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# [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") --- 终端字符单元显示的处理
- - - - - -
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模块提供了 curses 库的接口，这是可移植高级终端处理的事实标准。
虽然 curses 在 Unix 环境中使用最为广泛，但也有适用于 Windows，DOS 以及其他可能的系统的版本。此扩展模块旨在匹配 ncurses 的 API，这是一个部署在 Linux 和 Unix 的 BSD 变体上的开源 curses 库。
注解
每当文档提到 **字符** 时，它可以被指定为一个整数，一个单字符 Unicode 字符串或者一个单字节的字节字符串。
每当此文档提到 **字符串** 时，它可以被指定为一个 Unicode 字符串或者一个字节字符串。
注解
从 5.4 版本开始，ncurses 库使用 `nl_langinfo` 函数来决定如何解释非 ASCII 数据。这意味着你需要在程序中调用 [`locale.setlocale()`](locale.xhtml#locale.setlocale "locale.setlocale") 函数，并使用一种系统中可用的编码方法来编码 Unicode 字符串。这个例子使用了系统默认的编码:
```
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
code = locale.getpreferredencoding()
```
然后使用 *code* 作为 [`str.encode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str.encode "str.encode") 调用的编码。
参见
模块 [`curses.ascii`](curses.ascii.xhtml#module-curses.ascii "curses.ascii: Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.")在 ASCII 字符上工作的工具，无论你的区域设置是什么。
模块 [`curses.panel`](curses.panel.xhtml#module-curses.panel "curses.panel: A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.")A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
Module [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.")Editable text widget for curses supporting **Emacs**-like bindings.
[Curses Programming with Python](../howto/curses.xhtml#curses-howto)Tutorial material on using curses with Python, by Andrew Kuchling and Eric Raymond.
The [Tools/demo/](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Tools/demo/) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Tools/demo/\] directory in the Python source distribution contains some example programs using the curses bindings provided by this module.
## 函数
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模块定义了以下异常：
*exception* `curses.``error`当 curses 库中函数返回一个错误时引发的异常。
注解
Whenever *x* or *y* arguments to a function or a method are optional, they default to the current cursor location. Whenever *attr* is optional, it defaults to `A_NORMAL`.
[`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") 模块定义了以下函数：
`curses.``baudrate`()Return the output speed of the terminal in bits per second. On software terminal emulators it will have a fixed high value. Included for historical reasons; in former times, it was used to write output loops for time delays and occasionally to change interfaces depending on the line speed.
`curses.``beep`()Emit a short attention sound.
`curses.``can_change_color`()Return `True` or `False`, depending on whether the programmer can change the colors displayed by the terminal.
`curses.``cbreak`()Enter cbreak mode. In cbreak mode (sometimes called "rare" mode) normal tty line buffering is turned off and characters are available to be read one by one. However, unlike raw mode, special characters (interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control) retain their effects on the tty driver and calling program. Calling first [`raw()`](#curses.raw "curses.raw") then [`cbreak()`](#curses.cbreak "curses.cbreak") leaves the terminal in cbreak mode.
`curses.``color_content`(*color\_number*)Return the intensity of the red, green, and blue (RGB) components in the color *color\_number*, which must be between `0` and `COLORS`. Return a 3-tuple, containing the R,G,B values for the given color, which will be between `0` (no component) and `1000` (maximum amount of component).
`curses.``color_pair`(*color\_number*)Return the attribute value for displaying text in the specified color. This attribute value can be combined with `A_STANDOUT`, `A_REVERSE`, and the other `A_*` attributes. [`pair_number()`](#curses.pair_number "curses.pair_number") is the counterpart to this function.
`curses.``curs_set`(*visibility*)Set the cursor state. *visibility* can be set to `0`, `1`, or `2`, for invisible, normal, or very visible. If the terminal supports the visibility requested, return the previous cursor state; otherwise raise an exception. On many terminals, the "visible" mode is an underline cursor and the "very visible" mode is a block cursor.
`curses.``def_prog_mode`()Save the current terminal mode as the "program" mode, the mode when the running program is using curses. (Its counterpart is the "shell" mode, for when the program is not in curses.) Subsequent calls to [`reset_prog_mode()`](#curses.reset_prog_mode "curses.reset_prog_mode") will restore this mode.
`curses.``def_shell_mode`()Save the current terminal mode as the "shell" mode, the mode when the running program is not using curses. (Its counterpart is the "program" mode, when the program is using curses capabilities.) Subsequent calls to [`reset_shell_mode()`](#curses.reset_shell_mode "curses.reset_shell_mode") will restore this mode.
`curses.``delay_output`(*ms*)Insert an *ms* millisecond pause in output.
`curses.``doupdate`()Update the physical screen. The curses library keeps two data structures, one representing the current physical screen contents and a virtual screen representing the desired next state. The [`doupdate()`](#curses.doupdate "curses.doupdate") ground updates the physical screen to match the virtual screen.
The virtual screen may be updated by a [`noutrefresh()`](#curses.window.noutrefresh "curses.window.noutrefresh") call after write operations such as [`addstr()`](#curses.window.addstr "curses.window.addstr") have been performed on a window. The normal [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call is simply `noutrefresh()` followed by `doupdate()`; if you have to update multiple windows, you can speed performance and perhaps reduce screen flicker by issuing `noutrefresh()` calls on all windows, followed by a single `doupdate()`.
`curses.``echo`()Enter echo mode. In echo mode, each character input is echoed to the screen as it is entered.
`curses.``endwin`()De-initialize the library, and return terminal to normal status.
`curses.``erasechar`()Return the user's current erase character as a one-byte bytes object. Under Unix operating systems this is a property of the controlling tty of the curses program, and is not set by the curses library itself.
`curses.``filter`()The [`filter()`](#curses.filter "curses.filter") routine, if used, must be called before [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") is called. The effect is that, during those calls, `LINES` is set to `1`; the capabilities `clear`, `cup`, `cud`, `cud1`, `cuu1`, `cuu`, `vpa` are disabled; and the `home`string is set to the value of `cr`. The effect is that the cursor is confined to the current line, and so are screen updates. This may be used for enabling character-at-a-time line editing without touching the rest of the screen.
`curses.``flash`()Flash the screen. That is, change it to reverse-video and then change it back in a short interval. Some people prefer such as 'visible bell' to the audible attention signal produced by [`beep()`](#curses.beep "curses.beep").
`curses.``flushinp`()Flush all input buffers. This throws away any typeahead that has been typed by the user and has not yet been processed by the program.
`curses.``getmouse`()After [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") returns `KEY_MOUSE` to signal a mouse event, this method should be call to retrieve the queued mouse event, represented as a 5-tuple `(id, x, y, z, bstate)`. *id* is an ID value used to distinguish multiple devices, and *x*, *y*, *z* are the event's coordinates. (*z* is currently unused.) *bstate* is an integer value whose bits will be set to indicate the type of event, and will be the bitwise OR of one or more of the following constants, where *n* is the button number from 1 to 4: `BUTTONn_PRESSED`, `BUTTONn_RELEASED`, `BUTTONn_CLICKED`, `BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED`, `BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED`, `BUTTON_SHIFT`, `BUTTON_CTRL`, `BUTTON_ALT`.
`curses.``getsyx`()Return the current coordinates of the virtual screen cursor as a tuple `(y, x)`. If [`leaveok`](#curses.window.leaveok "curses.window.leaveok") is currently `True`, then return `(-1, -1)`.
`curses.``getwin`(*file*)Read window related data stored in the file by an earlier `putwin()` call. The routine then creates and initializes a new window using that data, returning the new window object.
`curses.``has_colors`()Return `True` if the terminal can display colors; otherwise, return `False`.
`curses.``has_ic`()Return `True` if the terminal has insert- and delete-character capabilities. This function is included for historical reasons only, as all modern software terminal emulators have such capabilities.
`curses.``has_il`()Return `True` if the terminal has insert- and delete-line capabilities, or can simulate them using scrolling regions. This function is included for historical reasons only, as all modern software terminal emulators have such capabilities.
`curses.``has_key`(*ch*)Take a key value *ch*, and return `True` if the current terminal type recognizes a key with that value.
`curses.``halfdelay`(*tenths*)Used for half-delay mode, which is similar to cbreak mode in that characters typed by the user are immediately available to the program. However, after blocking for *tenths* tenths of seconds, raise an exception if nothing has been typed. The value of *tenths* must be a number between `1` and `255`. Use [`nocbreak()`](#curses.nocbreak "curses.nocbreak") to leave half-delay mode.
`curses.``init_color`(*color\_number*, *r*, *g*, *b*)Change the definition of a color, taking the number of the color to be changed followed by three RGB values (for the amounts of red, green, and blue components). The value of *color\_number* must be between `0` and `COLORS`. Each of *r*, *g*, *b*, must be a value between `0` and `1000`. When [`init_color()`](#curses.init_color "curses.init_color") is used, all occurrences of that color on the screen immediately change to the new definition. This function is a no-op on most terminals; it is active only if [`can_change_color()`](#curses.can_change_color "curses.can_change_color") returns `True`.
`curses.``init_pair`(*pair\_number*, *fg*, *bg*)Change the definition of a color-pair. It takes three arguments: the number of the color-pair to be changed, the foreground color number, and the background color number. The value of *pair\_number* must be between `1` and `COLOR_PAIRS - 1` (the `0` color pair is wired to white on black and cannot be changed). The value of *fg* and *bg* arguments must be between `0` and `COLORS`. If the color-pair was previously initialized, the screen is refreshed and all occurrences of that color-pair are changed to the new definition.
`curses.``initscr`()Initialize the library. Return a [window](#curses-window-objects) object which represents the whole screen.
注解
If there is an error opening the terminal, the underlying curses library may cause the interpreter to exit.
`curses.``is_term_resized`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Return `True` if [`resize_term()`](#curses.resize_term "curses.resize_term") would modify the window structure, `False` otherwise.
`curses.``isendwin`()Return `True` if [`endwin()`](#curses.endwin "curses.endwin") has been called (that is, the curses library has been deinitialized).
`curses.``keyname`(*k*)Return the name of the key numbered *k* as a bytes object. The name of a key generating printable ASCII character is the key's character. The name of a control-key combination is a two-byte bytes object consisting of a caret (`b'^'`) followed by the corresponding printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128--255) is a bytes object consisting of the prefix `b'M-'` followed by the name of the corresponding ASCII character.
`curses.``killchar`()Return the user's current line kill character as a one-byte bytes object. Under Unix operating systems this is a property of the controlling tty of the curses program, and is not set by the curses library itself.
`curses.``longname`()Return a bytes object containing the terminfo long name field describing the current terminal. The maximum length of a verbose description is 128 characters. It is defined only after the call to [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr").
`curses.``meta`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, allow 8-bit characters to be input. If *flag* is `False`, allow only 7-bit chars.
`curses.``mouseinterval`(*interval*)Set the maximum time in milliseconds that can elapse between press and release events in order for them to be recognized as a click, and return the previous interval value. The default value is 200 msec, or one fifth of a second.
`curses.``mousemask`(*mousemask*)Set the mouse events to be reported, and return a tuple
```
(availmask,
oldmask)
```
. *availmask* indicates which of the specified mouse events can be reported; on complete failure it returns `0`. *oldmask* is the previous value of the given window's mouse event mask. If this function is never called, no mouse events are ever reported.
`curses.``napms`(*ms*)Sleep for *ms* milliseconds.
`curses.``newpad`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Create and return a pointer to a new pad data structure with the given number of lines and columns. Return a pad as a window object.
A pad is like a window, except that it is not restricted by the screen size, and is not necessarily associated with a particular part of the screen. Pads can be used when a large window is needed, and only a part of the window will be on the screen at one time. Automatic refreshes of pads (such as from scrolling or echoing of input) do not occur. The [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") and [`noutrefresh()`](#curses.window.noutrefresh "curses.window.noutrefresh")methods of a pad require 6 arguments to specify the part of the pad to be displayed and the location on the screen to be used for the display. The arguments are *pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, *smaxcol*; the *p*arguments refer to the upper left corner of the pad region to be displayed and the *s* arguments define a clipping box on the screen within which the pad region is to be displayed.
`curses.``newwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*)`curses.``newwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a new [window](#curses-window-objects), whose left-upper corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose height/width is *nlines*/*ncols*.
By default, the window will extend from the specified position to the lower right corner of the screen.
`curses.``nl`()Enter newline mode. This mode translates the return key into newline on input, and translates newline into return and line-feed on output. Newline mode is initially on.
`curses.``nocbreak`()Leave cbreak mode. Return to normal "cooked" mode with line buffering.
`curses.``noecho`()Leave echo mode. Echoing of input characters is turned off.
`curses.``nonl`()Leave newline mode. Disable translation of return into newline on input, and disable low-level translation of newline into newline/return on output (but this does not change the behavior of `addch('\n')`, which always does the equivalent of return and line feed on the virtual screen). With translation off, curses can sometimes speed up vertical motion a little; also, it will be able to detect the return key on input.
`curses.``noqiflush`()When the `noqiflush()` routine is used, normal flush of input and output queues associated with the `INTR`, `QUIT` and `SUSP` characters will not be done. You may want to call `noqiflush()` in a signal handler if you want output to continue as though the interrupt had not occurred, after the handler exits.
`curses.``noraw`()Leave raw mode. Return to normal "cooked" mode with line buffering.
`curses.``pair_content`(*pair\_number*)Return a tuple `(fg, bg)` containing the colors for the requested color pair. The value of *pair\_number* must be between `1` and `COLOR_PAIRS - 1`.
`curses.``pair_number`(*attr*)Return the number of the color-pair set by the attribute value *attr*. [`color_pair()`](#curses.color_pair "curses.color_pair") is the counterpart to this function.
`curses.``putp`(*str*)Equivalent to `tputs(str, 1, putchar)`; emit the value of a specified terminfo capability for the current terminal. Note that the output of [`putp()`](#curses.putp "curses.putp")always goes to standard output.
`curses.``qiflush`(\[*flag*\])If *flag* is `False`, the effect is the same as calling [`noqiflush()`](#curses.noqiflush "curses.noqiflush"). If *flag* is `True`, or no argument is provided, the queues will be flushed when these control characters are read.
`curses.``raw`()Enter raw mode. In raw mode, normal line buffering and processing of interrupt, quit, suspend, and flow control keys are turned off; characters are presented to curses input functions one by one.
`curses.``reset_prog_mode`()Restore the terminal to "program" mode, as previously saved by [`def_prog_mode()`](#curses.def_prog_mode "curses.def_prog_mode").
`curses.``reset_shell_mode`()Restore the terminal to "shell" mode, as previously saved by [`def_shell_mode()`](#curses.def_shell_mode "curses.def_shell_mode").
`curses.``resetty`()Restore the state of the terminal modes to what it was at the last call to [`savetty()`](#curses.savetty "curses.savetty").
`curses.``resize_term`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Backend function used by [`resizeterm()`](#curses.resizeterm "curses.resizeterm"), performing most of the work; when resizing the windows, [`resize_term()`](#curses.resize_term "curses.resize_term") blank-fills the areas that are extended. The calling application should fill in these areas with appropriate data. The `resize_term()` function attempts to resize all windows. However, due to the calling convention of pads, it is not possible to resize these without additional interaction with the application.
`curses.``resizeterm`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Resize the standard and current windows to the specified dimensions, and adjusts other bookkeeping data used by the curses library that record the window dimensions (in particular the SIGWINCH handler).
`curses.``savetty`()Save the current state of the terminal modes in a buffer, usable by [`resetty()`](#curses.resetty "curses.resetty").
`curses.``setsyx`(*y*, *x*)Set the virtual screen cursor to *y*, *x*. If *y* and *x* are both `-1`, then [`leaveok`](#curses.window.leaveok "curses.window.leaveok") is set `True`.
`curses.``setupterm`(*term=None*, *fd=-1*)Initialize the terminal. *term* is a string giving the terminal name, or `None`; if omitted or `None`, the value of the `TERM` environment variable will be used. *fd* is the file descriptor to which any initialization sequences will be sent; if not supplied or `-1`, the file descriptor for `sys.stdout` will be used.
`curses.``start_color`()Must be called if the programmer wants to use colors, and before any other color manipulation routine is called. It is good practice to call this routine right after [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr").
[`start_color()`](#curses.start_color "curses.start_color") initializes eight basic colors (black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white), and two global variables in the [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)")module, `COLORS` and `COLOR_PAIRS`, containing the maximum number of colors and color-pairs the terminal can support. It also restores the colors on the terminal to the values they had when the terminal was just turned on.
`curses.``termattrs`()Return a logical OR of all video attributes supported by the terminal. This information is useful when a curses program needs complete control over the appearance of the screen.
`curses.``termname`()Return the value of the environment variable `TERM`, as a bytes object, truncated to 14 characters.
`curses.``tigetflag`(*capname*)Return the value of the Boolean capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as an integer. Return the value `-1` if *capname* is not a Boolean capability, or `0` if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tigetnum`(*capname*)Return the value of the numeric capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as an integer. Return the value `-2` if *capname* is not a numeric capability, or `-1` if it is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tigetstr`(*capname*)Return the value of the string capability corresponding to the terminfo capability name *capname* as a bytes object. Return `None` if *capname*is not a terminfo "string capability", or is canceled or absent from the terminal description.
`curses.``tparm`(*str*\[, *...*\])Instantiate the bytes object *str* with the supplied parameters, where *str* should be a parameterized string obtained from the terminfo database. E.g. `tparm(tigetstr("cup"), 5, 3)` could result in `b'\033[6;4H'`, the exact result depending on terminal type.
`curses.``typeahead`(*fd*)Specify that the file descriptor *fd* be used for typeahead checking. If *fd*is `-1`, then no typeahead checking is done.
The curses library does "line-breakout optimization" by looking for typeahead periodically while updating the screen. If input is found, and it is coming from a tty, the current update is postponed until refresh or doupdate is called again, allowing faster response to commands typed in advance. This function allows specifying a different file descriptor for typeahead checking.
`curses.``unctrl`(*ch*)Return a bytes object which is a printable representation of the character *ch*. Control characters are represented as a caret followed by the character, for example as `b'^C'`. Printing characters are left as they are.
`curses.``ungetch`(*ch*)Push *ch* so the next [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will return it.
注解
Only one *ch* can be pushed before `getch()` is called.
`curses.``update_lines_cols`()Update `LINES` and `COLS`. Useful for detecting manual screen resize.
3\.5 新版功能.
`curses.``unget_wch`(*ch*)Push *ch* so the next [`get_wch()`](#curses.window.get_wch "curses.window.get_wch") will return it.
注解
Only one *ch* can be pushed before `get_wch()` is called.
3\.3 新版功能.
`curses.``ungetmouse`(*id*, *x*, *y*, *z*, *bstate*)Push a `KEY_MOUSE` event onto the input queue, associating the given state data with it.
`curses.``use_env`(*flag*)If used, this function should be called before [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") or newterm are called. When *flag* is `False`, the values of lines and columns specified in the terminfo database will be used, even if environment variables `LINES`and `COLUMNS` (used by default) are set, or if curses is running in a window (in which case default behavior would be to use the window size if `LINES` and `COLUMNS` are not set).
`curses.``use_default_colors`()Allow use of default values for colors on terminals supporting this feature. Use this to support transparency in your application. The default color is assigned to the color number `-1`. After calling this function,
```
init_pair(x,
curses.COLOR_RED, -1)
```
initializes, for instance, color pair *x* to a red foreground color on the default background.
`curses.``wrapper`(*func*, *...*)Initialize curses and call another callable object, *func*, which should be the rest of your curses-using application. If the application raises an exception, this function will restore the terminal to a sane state before re-raising the exception and generating a traceback. The callable object *func* is then passed the main window 'stdscr' as its first argument, followed by any other arguments passed to `wrapper()`. Before calling *func*, `wrapper()` turns on cbreak mode, turns off echo, enables the terminal keypad, and initializes colors if the terminal has color support. On exit (whether normally or by exception) it restores cooked mode, turns on echo, and disables the terminal keypad.
## Window Objects
Window objects, as returned by [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") and [`newwin()`](#curses.newwin "curses.newwin") above, have the following methods and attributes:
`window.``addch`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addch`(*y*, *x*, *ch*\[, *attr*\])Paint character *ch* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting any character previously painter at that location. By default, the character position and attributes are the current settings for the window object.
注解
Writing outside the window, subwindow, or pad raises a [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error"). Attempting to write to the lower right corner of a window, subwindow, or pad will cause an exception to be raised after the character is printed.
`window.``addnstr`(*str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addnstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])Paint at most *n* characters of the character string *str* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting anything previously on the display.
`window.``addstr`(*str*\[, *attr*\])`window.``addstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*\[, *attr*\])Paint the character string *str* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, overwriting anything previously on the display.
注解
Writing outside the window, subwindow, or pad raises [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error"). Attempting to write to the lower right corner of a window, subwindow, or pad will cause an exception to be raised after the string is printed.
`window.``attroff`(*attr*)Remove attribute *attr* from the "background" set applied to all writes to the current window.
`window.``attron`(*attr*)Add attribute *attr* from the "background" set applied to all writes to the current window.
`window.``attrset`(*attr*)Set the "background" set of attributes to *attr*. This set is initially `0` (no attributes).
`window.``bkgd`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Set the background property of the window to the character *ch*, with attributes *attr*. The change is then applied to every character position in that window:
- The attribute of every character in the window is changed to the new background attribute.
- Wherever the former background character appears, it is changed to the new background character.
`window.``bkgdset`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Set the window's background. A window's background consists of a character and any combination of attributes. The attribute part of the background is combined (OR'ed) with all non-blank characters that are written into the window. Both the character and attribute parts of the background are combined with the blank characters. The background becomes a property of the character and moves with the character through any scrolling and insert/delete line/character operations.
`window.``border`(\[*ls*\[, *rs*\[, *ts*\[, *bs*\[, *tl*\[, *tr*\[, *bl*\[, *br*\]\]\]\]\]\]\]\])在窗口边缘绘制边框。每个参数指定用于边界特定部分的字符;请参阅下表了解更多详情。
注解
A `0` value for any parameter will cause the default character to be used for that parameter. Keyword parameters can *not* be used. The defaults are listed in this table:
参数
描述
默认值
*ls*
左侧
`ACS_VLINE`
*rs*
右侧
`ACS_VLINE`
*ts*
顶部
`ACS_HLINE`
*bs*
底部
`ACS_HLINE`
*tl*
左上角
`ACS_ULCORNER`
*tr*
右上角
`ACS_URCORNER`
*bl*
左下角
`ACS_LLCORNER`
*br*
右下角
`ACS_LRCORNER`
`window.``box`(\[*vertch*, *horch*\])Similar to [`border()`](#curses.window.border "curses.window.border"), but both *ls* and *rs* are *vertch* and both *ts* and *bs* are *horch*. The default corner characters are always used by this function.
`window.``chgat`(*attr*)`window.``chgat`(*num*, *attr*)`window.``chgat`(*y*, *x*, *attr*)`window.``chgat`(*y*, *x*, *num*, *attr*)Set the attributes of *num* characters at the current cursor position, or at position `(y, x)` if supplied. If *num* is not given or is `-1`, the attribute will be set on all the characters to the end of the line. This function moves cursor to position `(y, x)` if supplied. The changed line will be touched using the [`touchline()`](#curses.window.touchline "curses.window.touchline") method so that the contents will be redisplayed by the next window refresh.
`window.``clear`()Like [`erase()`](#curses.window.erase "curses.window.erase"), but also cause the whole window to be repainted upon next call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh").
`window.``clearok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, the next call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") will clear the window completely.
`window.``clrtobot`()Erase from cursor to the end of the window: all lines below the cursor are deleted, and then the equivalent of [`clrtoeol()`](#curses.window.clrtoeol "curses.window.clrtoeol") is performed.
`window.``clrtoeol`()Erase from cursor to the end of the line.
`window.``cursyncup`()Update the current cursor position of all the ancestors of the window to reflect the current cursor position of the window.
`window.``delch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Delete any character at `(y, x)`.
`window.``deleteln`()Delete the line under the cursor. All following lines are moved up by one line.
`window.``derwin`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``derwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)An abbreviation for "derive window", [`derwin()`](#curses.window.derwin "curses.window.derwin") is the same as calling [`subwin()`](#curses.window.subwin "curses.window.subwin"), except that *begin\_y* and *begin\_x* are relative to the origin of the window, rather than relative to the entire screen. Return a window object for the derived window.
`window.``echochar`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])Add character *ch* with attribute *attr*, and immediately call [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh")on the window.
`window.``enclose`(*y*, *x*)Test whether the given pair of screen-relative character-cell coordinates are enclosed by the given window, returning `True` or `False`. It is useful for determining what subset of the screen windows enclose the location of a mouse event.
`window.``encoding`Encoding used to encode method arguments (Unicode strings and characters). The encoding attribute is inherited from the parent window when a subwindow is created, for example with [`window.subwin()`](#curses.window.subwin "curses.window.subwin"). By default, the locale encoding is used (see [`locale.getpreferredencoding()`](locale.xhtml#locale.getpreferredencoding "locale.getpreferredencoding")).
3\.3 新版功能.
`window.``erase`()Clear the window.
`window.``getbegyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of co-ordinates of upper-left corner.
`window.``getbkgd`()Return the given window's current background character/attribute pair.
`window.``getch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a character. Note that the integer returned does *not* have to be in ASCII range: function keys, keypad keys and so on are represented by numbers higher than 255. In no-delay mode, return `-1` if there is no input, otherwise wait until a key is pressed.
`window.``get_wch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a wide character. Return a character for most keys, or an integer for function keys, keypad keys, and other special keys. In no-delay mode, raise an exception if there is no input.
3\.3 新版功能.
`window.``getkey`(\[*y*, *x*\])Get a character, returning a string instead of an integer, as [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch")does. Function keys, keypad keys and other special keys return a multibyte string containing the key name. In no-delay mode, raise an exception if there is no input.
`window.``getmaxyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of the height and width of the window.
`window.``getparyx`()Return the beginning coordinates of this window relative to its parent window as a tuple `(y, x)`. Return `(-1, -1)` if this window has no parent.
`window.``getstr`()`window.``getstr`(*n*)`window.``getstr`(*y*, *x*)`window.``getstr`(*y*, *x*, *n*)Read a bytes object from the user, with primitive line editing capacity.
`window.``getyx`()Return a tuple `(y, x)` of current cursor position relative to the window's upper-left corner.
`window.``hline`(*ch*, *n*)`window.``hline`(*y*, *x*, *ch*, *n*)Display a horizontal line starting at `(y, x)` with length *n* consisting of the character *ch*.
`window.``idcok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `False`, curses no longer considers using the hardware insert/delete character feature of the terminal; if *flag* is `True`, use of character insertion and deletion is enabled. When curses is first initialized, use of character insert/delete is enabled by default.
`window.``idlok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") will try and use hardware line editing facilities. Otherwise, line insertion/deletion are disabled.
`window.``immedok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, any change in the window image automatically causes the window to be refreshed; you no longer have to call [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") yourself. However, it may degrade performance considerably, due to repeated calls to wrefresh. This option is disabled by default.
`window.``inch`(\[*y*, *x*\])Return the character at the given position in the window. The bottom 8 bits are the character proper, and upper bits are the attributes.
`window.``insch`(*ch*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insch`(*y*, *x*, *ch*\[, *attr*\])Paint character *ch* at `(y, x)` with attributes *attr*, moving the line from position *x* right by one character.
`window.``insdelln`(*nlines*)Insert *nlines* lines into the specified window above the current line. The *nlines* bottom lines are lost. For negative *nlines*, delete *nlines* lines starting with the one under the cursor, and move the remaining lines up. The bottom *nlines* lines are cleared. The current cursor position remains the same.
`window.``insertln`()Insert a blank line under the cursor. All following lines are moved down by one line.
`window.``insnstr`(*str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insnstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*, *n*\[, *attr*\])Insert a character string (as many characters as will fit on the line) before the character under the cursor, up to *n* characters. If *n* is zero or negative, the entire string is inserted. All characters to the right of the cursor are shifted right, with the rightmost characters on the line being lost. The cursor position does not change (after moving to *y*, *x*, if specified).
`window.``insstr`(*str*\[, *attr*\])`window.``insstr`(*y*, *x*, *str*\[, *attr*\])Insert a character string (as many characters as will fit on the line) before the character under the cursor. All characters to the right of the cursor are shifted right, with the rightmost characters on the line being lost. The cursor position does not change (after moving to *y*, *x*, if specified).
`window.``instr`(\[*n*\])`window.``instr`(*y*, *x*\[, *n*\])Return a bytes object of characters, extracted from the window starting at the current cursor position, or at *y*, *x* if specified. Attributes are stripped from the characters. If *n* is specified, [`instr()`](#curses.window.instr "curses.window.instr") returns a string at most *n* characters long (exclusive of the trailing NUL).
`window.``is_linetouched`(*line*)Return `True` if the specified line was modified since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"); otherwise return `False`. Raise a [`curses.error`](#curses.error "curses.error")exception if *line* is not valid for the given window.
`window.``is_wintouched`()Return `True` if the specified window was modified since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"); otherwise return `False`.
`window.``keypad`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, escape sequences generated by some keys (keypad, function keys) will be interpreted by [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)"). If *flag* is `False`, escape sequences will be left as is in the input stream.
`window.``leaveok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, cursor is left where it is on update, instead of being at "cursor position." This reduces cursor movement where possible. If possible the cursor will be made invisible.
If *flag* is `False`, cursor will always be at "cursor position" after an update.
`window.``move`(*new\_y*, *new\_x*)Move cursor to `(new_y, new_x)`.
`window.``mvderwin`(*y*, *x*)Move the window inside its parent window. The screen-relative parameters of the window are not changed. This routine is used to display different parts of the parent window at the same physical position on the screen.
`window.``mvwin`(*new\_y*, *new\_x*)Move the window so its upper-left corner is at `(new_y, new_x)`.
`window.``nodelay`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will be non-blocking.
`window.``notimeout`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, escape sequences will not be timed out.
If *flag* is `False`, after a few milliseconds, an escape sequence will not be interpreted, and will be left in the input stream as is.
`window.``noutrefresh`()Mark for refresh but wait. This function updates the data structure representing the desired state of the window, but does not force an update of the physical screen. To accomplish that, call [`doupdate()`](#curses.doupdate "curses.doupdate").
`window.``overlay`(*destwin*\[, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *dminrow*, *dmincol*, *dmaxrow*, *dmaxcol*\])Overlay the window on top of *destwin*. The windows need not be the same size, only the overlapping region is copied. This copy is non-destructive, which means that the current background character does not overwrite the old contents of *destwin*.
To get fine-grained control over the copied region, the second form of [`overlay()`](#curses.window.overlay "curses.window.overlay") can be used. *sminrow* and *smincol* are the upper-left coordinates of the source window, and the other variables mark a rectangle in the destination window.
`window.``overwrite`(*destwin*\[, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *dminrow*, *dmincol*, *dmaxrow*, *dmaxcol*\])Overwrite the window on top of *destwin*. The windows need not be the same size, in which case only the overlapping region is copied. This copy is destructive, which means that the current background character overwrites the old contents of *destwin*.
To get fine-grained control over the copied region, the second form of [`overwrite()`](#curses.window.overwrite "curses.window.overwrite") can be used. *sminrow* and *smincol* are the upper-left coordinates of the source window, the other variables mark a rectangle in the destination window.
`window.``putwin`(*file*)Write all data associated with the window into the provided file object. This information can be later retrieved using the [`getwin()`](#curses.getwin "curses.getwin") function.
`window.``redrawln`(*beg*, *num*)Indicate that the *num* screen lines, starting at line *beg*, are corrupted and should be completely redrawn on the next [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call.
`window.``redrawwin`()Touch the entire window, causing it to be completely redrawn on the next [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh") call.
`window.``refresh`(\[*pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, *smaxcol*\])Update the display immediately (sync actual screen with previous drawing/deleting methods).
The 6 optional arguments can only be specified when the window is a pad created with [`newpad()`](#curses.newpad "curses.newpad"). The additional parameters are needed to indicate what part of the pad and screen are involved. *pminrow* and *pmincol* specify the upper left-hand corner of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad. *sminrow*, *smincol*, *smaxrow*, and *smaxcol* specify the edges of the rectangle to be displayed on the screen. The lower right-hand corner of the rectangle to be displayed in the pad is calculated from the screen coordinates, since the rectangles must be the same size. Both rectangles must be entirely contained within their respective structures. Negative values of *pminrow*, *pmincol*, *sminrow*, or *smincol* are treated as if they were zero.
`window.``resize`(*nlines*, *ncols*)Reallocate storage for a curses window to adjust its dimensions to the specified values. If either dimension is larger than the current values, the window's data is filled with blanks that have the current background rendition (as set by [`bkgdset()`](#curses.window.bkgdset "curses.window.bkgdset")) merged into them.
`window.``scroll`(\[*lines=1*\])Scroll the screen or scrolling region upward by *lines* lines.
`window.``scrollok`(*flag*)Control what happens when the cursor of a window is moved off the edge of the window or scrolling region, either as a result of a newline action on the bottom line, or typing the last character of the last line. If *flag* is `False`, the cursor is left on the bottom line. If *flag* is `True`, the window is scrolled up one line. Note that in order to get the physical scrolling effect on the terminal, it is also necessary to call [`idlok()`](#curses.window.idlok "curses.window.idlok").
`window.``setscrreg`(*top*, *bottom*)Set the scrolling region from line *top* to line *bottom*. All scrolling actions will take place in this region.
`window.``standend`()Turn off the standout attribute. On some terminals this has the side effect of turning off all attributes.
`window.``standout`()Turn on attribute *A\_STANDOUT*.
`window.``subpad`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``subpad`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a sub-window, whose upper-left corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose width/height is *ncols*/*nlines*.
`window.``subwin`(*begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)`window.``subwin`(*nlines*, *ncols*, *begin\_y*, *begin\_x*)Return a sub-window, whose upper-left corner is at `(begin_y, begin_x)`, and whose width/height is *ncols*/*nlines*.
By default, the sub-window will extend from the specified position to the lower right corner of the window.
`window.``syncdown`()Touch each location in the window that has been touched in any of its ancestor windows. This routine is called by [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh"), so it should almost never be necessary to call it manually.
`window.``syncok`(*flag*)If *flag* is `True`, then [`syncup()`](#curses.window.syncup "curses.window.syncup") is called automatically whenever there is a change in the window.
`window.``syncup`()Touch all locations in ancestors of the window that have been changed in the window.
`window.``timeout`(*delay*)Set blocking or non-blocking read behavior for the window. If *delay* is negative, blocking read is used (which will wait indefinitely for input). If *delay* is zero, then non-blocking read is used, and [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will return `-1` if no input is waiting. If *delay* is positive, then [`getch()`](#curses.window.getch "curses.window.getch") will block for *delay* milliseconds, and return `-1` if there is still no input at the end of that time.
`window.``touchline`(*start*, *count*\[, *changed*\])Pretend *count* lines have been changed, starting with line *start*. If *changed* is supplied, it specifies whether the affected lines are marked as having been changed (*changed*`=True`) or unchanged (*changed*`=False`).
`window.``touchwin`()Pretend the whole window has been changed, for purposes of drawing optimizations.
`window.``untouchwin`()Mark all lines in the window as unchanged since the last call to [`refresh()`](#curses.window.refresh "curses.window.refresh").
`window.``vline`(*ch*, *n*)`window.``vline`(*y*, *x*, *ch*, *n*)Display a vertical line starting at `(y, x)` with length *n* consisting of the character *ch*.
## 常量
The [`curses`](#module-curses "curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)") module defines the following data members:
`curses.``ERR`Some curses routines that return an integer, such as `getch()`, return [`ERR`](#curses.ERR "curses.ERR") upon failure.
`curses.``OK`Some curses routines that return an integer, such as [`napms()`](#curses.napms "curses.napms"), return [`OK`](#curses.OK "curses.OK") upon success.
`curses.``version`A bytes object representing the current version of the module. Also available as `__version__`.
Some constants are available to specify character cell attributes. The exact constants available are system dependent.
属性
意义
`A_ALTCHARSET`
备用字符集模式
`A_BLINK`
闪烁模式
`A_BOLD`
粗体模式
`A_DIM`
暗淡模式
`A_INVIS`
不可见或空白模式
`A_ITALIC`
斜体模式
`A_NORMAL`
正常属性
`A_PROTECT`
保护模式
`A_REVERSE`
反转背景色和前景色
`A_STANDOUT`
突出模式
`A_UNDERLINE`
下划线模式
`A_HORIZONTAL`
水平突出显示
`A_LEFT`
左高亮
`A_LOW`
底部高亮
`A_RIGHT`
右高亮
`A_TOP`
顶部高亮
`A_VERTICAL`
垂直突出显示
`A_CHARTEXT`
用于提取字符的位掩码
3\.7 新版功能: `A_ITALIC` was added.
有几个常量可用于提取某些方法返回的相应属性。
位掩码
意义
`A_ATTRIBUTES`
用于提取属性的位掩码
`A_CHARTEXT`
用于提取字符的位掩码
`A_COLOR`
用于提取颜色对字段信息的位掩码
键由名称以 `KEY_` 开头的整数常量引用。确切的可用键取决于系统。
关键常数
（Windows 注册表的）键（Windows 注册表的）键
`KEY_MIN`
最小键值
`KEY_BREAK`
中断键（不可靠）
`KEY_DOWN`
向下箭头
`KEY_UP`
向上箭头
`KEY_LEFT`
向左箭头
`KEY_RIGHT`
向右箭头
`KEY_HOME`
Home key (upward+left arrow)
`KEY_BACKSPACE`
退格（不可靠）
`KEY_F0`
Function keys. Up to 64 function keys are supported.
`KEY_Fn`
Value of function key *n*
`KEY_DL`
删除行
`KEY_IL`
插入行
`KEY_DC`
Delete character
`KEY_IC`
Insert char or enter insert mode
`KEY_EIC`
Exit insert char mode
`KEY_CLEAR`
Clear screen
`KEY_EOS`
Clear to end of screen
`KEY_EOL`
Clear to end of line
`KEY_SF`
Scroll 1 line forward
`KEY_SR`
Scroll 1 line backward (reverse)
`KEY_NPAGE`
下一页
`KEY_PPAGE`
上一页
`KEY_STAB`
Set tab
`KEY_CTAB`
Clear tab
`KEY_CATAB`
Clear all tabs
`KEY_ENTER`
Enter or send (unreliable)
`KEY_SRESET`
Soft (partial) reset (unreliable)
`KEY_RESET`
Reset or hard reset (unreliable)
`KEY_PRINT`
打印
`KEY_LL`
Home down or bottom (lower left)
`KEY_A1`
键盘的左上角
`KEY_A3`
键盘的右上角
`KEY_B2`
键盘的中心
`KEY_C1`
键盘左下方
`KEY_C3`
键盘右下方
`KEY_BTAB`
Back tab
`KEY_BEG`
Beg (beginning)
`KEY_CANCEL`
取消
`KEY_CLOSE`
关闭
`KEY_COMMAND`
Cmd (命令行)
`KEY_COPY`
复制
`KEY_CREATE`
创建
`KEY_END`
End
`KEY_EXIT`
退出
`KEY_FIND`
查找
`KEY_HELP`
帮助
`KEY_MARK`
标记
`KEY_MESSAGE`
消息
`KEY_MOVE`
移动
`KEY_NEXT`
下一个
`KEY_OPEN`
打开
`KEY_OPTIONS`
选项
`KEY_PREVIOUS`
Prev (previous)
`KEY_REDO`
重做
`KEY_REFERENCE`
Ref (reference)
`KEY_REFRESH`
刷新
`KEY_REPLACE`
替换
`KEY_RESTART`
重启
`KEY_RESUME`
恢复
`KEY_SAVE`
保存
`KEY_SBEG`
Shifted Beg (beginning)
`KEY_SCANCEL`
Shifted Cancel
`KEY_SCOMMAND`
Shifted Command
`KEY_SCOPY`
Shifted Copy
`KEY_SCREATE`
Shifted Create
`KEY_SDC`
Shifted Delete char
`KEY_SDL`
Shifted Delete line
`KEY_SELECT`
Select
`KEY_SEND`
Shifted End
`KEY_SEOL`
Shifted Clear line
`KEY_SEXIT`
Shifted Exit
`KEY_SFIND`
Shifted Find
`KEY_SHELP`
Shifted Help
`KEY_SHOME`
Shifted Home
`KEY_SIC`
Shifted Input
`KEY_SLEFT`
Shifted Left arrow
`KEY_SMESSAGE`
Shifted Message
`KEY_SMOVE`
Shifted Move
`KEY_SNEXT`
Shifted Next
`KEY_SOPTIONS`
Shifted Options
`KEY_SPREVIOUS`
Shifted Prev
`KEY_SPRINT`
Shifted Print
`KEY_SREDO`
Shifted Redo
`KEY_SREPLACE`
Shifted Replace
`KEY_SRIGHT`
Shifted Right arrow
`KEY_SRSUME`
Shifted Resume
`KEY_SSAVE`
Shifted Save
`KEY_SSUSPEND`
Shifted Suspend
`KEY_SUNDO`
Shifted Undo
`KEY_SUSPEND`
Suspend
`KEY_UNDO`
撤销操作
`KEY_MOUSE`
Mouse event has occurred
`KEY_RESIZE`
Terminal resize event
`KEY_MAX`
Maximum key value
在VT100及其软件仿真（例如X终端仿真器）上，通常至少有四个功能键（ `KEY_F1`, `KEY_F2`, `KEY_F3`, `KEY_F4` ）可用，并且箭头键以明显的方式映射到 `KEY_UP`, `KEY_DOWN`, `KEY_LEFT` 和 `KEY_RIGHT` 。如果您的机器有一个PC键盘，可以安全地使用箭头键和十二个功能键（旧的PC键盘可能只有十个功能键）;此外，以下键盘映射是标准的：
键帽
常数
Insert
KEY\_IC
Delete
KEY\_DC
Home
KEY\_HOME
End
KEY\_END
Page Up
KEY\_PPAGE
Page Down
KEY\_NPAGE
The following table lists characters from the alternate character set. These are inherited from the VT100 terminal, and will generally be available on software emulations such as X terminals. When there is no graphic available, curses falls back on a crude printable ASCII approximation.
注解
只有在调用 [`initscr()`](#curses.initscr "curses.initscr") 之后才能使用它们
ACS代码
意义
`ACS_BBSS`
右上角的别名
`ACS_BLOCK`
实心方块
`ACS_BOARD`
正方形
`ACS_BSBS`
水平线的别名
`ACS_BSSB`
左上角的别名
`ACS_BSSS`
顶部 T 型的别名
`ACS_BTEE`
底部 T 型
`ACS_BULLET`
bullet
`ACS_CKBOARD`
棋盘（点刻）
`ACS_DARROW`
向下箭头
`ACS_DEGREE`
等级符
`ACS_DIAMOND`
菱形
`ACS_GEQUAL`
大于或等于
`ACS_HLINE`
水平线
`ACS_LANTERN`
灯形符号
`ACS_LARROW`
向左箭头
`ACS_LEQUAL`
小于或等于
`ACS_LLCORNER`
左下角
`ACS_LRCORNER`
右下角
`ACS_LTEE`
左侧 T 型
`ACS_NEQUAL`
不等号
`ACS_PI`
字母π
`ACS_PLMINUS`
正负号
`ACS_PLUS`
加号
`ACS_RARROW`
向右箭头
`ACS_RTEE`
右侧 T 型
`ACS_S1`
扫描线 1
`ACS_S3`
扫描线3
`ACS_S7`
扫描线7
`ACS_S9`
扫描线 9
`ACS_SBBS`
右下角的别名
`ACS_SBSB`
垂直线的别名
`ACS_SBSS`
右侧 T 型的别名
`ACS_SSBB`
左下角的别名
`ACS_SSBS`
底部 T 型的别名
`ACS_SSSB`
左侧 T 型的别名
`ACS_SSSS`
alternate name for crossover or big plus
`ACS_STERLING`
英镑
`ACS_TTEE`
顶部 T 型
`ACS_UARROW`
向上箭头
`ACS_ULCORNER`
左上角
`ACS_URCORNER`
右上角
`ACS_VLINE`
垂线
下表列出了预定义的颜色：
常数
颜色
`COLOR_BLACK`
黑色
`COLOR_BLUE`
蓝色
`COLOR_CYAN`
青色（浅绿蓝色）
`COLOR_GREEN`
绿色
`COLOR_MAGENTA`
洋红色（紫红色）
`COLOR_RED`
红色
`COLOR_WHITE`
白色
`COLOR_YELLOW`
黄色
# [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") --- Text input widget for curses programs
The [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") module provides a [`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") class that handles elementary text editing in a curses window, supporting a set of keybindings resembling those of Emacs (thus, also of Netscape Navigator, BBedit 6.x, FrameMaker, and many other programs). The module also provides a rectangle-drawing function useful for framing text boxes or for other purposes.
The module [`curses.textpad`](#module-curses.textpad "curses.textpad: Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.") defines the following function:
`curses.textpad.``rectangle`(*win*, *uly*, *ulx*, *lry*, *lrx*)Draw a rectangle. The first argument must be a window object; the remaining arguments are coordinates relative to that window. The second and third arguments are the y and x coordinates of the upper left hand corner of the rectangle to be drawn; the fourth and fifth arguments are the y and x coordinates of the lower right hand corner. The rectangle will be drawn using VT100/IBM PC forms characters on terminals that make this possible (including xterm and most other software terminal emulators). Otherwise it will be drawn with ASCII dashes, vertical bars, and plus signs.
## 文本框对象
You can instantiate a [`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") object as follows:
*class* `curses.textpad.``Textbox`(*win*)Return a textbox widget object. The *win* argument should be a curses [window](#curses-window-objects) object in which the textbox is to be contained. The edit cursor of the textbox is initially located at the upper left hand corner of the containing window, with coordinates `(0, 0)`. The instance's [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") flag is initially on.
[`Textbox`](#curses.textpad.Textbox "curses.textpad.Textbox") objects have the following methods:
`edit`(\[*validator*\])This is the entry point you will normally use. It accepts editing keystrokes until one of the termination keystrokes is entered. If *validator* is supplied, it must be a function. It will be called for each keystroke entered with the keystroke as a parameter; command dispatch is done on the result. This method returns the window contents as a string; whether blanks in the window are included is affected by the [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") attribute.
`do_command`(*ch*)处理单个按键命令。以下是支持的特殊按键：
按键
动作
Control-A
转到窗口的左边缘。
Control-B
光标向左，如果可能，包含前一行。
Control-D
删除光标下的字符。
Control-E
Go to right edge (stripspaces off) or end of line (stripspaces on).
Control-F
向右移动光标，适当时换行到下一行。
Control-G
终止，返回窗口内容。
Control-H
向后删除字符。
Control-J
如果窗口是1行则终止，否则插入换行符。
Control-K
如果行为空，则删除它，否则清除到行尾。
Control-L
刷新屏幕。
Control-N
光标向下;向下移动一行。
Control-O
在光标位置插入一个空行。
Control-P
光标向上;向上移动一行。
如果光标位于无法移动的边缘，则移动操作不执行任何操作。在可能的情况下，支持以下同义词：
常数
按键
`KEY_LEFT`
Control-B
`KEY_RIGHT`
Control-F
`KEY_UP`
Control-P
`KEY_DOWN`
Control-N
`KEY_BACKSPACE`
Control-h
All other keystrokes are treated as a command to insert the given character and move right (with line wrapping).
`gather`()Return the window contents as a string; whether blanks in the window are included is affected by the [`stripspaces`](#curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces "curses.textpad.Textbox.stripspaces") member.
`stripspaces`This attribute is a flag which controls the interpretation of blanks in the window. When it is on, trailing blanks on each line are ignored; any cursor motion that would land the cursor on a trailing blank goes to the end of that line instead, and trailing blanks are stripped when the window contents are gathered.
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- decimal — 十进制定点和浮点运算
- fractions — 分数
- random — 生成伪随机数
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函数式编程模块
- itertools — 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
- functools — 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
- operator — 标准运算符替代函数
- 文件和目录访问
- pathlib — 面向对象的文件系统路径
- os.path — 常见路径操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
- pickle —— Python 对象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- zlib — 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
- gzip — 对 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法压缩
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 归档中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件读写
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服务
- hashlib — 安全哈希与消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密钥的消息验证
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系统服务
- os — 操作系统接口模块
- io — 处理流的核心工具
- time — 时间的访问和转换
- argparse — 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模块 logging — Python 的日志记录工具
- logging.config — 日志记录配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便携式密码输入工具
- curses — 终端字符单元显示的处理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函数库
- 并发执行
- threading — 基于线程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于进程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
- subprocess — 子进程管理
- sched — 事件调度器
- queue — 一个同步的队列类
- _thread — 底层多线程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模块
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模块。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 网络和进程间通信
- asyncio — 异步 I/O
- socket — 底层网络接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高级 I/O 复用库
- asyncore — 异步socket处理器
- asynchat — 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
- email — 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
- json — JSON 编码和解码器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
- binhex — 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
- binascii — 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
- html — 超文本标记语言支持
- html.parser — 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般实体的定义
- XML处理模块
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 处理模块
- urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模块
- http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服务器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 读写 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 读写WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推测图像类型
- sndhdr — 推测声音文件的类型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 国际化
- gettext — 多语种国际化服务
- locale — 国际化服务
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龟绘图
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解释器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滚动文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
- typing — 类型标注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 单元测试框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 测量小代码片段的执行时间
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 软件打包和分发
- distutils — 构建和安装 Python 模块
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 创建虚拟环境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python运行时服务
- sys — 系统相关的参数和函数
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 内建对象
- main — 顶层脚本环境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 数据类
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基类
- atexit — 退出处理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 语句定义
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 检查对象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 导入模块
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找脚本使用的模块
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 语言服务
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象语法树
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
- token — 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
- keyword — 检验Python关键字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊缩进检测
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字节码反汇编器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系统相关模块
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注册表访问
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 专有服务
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用户密码数据库
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 终端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 平台特定模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 推荐的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具创建扩展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
- 自定义扩展类型：教程
- 定义扩展类型：已分类主题
- 构建C/C++扩展
- 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展
- 在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 代码标准
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 对象、类型和引用计数
- 异常
- 嵌入Python
- 调试构建
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- Printing and clearing
- 抛出异常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 标准异常
- 标准警告类别
- 工具
- 操作系统实用程序
- 系统功能
- 过程控制
- 导入模块
- Data marshalling support
- 语句解释及变量编译
- 字符串转换与格式化
- 反射
- 编解码器注册与支持功能
- 抽象对象层
- Object Protocol
- 数字协议
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器协议
- 缓冲协议
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具体的对象层
- 基本对象
- 数值对象
- 序列对象
- 容器对象
- 函数对象
- 其他对象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置变量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 概述
- 原始内存接口
- Memory Interface
- 对象分配器
- 默认内存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 对象实现支持
- 在堆中分配对象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 对象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 开源许可与协作
- 安装工具
- 阅读指南
- 我该如何...？
- ...为我的项目选择一个名字？
- ...创建和分发二进制扩展？
- 安装 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 基本使用
- 我应如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安装 pip ？
- ... 只为当前用户安装软件包？
- ... 安装科学计算类 Python 软件包？
- ... 使用并行安装的多个 Python 版本？
- 常见的安装问题
- 在 Linux 的系统 Python 版本上安装
- 未安装 pip
- 安装二进制编译扩展
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- 条件编译
- 对象API的更改
- 模块初始化和状态
- CObject 替换为 Capsule
- 其他选项
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 实现描述器
- 摘要
- 定义和简介
- 描述器协议
- 发起调用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函数和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函数式编程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表达式和列表推导式
- 生成器
- 内置函数
- itertools 模块
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文献
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基础教程
- 进阶日志教程
- 日志级别
- 有用的处理程序
- 记录日志中引发的异常
- 使用任意对象作为消息
- 优化
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 概述
- 简单模式
- 使用正则表达式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常见问题
- 反馈
- 套接字编程指南
- 套接字
- 创建套接字
- 使用一个套接字
- 断开连接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 关键函数
- Operator 模块函数
- 升序和降序
- 排序稳定性和排序复杂度
- 使用装饰-排序-去装饰的旧方法
- 使用 cmp 参数的旧方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 处理异常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 脚注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基础
- 位置参数介绍
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模块介绍
- 创建 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- 审查 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- Network 作为 Address 列表
- 比较
- 将IP地址与其他模块一起使用
- 实例创建失败时获取更多详细信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 一般信息
- 现实世界中的 Python
- 编程常见问题
- 一般问题
- 核心语言
- 数字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元组/列表）
- 对象
- 模块
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代码库问题
- 通用任务
- 线程相关
- 输入输出
- 网络 / Internet 编程
- 数据库
- 数学和数字
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 我怎样在Windows下运行一个Python程序？
- 我怎么让 Python 脚本可执行？
- 为什么有时候 Python 程序会启动缓慢？
- 我怎样使用Python脚本制作可执行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同吗？
- 我怎样将Python嵌入一个Windows程序？
- 如何让编辑器不要在我的 Python 源代码中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情况下检查按键？
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- 图形界面常见问题
- Python 是否有平台无关的图形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某个平台专用的？
- 有关Tkinter的问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？
- 我能删除 Python 吗？
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- Python 文档贡献者
- 解决 Bug
- 文档错误
- 使用 Python 的错误追踪系统
- 开始为 Python 贡献您的知识
- 版权
- 历史和许可证
- 软件历史
- 访问Python或以其他方式使用Python的条款和条件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 许可协议
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 许可协议
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 许可协议
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 许可协议
- 集成软件的许可和认可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec