### 导航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "总目录") - [模块](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模块索引") | - [下一页](hmac.xhtml "hmac --- 基于密钥的消息验证") | - [上一页](crypto.xhtml "加密服务") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) » - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文档](../index.xhtml) » - [Python 标准库](index.xhtml) » - [加密服务](crypto.xhtml) » - $('.inline-search').show(0); | # [`hashlib`](#module-hashlib "hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms.") --- 安全哈希与消息摘要 **Source code:** [Lib/hashlib.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/hashlib.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/hashlib.py\] - - - - - - This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and message digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA's MD5 algorithm (defined in Internet [**RFC 1321**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321.html\]). The terms "secure hash" and "message digest" are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. The modern term is secure hash. 注解 如果你想找到 adler32 或 crc32 哈希函数，它们在 [`zlib`](zlib.xhtml#module-zlib "zlib: Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.") 模块中。 警告 有些算法已知存在哈希碰撞弱点，请参考最后的“另请参阅”段。 ## 哈希算法 There is one constructor method named for each type of *hash*. All return a hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use `sha256()` to create a SHA-256 hash object. You can now feed this object with [bytes-like objects](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object) (normally [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")) using the `update()` method. At any point you can ask it for the *digest* of the concatenation of the data fed to it so far using the `digest()` or `hexdigest()` methods. 注解 For better multithreading performance, the Python [GIL](../glossary.xhtml#term-gil) is released for data larger than 2047 bytes at object creation or on update. 注解 Feeding string objects into `update()` is not supported, as hashes work on bytes, not on characters. Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are `sha1()`, `sha224()`, `sha256()`, `sha384()`, `sha512()`, [`blake2b()`](#hashlib.blake2b "hashlib.blake2b"), and [`blake2s()`](#hashlib.blake2s "hashlib.blake2s"). `md5()` is normally available as well, though it may be missing if you are using a rare "FIPS compliant" build of Python. Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the OpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform. On most platforms the `sha3_224()`, `sha3_256()`, `sha3_384()`, `sha3_512()`, `shake_128()`, `shake_256()` are also available. 3\.6 新版功能: SHA3 (Keccak) and SHAKE constructors `sha3_224()`, `sha3_256()`, `sha3_384()`, `sha3_512()`, `shake_128()`, `shake_256()`. 3\.6 新版功能: 添加了 [`blake2b()`](#hashlib.blake2b "hashlib.blake2b") 和 [`blake2s()`](#hashlib.blake2s "hashlib.blake2s") 。 For example, to obtain the digest of the byte string ``` b'Nobody inspects the spammish repetition' ``` : ``` >>> import hashlib >>> m = hashlib.sha256() >>> m.update(b"Nobody inspects") >>> m.update(b" the spammish repetition") >>> m.digest() b'\x03\x1e\xdd}Ae\x15\x93\xc5\xfe\\\x00o\xa5u+7\xfd\xdf\xf7\xbcN\x84:\xa6\xaf\x0c\x95\x0fK\x94\x06' >>> m.digest_size 32 >>> m.block_size 64 ``` More condensed: ``` >>> hashlib.sha224(b"Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").hexdigest() 'a4337bc45a8fc544c03f52dc550cd6e1e87021bc896588bd79e901e2' ``` `hashlib.``new`(*name*\[, *data*\])Is a generic constructor that takes the string *name* of the desired algorithm as its first parameter. It also exists to allow access to the above listed hashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. The named constructors are much faster than [`new()`](#hashlib.new "hashlib.new")and should be preferred. Using [`new()`](#hashlib.new "hashlib.new") with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL: ``` >>> h = hashlib.new('ripemd160') >>> h.update(b"Nobody inspects the spammish repetition") >>> h.hexdigest() 'cc4a5ce1b3df48aec5d22d1f16b894a0b894eccc' ``` Hashlib 提供下列常量属性： `hashlib.``algorithms_guaranteed`A set containing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module on all platforms. Note that 'md5' is in this list despite some upstream vendors offering an odd "FIPS compliant" Python build that excludes it. 3\.2 新版功能. `hashlib.``algorithms_available`A set containing the names of the hash algorithms that are available in the running Python interpreter. These names will be recognized when passed to [`new()`](#hashlib.new "hashlib.new"). [`algorithms_guaranteed`](#hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed "hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed") will always be a subset. The same algorithm may appear multiple times in this set under different names (thanks to OpenSSL). 3\.2 新版功能. The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objects returned by the constructors: `hash.``digest_size`The size of the resulting hash in bytes. `hash.``block_size`The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes. A hash object has the following attributes: `hash.``name`The canonical name of this hash, always lowercase and always suitable as a parameter to [`new()`](#hashlib.new "hashlib.new") to create another hash of this type. 在 3.4 版更改: The name attribute has been present in CPython since its inception, but until Python 3.4 was not formally specified, so may not exist on some platforms. A hash object has the following methods: `hash.``update`(*data*)Update the hash object with the [bytes-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object). Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: `m.update(a); m.update(b)` is equivalent to `m.update(a+b)`. 在 3.1 版更改: The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run while hash updates on data larger than 2047 bytes is taking place when using hash algorithms supplied by OpenSSL. `hash.``digest`()Return the digest of the data passed to the [`update()`](#hashlib.hash.update "hashlib.hash.update") method so far. This is a bytes object of size [`digest_size`](#hashlib.hash.digest_size "hashlib.hash.digest_size") which may contain bytes in the whole range from 0 to 255. `hash.``hexdigest`()Like [`digest()`](#hashlib.hash.digest "hashlib.hash.digest") except the digest is returned as a string object of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments. `hash.``copy`()Return a copy ("clone") of the hash object. This can be used to efficiently compute the digests of data sharing a common initial substring. ## SHAKE variable length digests The `shake_128()` and `shake_256()` algorithms provide variable length digests with length\_in\_bits//2 up to 128 or 256 bits of security. As such, their digest methods require a length. Maximum length is not limited by the SHAKE algorithm. `shake.``digest`(*length*)Return the digest of the data passed to the `update()` method so far. This is a bytes object of size *length* which may contain bytes in the whole range from 0 to 255. `shake.``hexdigest`(*length*)Like [`digest()`](#hashlib.shake.digest "hashlib.shake.digest") except the digest is returned as a string object of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments. ## Key derivation Key derivation and key stretching algorithms are designed for secure password hashing. Naive algorithms such as `sha1(password)` are not resistant against brute-force attacks. A good password hashing function must be tunable, slow, and include a [salt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28cryptography%29) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt\_%28cryptography%29\]. `hashlib.``pbkdf2_hmac`(*hash\_name*, *password*, *salt*, *iterations*, *dklen=None*)The function provides PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. It uses HMAC as pseudorandom function. The string *hash\_name* is the desired name of the hash digest algorithm for HMAC, e.g. 'sha1' or 'sha256'. *password* and *salt* are interpreted as buffers of bytes. Applications and libraries should limit *password* to a sensible length (e.g. 1024). *salt* should be about 16 or more bytes from a proper source, e.g. [`os.urandom()`](os.xhtml#os.urandom "os.urandom"). The number of *iterations* should be chosen based on the hash algorithm and computing power. As of 2013, at least 100,000 iterations of SHA-256 are suggested. *dklen* is the length of the derived key. If *dklen* is `None` then the digest size of the hash algorithm *hash\_name* is used, e.g. 64 for SHA-512. ``` >>> import hashlib, binascii >>> dk = hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', b'password', b'salt', 100000) >>> binascii.hexlify(dk) b'0394a2ede332c9a13eb82e9b24631604c31df978b4e2f0fbd2c549944f9d79a5' ``` 3\.4 新版功能. 注解 A fast implementation of *pbkdf2\_hmac* is available with OpenSSL. The Python implementation uses an inline version of [`hmac`](hmac.xhtml#module-hmac "hmac: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation"). It is about three times slower and doesn't release the GIL. `hashlib.``scrypt`(*password*, *\**, *salt*, *n*, *r*, *p*, *maxmem=0*, *dklen=64*)The function provides scrypt password-based key derivation function as defined in [**RFC 7914**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7914.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7914.html\]. *password* and *salt* must be [bytes-like objects](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object). Applications and libraries should limit *password*to a sensible length (e.g. 1024). *salt* should be about 16 or more bytes from a proper source, e.g. [`os.urandom()`](os.xhtml#os.urandom "os.urandom"). *n* is the CPU/Memory cost factor, *r* the block size, *p* parallelization factor and *maxmem* limits memory (OpenSSL 1.1.0 defaults to 32 MiB). *dklen* is the length of the derived key. [Availability](intro.xhtml#availability): OpenSSL 1.1+. 3\.6 新版功能. ## BLAKE2 [BLAKE2](https://blake2.net) \[https://blake2.net\] is a cryptographic hash function defined in [**RFC 7693**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7693.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7693.html\] that comes in two flavors: - **BLAKE2b**, optimized for 64-bit platforms and produces digests of any size between 1 and 64 bytes, - **BLAKE2s**, optimized for 8- to 32-bit platforms and produces digests of any size between 1 and 32 bytes. BLAKE2 supports **keyed mode** (a faster and simpler replacement for [HMAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based\_message\_authentication\_code\]), **salted hashing**, **personalization**, and **tree hashing**. Hash objects from this module follow the API of standard library's [`hashlib`](#module-hashlib "hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms.") objects. ### Creating hash objects New hash objects are created by calling constructor functions: `hashlib.``blake2b`(*data=b''*, *\**, *digest\_size=64*, *key=b''*, *salt=b''*, *person=b''*, *fanout=1*, *depth=1*, *leaf\_size=0*, *node\_offset=0*, *node\_depth=0*, *inner\_size=0*, *last\_node=False*)`hashlib.``blake2s`(*data=b''*, *\**, *digest\_size=32*, *key=b''*, *salt=b''*, *person=b''*, *fanout=1*, *depth=1*, *leaf\_size=0*, *node\_offset=0*, *node\_depth=0*, *inner\_size=0*, *last\_node=False*)These functions return the corresponding hash objects for calculating BLAKE2b or BLAKE2s. They optionally take these general parameters: - *data*: initial chunk of data to hash, which must be [bytes-like object](../glossary.xhtml#term-bytes-like-object). It can be passed only as positional argument. - *digest\_size*: size of output digest in bytes. - *key*: key for keyed hashing (up to 64 bytes for BLAKE2b, up to 32 bytes for BLAKE2s). - *salt*: salt for randomized hashing (up to 16 bytes for BLAKE2b, up to 8 bytes for BLAKE2s). - *person*: personalization string (up to 16 bytes for BLAKE2b, up to 8 bytes for BLAKE2s). The following table shows limits for general parameters (in bytes): Hash digest\_size len(key) len(salt) len(person) BLAKE2b 64 64 16 16 BLAKE2s 32 32 8 8 注解 BLAKE2 specification defines constant lengths for salt and personalization parameters, however, for convenience, this implementation accepts byte strings of any size up to the specified length. If the length of the parameter is less than specified, it is padded with zeros, thus, for example, `b'salt'` and `b'salt\x00'` is the same value. (This is not the case for *key*.) These sizes are available as module [constants](#constants) described below. Constructor functions also accept the following tree hashing parameters: - *fanout*: fanout (0 to 255, 0 if unlimited, 1 in sequential mode). - *depth*: maximal depth of tree (1 to 255, 255 if unlimited, 1 in sequential mode). - *leaf\_size*: maximal byte length of leaf (0 to 2\*\*32-1, 0 if unlimited or in sequential mode). - *node\_offset*: node offset (0 to 2\*\*64-1 for BLAKE2b, 0 to 2\*\*48-1 for BLAKE2s, 0 for the first, leftmost, leaf, or in sequential mode). - *node\_depth*: node depth (0 to 255, 0 for leaves, or in sequential mode). - *inner\_size*: inner digest size (0 to 64 for BLAKE2b, 0 to 32 for BLAKE2s, 0 in sequential mode). - *last\_node*: boolean indicating whether the processed node is the last one (False for sequential mode).  See section 2.10 in [BLAKE2 specification](https://blake2.net/blake2_20130129.pdf) \[https://blake2.net/blake2\_20130129.pdf\] for comprehensive review of tree hashing. ### 常数 `blake2b.``SALT_SIZE``blake2s.``SALT_SIZE`Salt length (maximum length accepted by constructors). `blake2b.``PERSON_SIZE``blake2s.``PERSON_SIZE`Personalization string length (maximum length accepted by constructors). `blake2b.``MAX_KEY_SIZE``blake2s.``MAX_KEY_SIZE`Maximum key size. `blake2b.``MAX_DIGEST_SIZE``blake2s.``MAX_DIGEST_SIZE`Maximum digest size that the hash function can output. ### 示例 #### Simple hashing To calculate hash of some data, you should first construct a hash object by calling the appropriate constructor function ([`blake2b()`](#hashlib.blake2b "hashlib.blake2b") or [`blake2s()`](#hashlib.blake2s "hashlib.blake2s")), then update it with the data by calling `update()` on the object, and, finally, get the digest out of the object by calling `digest()` (or `hexdigest()` for hex-encoded string). ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> h = blake2b() >>> h.update(b'Hello world') >>> h.hexdigest() '6ff843ba685842aa82031d3f53c48b66326df7639a63d128974c5c14f31a0f33343a8c65551134ed1ae0f2b0dd2bb495dc81039e3eeb0aa1bb0388bbeac29183' ``` As a shortcut, you can pass the first chunk of data to update directly to the constructor as the positional argument: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> blake2b(b'Hello world').hexdigest() '6ff843ba685842aa82031d3f53c48b66326df7639a63d128974c5c14f31a0f33343a8c65551134ed1ae0f2b0dd2bb495dc81039e3eeb0aa1bb0388bbeac29183' ``` You can call [`hash.update()`](#hashlib.hash.update "hashlib.hash.update") as many times as you need to iteratively update the hash: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> items = [b'Hello', b' ', b'world'] >>> h = blake2b() >>> for item in items: ... h.update(item) >>> h.hexdigest() '6ff843ba685842aa82031d3f53c48b66326df7639a63d128974c5c14f31a0f33343a8c65551134ed1ae0f2b0dd2bb495dc81039e3eeb0aa1bb0388bbeac29183' ``` #### Using different digest sizes BLAKE2 has configurable size of digests up to 64 bytes for BLAKE2b and up to 32 bytes for BLAKE2s. For example, to replace SHA-1 with BLAKE2b without changing the size of output, we can tell BLAKE2b to produce 20-byte digests: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> h = blake2b(digest_size=20) >>> h.update(b'Replacing SHA1 with the more secure function') >>> h.hexdigest() 'd24f26cf8de66472d58d4e1b1774b4c9158b1f4c' >>> h.digest_size 20 >>> len(h.digest()) 20 ``` Hash objects with different digest sizes have completely different outputs (shorter hashes are *not* prefixes of longer hashes); BLAKE2b and BLAKE2s produce different outputs even if the output length is the same: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b, blake2s >>> blake2b(digest_size=10).hexdigest() '6fa1d8fcfd719046d762' >>> blake2b(digest_size=11).hexdigest() 'eb6ec15daf9546254f0809' >>> blake2s(digest_size=10).hexdigest() '1bf21a98c78a1c376ae9' >>> blake2s(digest_size=11).hexdigest() '567004bf96e4a25773ebf4' ``` #### Keyed hashing Keyed hashing can be used for authentication as a faster and simpler replacement for [Hash-based message authentication code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based\_message\_authentication\_code\] (HMAC). BLAKE2 can be securely used in prefix-MAC mode thanks to the indifferentiability property inherited from BLAKE. This example shows how to get a (hex-encoded) 128-bit authentication code for message `b'message data'` with key `b'pseudorandom key'`: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> h = blake2b(key=b'pseudorandom key', digest_size=16) >>> h.update(b'message data') >>> h.hexdigest() '3d363ff7401e02026f4a4687d4863ced' ``` As a practical example, a web application can symmetrically sign cookies sent to users and later verify them to make sure they weren't tampered with: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> from hmac import compare_digest >>> >>> SECRET_KEY = b'pseudorandomly generated server secret key' >>> AUTH_SIZE = 16 >>> >>> def sign(cookie): ... h = blake2b(digest_size=AUTH_SIZE, key=SECRET_KEY) ... h.update(cookie) ... return h.hexdigest().encode('utf-8') >>> >>> def verify(cookie, sig): ... good_sig = sign(cookie) ... return compare_digest(good_sig, sig) >>> >>> cookie = b'user-alice' >>> sig = sign(cookie) >>> print("{0},{1}".format(cookie.decode('utf-8'), sig)) user-alice,b'43b3c982cf697e0c5ab22172d1ca7421' >>> verify(cookie, sig) True >>> verify(b'user-bob', sig) False >>> verify(cookie, b'0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f00') False ``` Even though there's a native keyed hashing mode, BLAKE2 can, of course, be used in HMAC construction with [`hmac`](hmac.xhtml#module-hmac "hmac: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation") module: ``` >>> import hmac, hashlib >>> m = hmac.new(b'secret key', digestmod=hashlib.blake2s) >>> m.update(b'message') >>> m.hexdigest() 'e3c8102868d28b5ff85fc35dda07329970d1a01e273c37481326fe0c861c8142' ``` #### Randomized hashing By setting *salt* parameter users can introduce randomization to the hash function. Randomized hashing is useful for protecting against collision attacks on the hash function used in digital signatures. > Randomized hashing is designed for situations where one party, the message preparer, generates all or part of a message to be signed by a second party, the message signer. If the message preparer is able to find cryptographic hash function collisions (i.e., two messages producing the same hash value), then they might prepare meaningful versions of the message that would produce the same hash value and digital signature, but with different results (e.g., transferring $1,000,000 to an account, rather than $10). Cryptographic hash functions have been designed with collision resistance as a major goal, but the current concentration on attacking cryptographic hash functions may result in a given cryptographic hash function providing less collision resistance than expected. Randomized hashing offers the signer additional protection by reducing the likelihood that a preparer can generate two or more messages that ultimately yield the same hash value during the digital signature generation process --- even if it is practical to find collisions for the hash function. However, the use of randomized hashing may reduce the amount of security provided by a digital signature when all portions of the message are prepared by the signer. > > ([NIST SP-800-106 "Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures"](https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-106/final) \[https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-106/final\]) In BLAKE2 the salt is processed as a one-time input to the hash function during initialization, rather than as an input to each compression function. 警告 *Salted hashing* (or just hashing) with BLAKE2 or any other general-purpose cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-256, is not suitable for hashing passwords. See [BLAKE2 FAQ](https://blake2.net/#qa) \[https://blake2.net/#qa\] for more information. ``` >>> import os >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> msg = b'some message' >>> # Calculate the first hash with a random salt. >>> salt1 = os.urandom(blake2b.SALT_SIZE) >>> h1 = blake2b(salt=salt1) >>> h1.update(msg) >>> # Calculate the second hash with a different random salt. >>> salt2 = os.urandom(blake2b.SALT_SIZE) >>> h2 = blake2b(salt=salt2) >>> h2.update(msg) >>> # The digests are different. >>> h1.digest() != h2.digest() True ``` #### Personalization Sometimes it is useful to force hash function to produce different digests for the same input for different purposes. Quoting the authors of the Skein hash function: > We recommend that all application designers seriously consider doing this; we have seen many protocols where a hash that is computed in one part of the protocol can be used in an entirely different part because two hash computations were done on similar or related data, and the attacker can force the application to make the hash inputs the same. Personalizing each hash function used in the protocol summarily stops this type of attack. > > ([The Skein Hash Function Family](http://www.skein-hash.info/sites/default/files/skein1.3.pdf) \[http://www.skein-hash.info/sites/default/files/skein1.3.pdf\], p. 21) BLAKE2 can be personalized by passing bytes to the *person* argument: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> FILES_HASH_PERSON = b'MyApp Files Hash' >>> BLOCK_HASH_PERSON = b'MyApp Block Hash' >>> h = blake2b(digest_size=32, person=FILES_HASH_PERSON) >>> h.update(b'the same content') >>> h.hexdigest() '20d9cd024d4fb086aae819a1432dd2466de12947831b75c5a30cf2676095d3b4' >>> h = blake2b(digest_size=32, person=BLOCK_HASH_PERSON) >>> h.update(b'the same content') >>> h.hexdigest() 'cf68fb5761b9c44e7878bfb2c4c9aea52264a80b75005e65619778de59f383a3' ``` Personalization together with the keyed mode can also be used to derive different keys from a single one. ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2s >>> from base64 import b64decode, b64encode >>> orig_key = b64decode(b'Rm5EPJai72qcK3RGBpW3vPNfZy5OZothY+kHY6h21KM=') >>> enc_key = blake2s(key=orig_key, person=b'kEncrypt').digest() >>> mac_key = blake2s(key=orig_key, person=b'kMAC').digest() >>> print(b64encode(enc_key).decode('utf-8')) rbPb15S/Z9t+agffno5wuhB77VbRi6F9Iv2qIxU7WHw= >>> print(b64encode(mac_key).decode('utf-8')) G9GtHFE1YluXY1zWPlYk1e/nWfu0WSEb0KRcjhDeP/o= ``` #### Tree mode Here's an example of hashing a minimal tree with two leaf nodes: ``` 10 / \ 00 01 ``` This example uses 64-byte internal digests, and returns the 32-byte final digest: ``` >>> from hashlib import blake2b >>> >>> FANOUT = 2 >>> DEPTH = 2 >>> LEAF_SIZE = 4096 >>> INNER_SIZE = 64 >>> >>> buf = bytearray(6000) >>> >>> # Left leaf ... h00 = blake2b(buf[0:LEAF_SIZE], fanout=FANOUT, depth=DEPTH, ... leaf_size=LEAF_SIZE, inner_size=INNER_SIZE, ... node_offset=0, node_depth=0, last_node=False) >>> # Right leaf ... h01 = blake2b(buf[LEAF_SIZE:], fanout=FANOUT, depth=DEPTH, ... leaf_size=LEAF_SIZE, inner_size=INNER_SIZE, ... node_offset=1, node_depth=0, last_node=True) >>> # Root node ... h10 = blake2b(digest_size=32, fanout=FANOUT, depth=DEPTH, ... leaf_size=LEAF_SIZE, inner_size=INNER_SIZE, ... node_offset=0, node_depth=1, last_node=True) >>> h10.update(h00.digest()) >>> h10.update(h01.digest()) >>> h10.hexdigest() '3ad2a9b37c6070e374c7a8c508fe20ca86b6ed54e286e93a0318e95e881db5aa' ``` ### Credits [BLAKE2](https://blake2.net) \[https://blake2.net\] was designed by *Jean-Philippe Aumasson*, *Samuel Neves*, *Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn*, and *Christian Winnerlein* based on [SHA-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition) \[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST\_hash\_function\_competition\] finalist [BLAKE](https://131002.net/blake/) \[https://131002.net/blake/\]created by *Jean-Philippe Aumasson*, *Luca Henzen*, *Willi Meier*, and *Raphael C.-W. Phan*. It uses core algorithm from [ChaCha](https://cr.yp.to/chacha.html) \[https://cr.yp.to/chacha.html\] cipher designed by *Daniel J. Bernstein*. The stdlib implementation is based on [pyblake2](https://pythonhosted.org/pyblake2/) \[https://pythonhosted.org/pyblake2/\] module. It was written by *Dmitry Chestnykh* based on C implementation written by *Samuel Neves*. The documentation was copied from [pyblake2](https://pythonhosted.org/pyblake2/) \[https://pythonhosted.org/pyblake2/\] and written by *Dmitry Chestnykh*. The C code was partly rewritten for Python by *Christian Heimes*. The following public domain dedication applies for both C hash function implementation, extension code, and this documentation: > To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty. > > You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along with this software. If not, see <https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>. The following people have helped with development or contributed their changes to the project and the public domain according to the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication 1.0 Universal: - *Alexandr Sokolovskiy* 参见 Module [`hmac`](hmac.xhtml#module-hmac "hmac: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation")A module to generate message authentication codes using hashes. 模块 [`base64`](base64.xhtml#module-base64 "base64: RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85")Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments. <https://blake2.net>Official BLAKE2 website. <https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/fips/180/2/archive/2002-08-01/documents/fips180-2.pdf>The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic\_hash\_function#Cryptographic\_hash\_algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms)Wikipedia article with information on which algorithms have known issues and what that means regarding their use. <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt>PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0 ### 导航 - [索引](../genindex.xhtml "总目录") - [模块](../py-modindex.xhtml "Python 模块索引") | - [下一页](hmac.xhtml "hmac --- 基于密钥的消息验证") | - [上一页](crypto.xhtml "加密服务") | -  - [Python](https://www.python.org/) » - zh\_CN 3.7.3 [文档](../index.xhtml) » - [Python 标准库](index.xhtml) » - [加密服务](crypto.xhtml) » - $('.inline-search').show(0); | © [版权所有](../copyright.xhtml) 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation. Python 软件基金会是一个非盈利组织。 [请捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/) 最后更新于 5月 21, 2019. [发现了问题](../bugs.xhtml)？ 使用[Sphinx](http://sphinx.pocoo.org/)1.8.4 创建。