo "tarfile.TarInfo") object also provides some convenient query methods:
`TarInfo.``isfile`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if the `Tarinfo` object is a regular file.
`TarInfo.``isreg`()Same as [`isfile()`](#tarfile.TarInfo.isfile "tarfile.TarInfo.isfile").
`TarInfo.``isdir`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a directory.
`TarInfo.``issym`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a symbolic link.
`TarInfo.``islnk`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a hard link.
`TarInfo.``ischr`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a character device.
`TarInfo.``isblk`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a block device.
`TarInfo.``isfifo`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is a FIFO.
`TarInfo.``isdev`()Return [`True`](constants.xhtml#True "True") if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.
## 命令行界面
3\.4 新版功能.
The [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module provides a simple command-line interface to interact with tar archives.
If you want to create a new tar archive, specify its name after the [`-c`](#cmdoption-tarfile-c)option and then list the filename(s) that should be included:
```
$ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar spam.txt eggs.txt
```
Passing a directory is also acceptable:
```
$ python -m tarfile -c monty.tar life-of-brian_1979/
```
If you want to extract a tar archive into the current directory, use the [`-e`](#cmdoption-tarfile-e) option:
```
$ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar
```
You can also extract a tar archive into a different directory by passing the directory's name:
```
$ python -m tarfile -e monty.tar other-dir/
```
For a list of the files in a tar archive, use the [`-l`](#cmdoption-tarfile-l) option:
```
$ python -m tarfile -l monty.tar
```
### 命令行选项
`-l`` <tarfile>``--list`` <tarfile>`List files in a tarfile.
`-c`` <tarfile> <source1> ... <sourceN>``--create`` <tarfile> <source1> ... <sourceN>`Create tarfile from source files.
`-e`` <tarfile> [<output_dir>]``--extract`` <tarfile> [<output_dir>]`Extract tarfile into the current directory if *output\_dir* is not specified.
`-t`` <tarfile>``--test`` <tarfile>`Test whether the tarfile is valid or not.
`-v````, ``--verbose```Verbose output.
## 示例
How to extract an entire tar archive to the current working directory:
```
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
tar.extractall()
tar.close()
```
How to extract a subset of a tar archive with [`TarFile.extractall()`](#tarfile.TarFile.extractall "tarfile.TarFile.extractall") using a generator function instead of a list:
```
import os
import tarfile
def py_files(members):
for tarinfo in members:
if os.path.splitext(tarinfo.name)[1] == ".py":
yield tarinfo
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz")
tar.extractall(members=py_files(tar))
tar.close()
```
How to create an uncompressed tar archive from a list of filenames:
```
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w")
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
tar.add(name)
tar.close()
```
The same example using the [`with`](../reference/compound_stmts.xhtml#with) statement:
```
import tarfile
with tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w") as tar:
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
tar.add(name)
```
How to read a gzip compressed tar archive and display some member information:
```
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "r:gz")
for tarinfo in tar:
print(tarinfo.name, "is", tarinfo.size, "bytes in size and is", end="")
if tarinfo.isreg():
print("a regular file.")
elif tarinfo.isdir():
print("a directory.")
else:
print("something else.")
tar.close()
```
How to create an archive and reset the user information using the *filter*parameter in [`TarFile.add()`](#tarfile.TarFile.add "tarfile.TarFile.add"):
```
import tarfile
def reset(tarinfo):
tarinfo.uid = tarinfo.gid = 0
tarinfo.uname = tarinfo.gname = "root"
return tarinfo
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "w:gz")
tar.add("foo", filter=reset)
tar.close()
```
## Supported tar formats
There are three tar formats that can be created with the [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") module:
- The POSIX.1-1988 ustar format ([`USTAR_FORMAT`](#tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT "tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT")). It supports filenames up to a length of at best 256 characters and linknames up to 100 characters. The maximum file size is 8 GiB. This is an old and limited but widely supported format.
- The GNU tar format ([`GNU_FORMAT`](#tarfile.GNU_FORMAT "tarfile.GNU_FORMAT")). It supports long filenames and linknames, files bigger than 8 GiB and sparse files. It is the de facto standard on GNU/Linux systems. [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") fully supports the GNU tar extensions for long names, sparse file support is read-only.
- The POSIX.1-2001 pax format ([`PAX_FORMAT`](#tarfile.PAX_FORMAT "tarfile.PAX_FORMAT")). It is the most flexible format with virtually no limits. It supports long filenames and linknames, large files and stores pathnames in a portable way. However, not all tar implementations today are able to handle pax archives properly.
The *pax* format is an extension to the existing *ustar* format. It uses extra headers for information that cannot be stored otherwise. There are two flavours of pax headers: Extended headers only affect the subsequent file header, global headers are valid for the complete archive and affect all following files. All the data in a pax header is encoded in *UTF-8* for portability reasons.
There are some more variants of the tar format which can be read, but not created:
- The ancient V7 format. This is the first tar format from Unix Seventh Edition, storing only regular files and directories. Names must not be longer than 100 characters, there is no user/group name information. Some archives have miscalculated header checksums in case of fields with non-ASCII characters.
- The SunOS tar extended format. This format is a variant of the POSIX.1-2001 pax format, but is not compatible.
## Unicode issues
The tar format was originally conceived to make backups on tape drives with the main focus on preserving file system information. Nowadays tar archives are commonly used for file distribution and exchanging archives over networks. One problem of the original format (which is the basis of all other formats) is that there is no concept of supporting different character encodings. For example, an ordinary tar archive created on a *UTF-8* system cannot be read correctly on a *Latin-1* system if it contains non-*ASCII* characters. Textual metadata (like filenames, linknames, user/group names) will appear damaged. Unfortunately, there is no way to autodetect the encoding of an archive. The pax format was designed to solve this problem. It stores non-ASCII metadata using the universal character encoding *UTF-8*.
The details of character conversion in [`tarfile`](#module-tarfile "tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files.") are controlled by the *encoding* and *errors* keyword arguments of the [`TarFile`](#tarfile.TarFile "tarfile.TarFile") class.
*encoding* defines the character encoding to use for the metadata in the archive. The default value is [`sys.getfilesystemencoding()`](sys.xhtml#sys.getfilesystemencoding "sys.getfilesystemencoding") or `'ascii'`as a fallback. Depending on whether the archive is read or written, the metadata must be either decoded or encoded. If *encoding* is not set appropriately, this conversion may fail.
The *errors* argument defines how characters are treated that cannot be converted. Possible values are listed in section [Error Handlers](codecs.xhtml#error-handlers). The default scheme is `'surrogateescape'` which Python also uses for its file system calls, see [文件名，命令行参数，以及环境变量。](os.xhtml#os-filenames).
In case of [`PAX_FORMAT`](#tarfile.PAX_FORMAT "tarfile.PAX_FORMAT") archives, *encoding* is generally not needed because all the metadata is stored using *UTF-8*. *encoding* is only used in the rare cases when binary pax headers are decoded or when strings with surrogate characters are stored.
### 导航
- [索引](../genindex.xhtml "总目录")
- [模块](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模块索引") |
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- 文本处理服务
- string — 常见的字符串操作
- re — 正则表达式操作
- 模块 difflib 是一个计算差异的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 数据库
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函数
- 二进制数据服务
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 数据类型
- datetime — 基础日期/时间数据类型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器数据类型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基类
- heapq — 堆队列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作
- pprint — 数据美化输出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 数字和数学模块
- numbers — 数字的抽象基类
- math — 数学函数
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十进制定点和浮点运算
- fractions — 分数
- random — 生成伪随机数
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函数式编程模块
- itertools — 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
- functools — 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
- operator — 标准运算符替代函数
- 文件和目录访问
- pathlib — 面向对象的文件系统路径
- os.path — 常见路径操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
- pickle —— Python 对象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- zlib — 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
- gzip — 对 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法压缩
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 归档中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件读写
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服务
- hashlib — 安全哈希与消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密钥的消息验证
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系统服务
- os — 操作系统接口模块
- io — 处理流的核心工具
- time — 时间的访问和转换
- argparse — 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模块 logging — Python 的日志记录工具
- logging.config — 日志记录配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便携式密码输入工具
- curses — 终端字符单元显示的处理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函数库
- 并发执行
- threading — 基于线程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于进程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
- subprocess — 子进程管理
- sched — 事件调度器
- queue — 一个同步的队列类
- _thread — 底层多线程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模块
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模块。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 网络和进程间通信
- asyncio — 异步 I/O
- socket — 底层网络接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高级 I/O 复用库
- asyncore — 异步socket处理器
- asynchat — 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
- email — 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
- json — JSON 编码和解码器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
- binhex — 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
- binascii — 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
- html — 超文本标记语言支持
- html.parser — 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般实体的定义
- XML处理模块
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 处理模块
- urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模块
- http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服务器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 读写 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 读写WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推测图像类型
- sndhdr — 推测声音文件的类型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 国际化
- gettext — 多语种国际化服务
- locale — 国际化服务
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龟绘图
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解释器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滚动文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
- typing — 类型标注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 单元测试框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 测量小代码片段的执行时间
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 软件打包和分发
- distutils — 构建和安装 Python 模块
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 创建虚拟环境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python运行时服务
- sys — 系统相关的参数和函数
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 内建对象
- main — 顶层脚本环境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 数据类
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基类
- atexit — 退出处理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 语句定义
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 检查对象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 导入模块
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找脚本使用的模块
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 语言服务
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象语法树
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
- token — 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
- keyword — 检验Python关键字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊缩进检测
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字节码反汇编器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系统相关模块
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注册表访问
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 专有服务
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用户密码数据库
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 终端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 平台特定模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 推荐的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具创建扩展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
- 自定义扩展类型：教程
- 定义扩展类型：已分类主题
- 构建C/C++扩展
- 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展
- 在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 代码标准
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 对象、类型和引用计数
- 异常
- 嵌入Python
- 调试构建
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- Printing and clearing
- 抛出异常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 标准异常
- 标准警告类别
- 工具
- 操作系统实用程序
- 系统功能
- 过程控制
- 导入模块
- Data marshalling support
- 语句解释及变量编译
- 字符串转换与格式化
- 反射
- 编解码器注册与支持功能
- 抽象对象层
- Object Protocol
- 数字协议
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器协议
- 缓冲协议
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具体的对象层
- 基本对象
- 数值对象
- 序列对象
- 容器对象
- 函数对象
- 其他对象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置变量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 概述
- 原始内存接口
- Memory Interface
- 对象分配器
- 默认内存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 对象实现支持
- 在堆中分配对象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 对象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 开源许可与协作
- 安装工具
- 阅读指南
- 我该如何...？
- ...为我的项目选择一个名字？
- ...创建和分发二进制扩展？
- 安装 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 基本使用
- 我应如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安装 pip ？
- ... 只为当前用户安装软件包？
- ... 安装科学计算类 Python 软件包？
- ... 使用并行安装的多个 Python 版本？
- 常见的安装问题
- 在 Linux 的系统 Python 版本上安装
- 未安装 pip
- 安装二进制编译扩展
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- 条件编译
- 对象API的更改
- 模块初始化和状态
- CObject 替换为 Capsule
- 其他选项
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 实现描述器
- 摘要
- 定义和简介
- 描述器协议
- 发起调用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函数和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函数式编程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表达式和列表推导式
- 生成器
- 内置函数
- itertools 模块
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文献
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基础教程
- 进阶日志教程
- 日志级别
- 有用的处理程序
- 记录日志中引发的异常
- 使用任意对象作为消息
- 优化
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 概述
- 简单模式
- 使用正则表达式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常见问题
- 反馈
- 套接字编程指南
- 套接字
- 创建套接字
- 使用一个套接字
- 断开连接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 关键函数
- Operator 模块函数
- 升序和降序
- 排序稳定性和排序复杂度
- 使用装饰-排序-去装饰的旧方法
- 使用 cmp 参数的旧方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 处理异常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 脚注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基础
- 位置参数介绍
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模块介绍
- 创建 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- 审查 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- Network 作为 Address 列表
- 比较
- 将IP地址与其他模块一起使用
- 实例创建失败时获取更多详细信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 一般信息
- 现实世界中的 Python
- 编程常见问题
- 一般问题
- 核心语言
- 数字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元组/列表）
- 对象
- 模块
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代码库问题
- 通用任务
- 线程相关
- 输入输出
- 网络 / Internet 编程
- 数据库
- 数学和数字
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 我怎样在Windows下运行一个Python程序？
- 我怎么让 Python 脚本可执行？
- 为什么有时候 Python 程序会启动缓慢？
- 我怎样使用Python脚本制作可执行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同吗？
- 我怎样将Python嵌入一个Windows程序？
- 如何让编辑器不要在我的 Python 源代码中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情况下检查按键？
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- 图形界面常见问题
- Python 是否有平台无关的图形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某个平台专用的？
- 有关Tkinter的问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？
- 我能删除 Python 吗？
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- Python 文档贡献者
- 解决 Bug
- 文档错误
- 使用 Python 的错误追踪系统
- 开始为 Python 贡献您的知识
- 版权
- 历史和许可证
- 软件历史
- 访问Python或以其他方式使用Python的条款和条件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 许可协议
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 许可协议
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 许可协议
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 许可协议
- 集成软件的许可和认可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec