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# [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients
**Source code:** [Lib/http/cookiejar.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/http/cookiejar.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/http/cookiejar.py\]
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The [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") module defines classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies. It is useful for accessing web sites that require small pieces of data -- *cookies* -- to be set on the client machine by an HTTP response from a web server, and then returned to the server in later HTTP requests.
Both the regular Netscape cookie protocol and the protocol defined by [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] are handled. RFC 2965 handling is switched off by default. [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookies are parsed as Netscape cookies and subsequently treated either as Netscape or RFC 2965 cookies according to the 'policy' in effect. Note that the great majority of cookies on the Internet are Netscape cookies. [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") attempts to follow the de-facto Netscape cookie protocol (which differs substantially from that set out in the original Netscape specification), including taking note of the `max-age` and `port` cookie-attributes introduced with RFC 2965.
注解
The various named parameters found in *Set-Cookie* and *Set-Cookie2* headers (eg. `domain` and `expires`) are conventionally referred to as *attributes*. To distinguish them from Python attributes, the documentation for this module uses the term *cookie-attribute* instead.
The module defines the following exception:
*exception* `http.cookiejar.``LoadError`Instances of [`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") raise this exception on failure to load cookies from a file. [`LoadError`](#http.cookiejar.LoadError "http.cookiejar.LoadError") is a subclass of [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError").
在 3.3 版更改: LoadError was made a subclass of [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError") instead of [`IOError`](exceptions.xhtml#IOError "IOError").
The following classes are provided:
*class* `http.cookiejar.``CookieJar`(*policy=None*)*policy* is an object implementing the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") interface.
The [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") class stores HTTP cookies. It extracts cookies from HTTP requests, and returns them in HTTP responses. [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") instances automatically expire contained cookies when necessary. Subclasses are also responsible for storing and retrieving cookies from a file or database.
*class* `http.cookiejar.``FileCookieJar`(*filename*, *delayload=None*, *policy=None*)*policy* is an object implementing the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") interface. For the other arguments, see the documentation for the corresponding attributes.
A [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") which can load cookies from, and perhaps save cookies to, a file on disk. Cookies are **NOT** loaded from the named file until either the [`load()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load") or [`revert()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert") method is called. Subclasses of this class are documented in section [FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers](#file-cookie-jar-classes).
*class* `http.cookiejar.``CookiePolicy`This class is responsible for deciding whether each cookie should be accepted from / returned to the server.
*class* `http.cookiejar.``DefaultCookiePolicy`(*blocked\_domains=None*, *allowed\_domains=None*, *netscape=True*, *rfc2965=False*, *rfc2109\_as\_netscape=None*, *hide\_cookie2=False*, *strict\_domain=False*, *strict\_rfc2965\_unverifiable=True*, *strict\_ns\_unverifiable=False*, *strict\_ns\_domain=DefaultCookiePolicy.DomainLiberal*, *strict\_ns\_set\_initial\_dollar=False*, *strict\_ns\_set\_path=False*)Constructor arguments should be passed as keyword arguments only. *blocked\_domains* is a sequence of domain names that we never accept cookies from, nor return cookies to. *allowed\_domains* if not [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), this is a sequence of the only domains for which we accept and return cookies. For all other arguments, see the documentation for [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") and [`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") objects.
[`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") implements the standard accept / reject rules for Netscape and [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] cookies. By default, [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookies (ie. cookies received in a *Set-Cookie* header with a version cookie-attribute of 1) are treated according to the RFC 2965 rules. However, if RFC 2965 handling is turned off or [`rfc2109_as_netscape`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy.rfc2109_as_netscape") is `True`, RFC 2109 cookies are 'downgraded' by the [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") instance to Netscape cookies, by setting the `version` attribute of the [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") instance to 0. [`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") also provides some parameters to allow some fine-tuning of policy.
*class* `http.cookiejar.``Cookie`This class represents Netscape, [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] and [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] cookies. It is not expected that users of [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") construct their own [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie")instances. Instead, if necessary, call `make_cookies()` on a [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") instance.
参见
Module [`urllib.request`](urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.request "urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs.")URL opening with automatic cookie handling.
Module [`http.cookies`](http.cookies.xhtml#module-http.cookies "http.cookies: Support for HTTP state management (cookies).")HTTP cookie classes, principally useful for server-side code. The [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") and [`http.cookies`](http.cookies.xhtml#module-http.cookies "http.cookies: Support for HTTP state management (cookies).") modules do not depend on each other.
[https://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie\_spec.html](https://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html)The specification of the original Netscape cookie protocol. Though this is still the dominant protocol, the 'Netscape cookie protocol' implemented by all the major browsers (and [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.")) only bears a passing resemblance to the one sketched out in `cookie_spec.html`.
[**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] - HTTP State Management MechanismObsoleted by [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\]. Uses *Set-Cookie* with version=1.
[**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] - HTTP State Management MechanismThe Netscape protocol with the bugs fixed. Uses *Set-Cookie2* in place of *Set-Cookie*. Not widely used.
<http://kristol.org/cookie/errata.html>Unfinished errata to [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\].
[**RFC 2964**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2964.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2964.html\] - Use of HTTP State Management
## CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
[`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") objects support the [iterator](../glossary.xhtml#term-iterator) protocol for iterating over contained [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") objects.
[`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") has the following methods:
`CookieJar.``add_cookie_header`(*request*)Add correct *Cookie* header to *request*.
If policy allows (ie. the `rfc2965` and `hide_cookie2` attributes of the [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar")'s [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") instance are true and false respectively), the *Cookie2* header is also added when appropriate.
The *request* object (usually a `urllib.request..Request` instance) must support the methods `get_full_url()`, `get_host()`, `get_type()`, `unverifiable()`, `has_header()`, `get_header()`, `header_items()`, `add_unredirected_header()`and `origin_req_host` attribute as documented by [`urllib.request`](urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.request "urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs.").
在 3.3 版更改: *request* object needs `origin_req_host` attribute. Dependency on a deprecated method `get_origin_req_host()` has been removed.
`CookieJar.``extract_cookies`(*response*, *request*)Extract cookies from HTTP *response* and store them in the [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar"), where allowed by policy.
The [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") will look for allowable *Set-Cookie* and *Set-Cookie2* headers in the *response* argument, and store cookies as appropriate (subject to the [`CookiePolicy.set_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.set_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.set_ok") method's approval).
The *response* object (usually the result of a call to [`urllib.request.urlopen()`](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib.request.urlopen "urllib.request.urlopen"), or similar) should support an `info()`method, which returns an [`email.message.Message`](email.compat32-message.xhtml#email.message.Message "email.message.Message") instance.
The *request* object (usually a [`urllib.request.Request`](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib.request.Request "urllib.request.Request") instance) must support the methods `get_full_url()`, `get_host()`, `unverifiable()`, and `origin_req_host` attribute, as documented by [`urllib.request`](urllib.request.xhtml#module-urllib.request "urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs."). The request is used to set default values for cookie-attributes as well as for checking that the cookie is allowed to be set.
在 3.3 版更改: *request* object needs `origin_req_host` attribute. Dependency on a deprecated method `get_origin_req_host()` has been removed.
`CookieJar.``set_policy`(*policy*)Set the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") instance to be used.
`CookieJar.``make_cookies`(*response*, *request*)Return sequence of [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") objects extracted from *response* object.
See the documentation for [`extract_cookies()`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar.extract_cookies "http.cookiejar.CookieJar.extract_cookies") for the interfaces required of the *response* and *request* arguments.
`CookieJar.``set_cookie_if_ok`(*cookie*, *request*)Set a [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") if policy says it's OK to do so.
`CookieJar.``set_cookie`(*cookie*)Set a [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie"), without checking with policy to see whether or not it should be set.
`CookieJar.``clear`(\[*domain*\[, *path*\[, *name*\]\]\])Clear some cookies.
If invoked without arguments, clear all cookies. If given a single argument, only cookies belonging to that *domain* will be removed. If given two arguments, cookies belonging to the specified *domain* and URL *path* are removed. If given three arguments, then the cookie with the specified *domain*, *path* and *name* is removed.
Raises [`KeyError`](exceptions.xhtml#KeyError "KeyError") if no matching cookie exists.
`CookieJar.``clear_session_cookies`()Discard all session cookies.
Discards all contained cookies that have a true `discard` attribute (usually because they had either no `max-age` or `expires` cookie-attribute, or an explicit `discard` cookie-attribute). For interactive browsers, the end of a session usually corresponds to closing the browser window.
Note that the `save()` method won't save session cookies anyway, unless you ask otherwise by passing a true *ignore\_discard* argument.
[`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") implements the following additional methods:
`FileCookieJar.``save`(*filename=None*, *ignore\_discard=False*, *ignore\_expires=False*)Save cookies to a file.
This base class raises [`NotImplementedError`](exceptions.xhtml#NotImplementedError "NotImplementedError"). Subclasses may leave this method unimplemented.
*filename* is the name of file in which to save cookies. If *filename* is not specified, `self.filename` is used (whose default is the value passed to the constructor, if any); if `self.filename` is [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised.
*ignore\_discard*: save even cookies set to be discarded. *ignore\_expires*: save even cookies that have expired
The file is overwritten if it already exists, thus wiping all the cookies it contains. Saved cookies can be restored later using the [`load()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load") or [`revert()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert") methods.
`FileCookieJar.``load`(*filename=None*, *ignore\_discard=False*, *ignore\_expires=False*)Load cookies from a file.
Old cookies are kept unless overwritten by newly loaded ones.
Arguments are as for [`save()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.save "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.save").
The named file must be in the format understood by the class, or [`LoadError`](#http.cookiejar.LoadError "http.cookiejar.LoadError") will be raised. Also, [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError") may be raised, for example if the file does not exist.
在 3.3 版更改: 过去触发的 [`IOError`](exceptions.xhtml#IOError "IOError")，现在是 [`OSError`](exceptions.xhtml#OSError "OSError") 的别名。
`FileCookieJar.``revert`(*filename=None*, *ignore\_discard=False*, *ignore\_expires=False*)Clear all cookies and reload cookies from a saved file.
[`revert()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.revert") can raise the same exceptions as [`load()`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar.load"). If there is a failure, the object's state will not be altered.
[`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") instances have the following public attributes:
`FileCookieJar.``filename`Filename of default file in which to keep cookies. This attribute may be assigned to.
`FileCookieJar.``delayload`If true, load cookies lazily from disk. This attribute should not be assigned to. This is only a hint, since this only affects performance, not behaviour (unless the cookies on disk are changing). A [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") object may ignore it. None of the [`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") classes included in the standard library lazily loads cookies.
## FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
The following [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") subclasses are provided for reading and writing.
*class* `http.cookiejar.``MozillaCookieJar`(*filename*, *delayload=None*, *policy=None*)A [`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") that can load from and save cookies to disk in the Mozilla `cookies.txt` file format (which is also used by the Lynx and Netscape browsers).
注解
This loses information about [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] cookies, and also about newer or non-standard cookie-attributes such as `port`.
警告
Back up your cookies before saving if you have cookies whose loss / corruption would be inconvenient (there are some subtleties which may lead to slight changes in the file over a load / save round-trip).
Also note that cookies saved while Mozilla is running will get clobbered by Mozilla.
*class* `http.cookiejar.``LWPCookieJar`(*filename*, *delayload=None*, *policy=None*)A [`FileCookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar "http.cookiejar.FileCookieJar") that can load from and save cookies to disk in format compatible with the libwww-perl library's `Set-Cookie3` file format. This is convenient if you want to store cookies in a human-readable file.
## CookiePolicy Objects
Objects implementing the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") interface have the following methods:
`CookiePolicy.``set_ok`(*cookie*, *request*)Return boolean value indicating whether cookie should be accepted from server.
*cookie* is a [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") instance. *request* is an object implementing the interface defined by the documentation for [`CookieJar.extract_cookies()`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar.extract_cookies "http.cookiejar.CookieJar.extract_cookies").
`CookiePolicy.``return_ok`(*cookie*, *request*)Return boolean value indicating whether cookie should be returned to server.
*cookie* is a [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") instance. *request* is an object implementing the interface defined by the documentation for [`CookieJar.add_cookie_header()`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar.add_cookie_header "http.cookiejar.CookieJar.add_cookie_header").
`CookiePolicy.``domain_return_ok`(*domain*, *request*)Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie domain.
This method is an optimization. It removes the need for checking every cookie with a particular domain (which might involve reading many files). Returning true from [`domain_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok") and [`path_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok") leaves all the work to [`return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok").
If [`domain_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok") returns true for the cookie domain, [`path_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok") is called for the cookie path. Otherwise, [`path_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok") and [`return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok") are never called for that cookie domain. If [`path_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok") returns true, [`return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok") is called with the [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") object itself for a full check. Otherwise, [`return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok") is never called for that cookie path.
Note that [`domain_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok") is called for every *cookie* domain, not just for the *request* domain. For example, the function might be called with both `".example.com"` and `"www.example.com"` if the request domain is `"www.example.com"`. The same goes for [`path_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.path_return_ok").
The *request* argument is as documented for [`return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.return_ok").
`CookiePolicy.``path_return_ok`(*path*, *request*)Return false if cookies should not be returned, given cookie path.
See the documentation for [`domain_return_ok()`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy.domain_return_ok").
In addition to implementing the methods above, implementations of the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") interface must also supply the following attributes, indicating which protocols should be used, and how. All of these attributes may be assigned to.
`CookiePolicy.``netscape`Implement Netscape protocol.
`CookiePolicy.``rfc2965`Implement [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] protocol.
`CookiePolicy.``hide_cookie2`Don't add *Cookie2* header to requests (the presence of this header indicates to the server that we understand [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] cookies).
The most useful way to define a [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") class is by subclassing from [`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") and overriding some or all of the methods above. [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") itself may be used as a 'null policy' to allow setting and receiving any and all cookies (this is unlikely to be useful).
## DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
Implements the standard rules for accepting and returning cookies.
Both [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] and Netscape cookies are covered. RFC 2965 handling is switched off by default.
The easiest way to provide your own policy is to override this class and call its methods in your overridden implementations before adding your own additional checks:
```
import http.cookiejar
class MyCookiePolicy(http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy):
def set_ok(self, cookie, request):
if not http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy.set_ok(self, cookie, request):
return False
if i_dont_want_to_store_this_cookie(cookie):
return False
return True
```
In addition to the features required to implement the [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy")interface, this class allows you to block and allow domains from setting and receiving cookies. There are also some strictness switches that allow you to tighten up the rather loose Netscape protocol rules a little bit (at the cost of blocking some benign cookies).
A domain blacklist and whitelist is provided (both off by default). Only domains not in the blacklist and present in the whitelist (if the whitelist is active) participate in cookie setting and returning. Use the *blocked\_domains*constructor argument, and `blocked_domains()` and `set_blocked_domains()` methods (and the corresponding argument and methods for *allowed\_domains*). If you set a whitelist, you can turn it off again by setting it to [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
Domains in block or allow lists that do not start with a dot must equal the cookie domain to be matched. For example, `"example.com"` matches a blacklist entry of `"example.com"`, but `"www.example.com"` does not. Domains that do start with a dot are matched by more specific domains too. For example, both `"www.example.com"` and `"www.coyote.example.com"` match `".example.com"`(but `"example.com"` itself does not). IP addresses are an exception, and must match exactly. For example, if blocked\_domains contains `"192.168.1.2"`and `".168.1.2"`, 192.168.1.2 is blocked, but 193.168.1.2 is not.
[`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") implements the following additional methods:
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``blocked_domains`()Return the sequence of blocked domains (as a tuple).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``set_blocked_domains`(*blocked\_domains*)Set the sequence of blocked domains.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``is_blocked`(*domain*)Return whether *domain* is on the blacklist for setting or receiving cookies.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``allowed_domains`()Return [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), or the sequence of allowed domains (as a tuple).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``set_allowed_domains`(*allowed\_domains*)Set the sequence of allowed domains, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``is_not_allowed`(*domain*)Return whether *domain* is not on the whitelist for setting or receiving cookies.
[`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy") instances have the following attributes, which are all initialised from the constructor arguments of the same name, and which may all be assigned to.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``rfc2109_as_netscape`If true, request that the [`CookieJar`](#http.cookiejar.CookieJar "http.cookiejar.CookieJar") instance downgrade [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookies (ie. cookies received in a *Set-Cookie* header with a version cookie-attribute of 1) to Netscape cookies by setting the version attribute of the [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") instance to 0. The default value is [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"), in which case RFC 2109 cookies are downgraded if and only if [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] handling is turned off. Therefore, RFC 2109 cookies are downgraded by default.
General strictness switches:
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_domain`Don't allow sites to set two-component domains with country-code top-level domains like `.co.uk`, `.gov.uk`, `.co.nz`.etc. This is far from perfect and isn't guaranteed to work!
[**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] protocol strictness switches:
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_rfc2965_unverifiable`Follow [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] rules on unverifiable transactions (usually, an unverifiable transaction is one resulting from a redirect or a request for an image hosted on another site). If this is false, cookies are *never* blocked on the basis of verifiability
Netscape protocol strictness switches:
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_ns_unverifiable`Apply [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] rules on unverifiable transactions even to Netscape cookies.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_ns_domain`Flags indicating how strict to be with domain-matching rules for Netscape cookies. See below for acceptable values.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_ns_set_initial_dollar`Ignore cookies in Set-Cookie: headers that have names starting with `'$'`.
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``strict_ns_set_path`Don't allow setting cookies whose path doesn't path-match request URI.
`strict_ns_domain` is a collection of flags. Its value is constructed by or-ing together (for example, `DomainStrictNoDots|DomainStrictNonDomain` means both flags are set).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``DomainStrictNoDots`When setting cookies, the 'host prefix' must not contain a dot (eg. `www.foo.bar.com` can't set a cookie for `.bar.com`, because `www.foo`contains a dot).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``DomainStrictNonDomain`Cookies that did not explicitly specify a `domain` cookie-attribute can only be returned to a domain equal to the domain that set the cookie (eg. `spam.example.com` won't be returned cookies from `example.com` that had no `domain` cookie-attribute).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``DomainRFC2965Match`When setting cookies, require a full [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] domain-match.
The following attributes are provided for convenience, and are the most useful combinations of the above flags:
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``DomainLiberal`Equivalent to 0 (ie. all of the above Netscape domain strictness flags switched off).
`DefaultCookiePolicy.``DomainStrict`Equivalent to `DomainStrictNoDots|DomainStrictNonDomain`.
## Cookie Objects
[`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") instances have Python attributes roughly corresponding to the standard cookie-attributes specified in the various cookie standards. The correspondence is not one-to-one, because there are complicated rules for assigning default values, because the `max-age` and `expires`cookie-attributes contain equivalent information, and because [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookies may be 'downgraded' by [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") from version 1 to version 0 (Netscape) cookies.
Assignment to these attributes should not be necessary other than in rare circumstances in a [`CookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.CookiePolicy") method. The class does not enforce internal consistency, so you should know what you're doing if you do that.
`Cookie.``version`Integer or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"). Netscape cookies have [`version`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie.version "http.cookiejar.Cookie.version") 0. [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] and [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookies have a `version` cookie-attribute of 1. However, note that [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") may 'downgrade' RFC 2109 cookies to Netscape cookies, in which case [`version`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie.version "http.cookiejar.Cookie.version") is 0.
`Cookie.``name`Cookie name (a string).
`Cookie.``value`Cookie value (a string), or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
`Cookie.``port`String representing a port or a set of ports (eg. '80', or '80,8080'), or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
`Cookie.``path`Cookie path (a string, eg. `'/acme/rocket_launchers'`).
`Cookie.``secure``True` if cookie should only be returned over a secure connection.
`Cookie.``expires`Integer expiry date in seconds since epoch, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None"). See also the [`is_expired()`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie.is_expired "http.cookiejar.Cookie.is_expired") method.
`Cookie.``discard``True` if this is a session cookie.
`Cookie.``comment`String comment from the server explaining the function of this cookie, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
`Cookie.``comment_url`URL linking to a comment from the server explaining the function of this cookie, or [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
`Cookie.``rfc2109``True` if this cookie was received as an [**RFC 2109**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109.html\] cookie (ie. the cookie arrived in a *Set-Cookie* header, and the value of the Version cookie-attribute in that header was 1). This attribute is provided because [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.") may 'downgrade' RFC 2109 cookies to Netscape cookies, in which case [`version`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie.version "http.cookiejar.Cookie.version") is 0.
`Cookie.``port_specified``True` if a port or set of ports was explicitly specified by the server (in the *Set-Cookie* / *Set-Cookie2* header).
`Cookie.``domain_specified``True` if a domain was explicitly specified by the server.
`Cookie.``domain_initial_dot``True` if the domain explicitly specified by the server began with a dot (`'.'`).
Cookies may have additional non-standard cookie-attributes. These may be accessed using the following methods:
`Cookie.``has_nonstandard_attr`(*name*)Return true if cookie has the named cookie-attribute.
`Cookie.``get_nonstandard_attr`(*name*, *default=None*)If cookie has the named cookie-attribute, return its value. Otherwise, return *default*.
`Cookie.``set_nonstandard_attr`(*name*, *value*)Set the value of the named cookie-attribute.
The [`Cookie`](#http.cookiejar.Cookie "http.cookiejar.Cookie") class also defines the following method:
`Cookie.``is_expired`(*now=None*)`True` if cookie has passed the time at which the server requested it should expire. If *now* is given (in seconds since the epoch), return whether the cookie has expired at the specified time.
## 示例
The first example shows the most common usage of [`http.cookiejar`](#module-http.cookiejar "http.cookiejar: Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies."):
```
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cj = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
r = opener.open("http://example.com/")
```
This example illustrates how to open a URL using your Netscape, Mozilla, or Lynx cookies (assumes Unix/Netscape convention for location of the cookies file):
```
import os, http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cj = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar()
cj.load(os.path.join(os.path.expanduser("~"), ".netscape", "cookies.txt"))
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
r = opener.open("http://example.com/")
```
The next example illustrates the use of [`DefaultCookiePolicy`](#http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy "http.cookiejar.DefaultCookiePolicy"). Turn on [**RFC 2965**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965.html\] cookies, be more strict about domains when setting and returning Netscape cookies, and block some domains from setting cookies or having them returned:
```
import urllib.request
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar, DefaultCookiePolicy
policy = DefaultCookiePolicy(
rfc2965=True, strict_ns_domain=Policy.DomainStrict,
blocked_domains=["ads.net", ".ads.net"])
cj = CookieJar(policy)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
r = opener.open("http://example.com/")
```
### 导航
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- try 语句
- with 语句
- 函数定义
- 类定义
- 协程
- 最高层级组件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件输入
- 交互式输入
- 表达式输入
- 完整的语法规范
- Python 标准库
- 概述
- 可用性注释
- 内置函数
- 内置常量
- 由 site 模块添加的常量
- 内置类型
- 逻辑值检测
- 布尔运算 — and, or, not
- 比较
- 数字类型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器类型
- 序列类型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列类型 — str
- 二进制序列类型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合类型 — set, frozenset
- 映射类型 — dict
- 上下文管理器类型
- 其他内置类型
- 特殊属性
- 内置异常
- 基类
- 具体异常
- 警告
- 异常层次结构
- 文本处理服务
- string — 常见的字符串操作
- re — 正则表达式操作
- 模块 difflib 是一个计算差异的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 数据库
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函数
- 二进制数据服务
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 数据类型
- datetime — 基础日期/时间数据类型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器数据类型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基类
- heapq — 堆队列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作
- pprint — 数据美化输出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 数字和数学模块
- numbers — 数字的抽象基类
- math — 数学函数
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十进制定点和浮点运算
- fractions — 分数
- random — 生成伪随机数
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函数式编程模块
- itertools — 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
- functools — 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
- operator — 标准运算符替代函数
- 文件和目录访问
- pathlib — 面向对象的文件系统路径
- os.path — 常见路径操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
- pickle —— Python 对象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- zlib — 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
- gzip — 对 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法压缩
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 归档中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件读写
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服务
- hashlib — 安全哈希与消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密钥的消息验证
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系统服务
- os — 操作系统接口模块
- io — 处理流的核心工具
- time — 时间的访问和转换
- argparse — 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模块 logging — Python 的日志记录工具
- logging.config — 日志记录配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便携式密码输入工具
- curses — 终端字符单元显示的处理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函数库
- 并发执行
- threading — 基于线程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于进程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
- subprocess — 子进程管理
- sched — 事件调度器
- queue — 一个同步的队列类
- _thread — 底层多线程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模块
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模块。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 网络和进程间通信
- asyncio — 异步 I/O
- socket — 底层网络接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高级 I/O 复用库
- asyncore — 异步socket处理器
- asynchat — 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
- email — 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
- json — JSON 编码和解码器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
- binhex — 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
- binascii — 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
- html — 超文本标记语言支持
- html.parser — 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般实体的定义
- XML处理模块
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 处理模块
- urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模块
- http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服务器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 读写 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 读写WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推测图像类型
- sndhdr — 推测声音文件的类型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 国际化
- gettext — 多语种国际化服务
- locale — 国际化服务
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龟绘图
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解释器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滚动文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
- typing — 类型标注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 单元测试框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 测量小代码片段的执行时间
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 软件打包和分发
- distutils — 构建和安装 Python 模块
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 创建虚拟环境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python运行时服务
- sys — 系统相关的参数和函数
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 内建对象
- main — 顶层脚本环境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 数据类
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基类
- atexit — 退出处理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 语句定义
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 检查对象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 导入模块
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找脚本使用的模块
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 语言服务
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象语法树
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
- token — 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
- keyword — 检验Python关键字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊缩进检测
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字节码反汇编器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系统相关模块
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注册表访问
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 专有服务
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用户密码数据库
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 终端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 平台特定模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 推荐的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具创建扩展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
- 自定义扩展类型：教程
- 定义扩展类型：已分类主题
- 构建C/C++扩展
- 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展
- 在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 代码标准
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 对象、类型和引用计数
- 异常
- 嵌入Python
- 调试构建
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- Printing and clearing
- 抛出异常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 标准异常
- 标准警告类别
- 工具
- 操作系统实用程序
- 系统功能
- 过程控制
- 导入模块
- Data marshalling support
- 语句解释及变量编译
- 字符串转换与格式化
- 反射
- 编解码器注册与支持功能
- 抽象对象层
- Object Protocol
- 数字协议
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器协议
- 缓冲协议
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具体的对象层
- 基本对象
- 数值对象
- 序列对象
- 容器对象
- 函数对象
- 其他对象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置变量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 概述
- 原始内存接口
- Memory Interface
- 对象分配器
- 默认内存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 对象实现支持
- 在堆中分配对象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 对象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 开源许可与协作
- 安装工具
- 阅读指南
- 我该如何...？
- ...为我的项目选择一个名字？
- ...创建和分发二进制扩展？
- 安装 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 基本使用
- 我应如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安装 pip ？
- ... 只为当前用户安装软件包？
- ... 安装科学计算类 Python 软件包？
- ... 使用并行安装的多个 Python 版本？
- 常见的安装问题
- 在 Linux 的系统 Python 版本上安装
- 未安装 pip
- 安装二进制编译扩展
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- 条件编译
- 对象API的更改
- 模块初始化和状态
- CObject 替换为 Capsule
- 其他选项
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 实现描述器
- 摘要
- 定义和简介
- 描述器协议
- 发起调用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函数和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函数式编程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表达式和列表推导式
- 生成器
- 内置函数
- itertools 模块
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文献
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基础教程
- 进阶日志教程
- 日志级别
- 有用的处理程序
- 记录日志中引发的异常
- 使用任意对象作为消息
- 优化
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 概述
- 简单模式
- 使用正则表达式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常见问题
- 反馈
- 套接字编程指南
- 套接字
- 创建套接字
- 使用一个套接字
- 断开连接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 关键函数
- Operator 模块函数
- 升序和降序
- 排序稳定性和排序复杂度
- 使用装饰-排序-去装饰的旧方法
- 使用 cmp 参数的旧方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 处理异常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 脚注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基础
- 位置参数介绍
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模块介绍
- 创建 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- 审查 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- Network 作为 Address 列表
- 比较
- 将IP地址与其他模块一起使用
- 实例创建失败时获取更多详细信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 一般信息
- 现实世界中的 Python
- 编程常见问题
- 一般问题
- 核心语言
- 数字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元组/列表）
- 对象
- 模块
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代码库问题
- 通用任务
- 线程相关
- 输入输出
- 网络 / Internet 编程
- 数据库
- 数学和数字
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 我怎样在Windows下运行一个Python程序？
- 我怎么让 Python 脚本可执行？
- 为什么有时候 Python 程序会启动缓慢？
- 我怎样使用Python脚本制作可执行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同吗？
- 我怎样将Python嵌入一个Windows程序？
- 如何让编辑器不要在我的 Python 源代码中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情况下检查按键？
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- 图形界面常见问题
- Python 是否有平台无关的图形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某个平台专用的？
- 有关Tkinter的问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？
- 我能删除 Python 吗？
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- Python 文档贡献者
- 解决 Bug
- 文档错误
- 使用 Python 的错误追踪系统
- 开始为 Python 贡献您的知识
- 版权
- 历史和许可证
- 软件历史
- 访问Python或以其他方式使用Python的条款和条件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 许可协议
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 许可协议
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 许可协议
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 许可协议
- 集成软件的许可和认可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec