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# [`urllib.parse`](#module-urllib.parse "urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.") --- Parse URLs into components
**Source code:** [Lib/urllib/parse.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/urllib/parse.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/urllib/parse.py\]
- - - - - -
This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a "relative URL" to an absolute URL given a "base URL."
The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: `file`, `ftp`, `gopher`, `hdl`, `http`, `https`, `imap`, `mailto`, `mms`, `news`, `nntp`, `prospero`, `rsync`, `rtsp`, `rtspu`, `sftp`, `shttp`, `sip`, `sips`, `snews`, `svn`, `svn+ssh`, `telnet`, `wais`, `ws`, `wss`.
The [`urllib.parse`](#module-urllib.parse "urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.") module defines functions that fall into two broad categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in the following sections.
## URL Parsing
The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components, or on combining URL components into a URL string.
`urllib.parse.``urlparse`(*urlstring*, *scheme=''*, *allow\_fragments=True*)Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-item [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple). This corresponds to the general structure of a URL: `scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment`. Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and % escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the result, except for a leading slash in the *path* component, which is retained if present. For example:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
>>> o # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> o.scheme
'http'
>>> o.port
80
>>> o.geturl()
'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'
```
Following the syntax specifications in [**RFC 1808**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html\], urlparse recognizes a netloc only if it is properly introduced by '//'. Otherwise the input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with a path component.
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
query='', fragment='')
```
The *scheme* argument gives the default addressing scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. It should be the same type (text or bytes) as *urlstring*, except that the default value `''` is always allowed, and is automatically converted to `b''` if appropriate.
If the *allow\_fragments* argument is false, fragment identifiers are not recognized. Instead, they are parsed as part of the path, parameters or query component, and `fragment` is set to the empty string in the return value.
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), which means that its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes, which are:
属性
索引
值
Value if not present
`scheme`
0
URL scheme specifier
*scheme* parameter
`netloc`
1
Network location part
empty string
`path`
2
Hierarchical path
empty string
`params`
3
Parameters for last path element
empty string
`query`
4
Query component
empty string
`fragment`
5
Fragment identifier
empty string
`username`
User name
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`password`
Password
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`hostname`
Host name (lower case)
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`port`
Port number as integer, if present
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
Reading the `port` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the `netloc` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
Characters in the `netloc` attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of `/`, `?`, `#`, `@`, or `:` will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). If the URL is decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
As is the case with all named tuples, the subclass has a few additional methods and attributes that are particularly useful. One such method is `_replace()`. The `_replace()` method will return a new ParseResult object replacing specified fields with new values.
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> u = urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
>>> u
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> u._replace(scheme='http')
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
params='', query='', fragment='')
```
在 3.2 版更改: Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.
在 3.3 版更改: The fragment is now parsed for all URL schemes (unless *allow\_fragment* is false), in accordance with [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\]. Previously, a whitelist of schemes that support fragments existed.
在 3.6 版更改: Out-of-range port numbers now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"), instead of returning [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
在 3.7.3 版更改: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
`urllib.parse.``parse_qs`(*qs*, *keep\_blank\_values=False*, *strict\_parsing=False*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*, *max\_num\_fields=None*)Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type *application/x-www-form-urlencoded*). Data are returned as a dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the values are lists of values for each name.
The optional argument *keep\_blank\_values* is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.
The optional argument *strict\_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
The optional argument *max\_num\_fields* is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if there are more than *max\_num\_fields* fields read.
Use the [`urllib.parse.urlencode()`](#urllib.parse.urlencode "urllib.parse.urlencode") function (with the `doseq`parameter set to `True`) to convert such dictionaries into query strings.
在 3.2 版更改: Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
在 3.7.2 版更改: Added *max\_num\_fields* parameter.
`urllib.parse.``parse_qsl`(*qs*, *keep\_blank\_values=False*, *strict\_parsing=False*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*, *max\_num\_fields=None*)Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type *application/x-www-form-urlencoded*). Data are returned as a list of name, value pairs.
The optional argument *keep\_blank\_values* is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.
The optional argument *strict\_parsing* is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") exception.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
The optional argument *max\_num\_fields* is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if there are more than *max\_num\_fields* fields read.
Use the [`urllib.parse.urlencode()`](#urllib.parse.urlencode "urllib.parse.urlencode") function to convert such lists of pairs into query strings.
在 3.2 版更改: Add *encoding* and *errors* parameters.
在 3.7.2 版更改: Added *max\_num\_fields* parameter.
`urllib.parse.``urlunparse`(*parts*)Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by `urlparse()`. The *parts*argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a `?` with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
`urllib.parse.``urlsplit`(*urlstring*, *scheme=''*, *allow\_fragments=True*)This is similar to [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse"), but does not split the params from the URL. This should generally be used instead of [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") if the more recent URL syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the *path* portion of the URL (see [**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\]) is wanted. A separate function is needed to separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-item [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple):
```
(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).
```
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes:
属性
索引
值
Value if not present
`scheme`
0
URL scheme specifier
*scheme* parameter
`netloc`
1
Network location part
empty string
`path`
2
Hierarchical path
empty string
`query`
3
Query component
empty string
`fragment`
4
Fragment identifier
empty string
`username`
User name
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`password`
Password
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`hostname`
Host name (lower case)
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
`port`
Port number as integer, if present
[`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None")
Reading the `port` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if an invalid port is specified in the URL. See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
Unmatched square brackets in the `netloc` attribute will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
Characters in the `netloc` attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of `/`, `?`, `#`, `@`, or `:` will raise a [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"). If the URL is decomposed before parsing, no error will be raised.
在 3.6 版更改: Out-of-range port numbers now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError"), instead of returning [`None`](constants.xhtml#None "None").
在 3.7.3 版更改: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError").
`urllib.parse.``urlunsplit`(*parts*)Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") into a complete URL as a string. The *parts* argument can be any five-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).
`urllib.parse.``urljoin`(*base*, *url*, *allow\_fragments=True*)Construct a full ("absolute") URL by combining a "base URL" (*base*) with another URL (*url*). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urljoin
>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'
```
The *allow\_fragments* argument has the same meaning and default as for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse").
注解
If *url* is an absolute URL (that is, starting with `//` or `scheme://`), the *url*'s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:
```
>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
```
If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the *url* with [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urlunsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlunsplit "urllib.parse.urlunsplit"), removing possible *scheme* and *netloc* parts.
在 3.5 版更改: Behaviour updated to match the semantics defined in [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\].
`urllib.parse.``urldefrag`(*url*)If *url* contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of *url*with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate string. If there is no fragment identifier in *url*, return *url* unmodified and an empty string.
The return value is a [named tuple](../glossary.xhtml#term-named-tuple), its items can be accessed by index or as named attributes:
属性
索引
值
Value if not present
`url`
0
URL with no fragment
empty string
`fragment`
1
Fragment identifier
empty string
See section [Structured Parse Results](#urlparse-result-object) for more information on the result object.
在 3.2 版更改: Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.
## Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the URL parsing functions in this module all operate on [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") and [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") objects in addition to [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") objects.
If [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data is passed in, the result will also contain only [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data. If [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") data is passed in, the result will contain only [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") data.
Attempting to mix [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data with [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") in a single function call will result in a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII byte values will trigger [`UnicodeDecodeError`](exceptions.xhtml#UnicodeDecodeError "UnicodeDecodeError").
To support easier conversion of result objects between [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes"), all return values from URL parsing functions provide either an `encode()` method (when the result contains [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data) or a `decode()` method (when the result contains [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") methods (except that the default encoding is `'ascii'` rather than `'utf-8'`). Each produces a value of a corresponding type that contains either [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") data (for `encode()` methods) or [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") data (for `decode()` methods).
Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.
The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the individual URL quoting functions.
在 3.2 版更改: URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences
## Structured Parse Results
The result objects from the [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse"), [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") functions are subclasses of the [`tuple`](stdtypes.xhtml#tuple "tuple") type. These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the previous section, as well as an additional method:
`urllib.parse.SplitResult.``geturl`()Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters, queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.
For [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed. For [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") and [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results, all noted changes will be made to the URL returned by this method.
The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original parsing function:
```
>>> from urllib.parse import urlsplit
>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'
>>> r1 = urlsplit(url)
>>> r1.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
>>> r2 = urlsplit(r1.geturl())
>>> r2.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'
```
The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse results when operating on [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") objects:
*class* `urllib.parse.``DefragResult`(*url*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`DefragResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes "urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``ParseResult`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *params*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`ParseResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes "urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes")instance.
*class* `urllib.parse.``SplitResult`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") results containing [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")data. The `encode()` method returns a [`SplitResultBytes`](#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes "urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes")instance.
The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when operating on [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") or [`bytearray`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytearray "bytearray") objects:
*class* `urllib.parse.``DefragResultBytes`(*url*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urldefrag()`](#urllib.parse.urldefrag "urllib.parse.urldefrag") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`DefragResult`](#urllib.parse.DefragResult "urllib.parse.DefragResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``ParseResultBytes`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *params*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlparse()`](#urllib.parse.urlparse "urllib.parse.urlparse") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`ParseResult`](#urllib.parse.ParseResult "urllib.parse.ParseResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
*class* `urllib.parse.``SplitResultBytes`(*scheme*, *netloc*, *path*, *query*, *fragment*)Concrete class for [`urlsplit()`](#urllib.parse.urlsplit "urllib.parse.urlsplit") results containing [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes")data. The `decode()` method returns a [`SplitResult`](#urllib.parse.SplitResult "urllib.parse.SplitResult")instance.
3\.2 新版功能.
## URL Quoting
The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that task isn't already covered by the URL parsing functions above.
`urllib.parse.``quote`(*string*, *safe='/'*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*)Replace special characters in *string* using the `%xx` escape. Letters, digits, and the characters `'_.-~'` are never quoted. By default, this function is intended for quoting the path section of URL. The optional *safe*parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be quoted --- its default value is `'/'`.
*string* may be either a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes").
在 3.7 版更改: Moved from [**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\] to [**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\] for quoting URL strings. "~" is now included in the set of reserved characters.
The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to deal with non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the [`str.encode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str.encode "str.encode") method. *encoding* defaults to `'utf-8'`. *errors* defaults to `'strict'`, meaning unsupported characters raise a [`UnicodeEncodeError`](exceptions.xhtml#UnicodeEncodeError "UnicodeEncodeError"). *encoding* and *errors* must not be supplied if *string* is a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes"), or a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised.
Note that `quote(string, safe, encoding, errors)` is equivalent to `quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding, errors), safe)`.
Example: `quote('/El Niño/')` yields `'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'`.
`urllib.parse.``quote_plus`(*string*, *safe=''*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*)Like [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), but also replace spaces by plus signs, as required for quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL. Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in *safe*. It also does not have *safe* default to `'/'`.
Example: `quote_plus('/El Niño/')` yields `'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'`.
`urllib.parse.``quote_from_bytes`(*bytes*, *safe='/'*)Like [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), but accepts a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object rather than a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str"), and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.
Example: `quote_from_bytes(b'a&\xef')` yields `'a%26%EF'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote`(*string*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*)Replace `%xx` escapes by their single-character equivalent. The optional *encoding* and *errors* parameters specify how to decode percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the [`bytes.decode()`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes.decode "bytes.decode") method.
*string* must be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str").
*encoding* defaults to `'utf-8'`. *errors* defaults to `'replace'`, meaning invalid sequences are replaced by a placeholder character.
Example: `unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')` yields `'/El Niño/'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote_plus`(*string*, *encoding='utf-8'*, *errors='replace'*)Like [`unquote()`](#urllib.parse.unquote "urllib.parse.unquote"), but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for unquoting HTML form values.
*string* must be a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str").
Example: `unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')` yields `'/El Niño/'`.
`urllib.parse.``unquote_to_bytes`(*string*)Replace `%xx` escapes by their single-octet equivalent, and return a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object.
*string* may be either a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes").
If it is a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str"), unescaped non-ASCII characters in *string*are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.
Example: `unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')` yields `b'a&\xef'`.
`urllib.parse.``urlencode`(*query*, *doseq=False*, *safe=''*, *encoding=None*, *errors=None*, *quote\_via=quote\_plus*)Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may contain [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") or [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") objects, to a percent-encoded ASCII text string. If the resultant string is to be used as a *data* for POST operation with the [`urlopen()`](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib.request.urlopen "urllib.request.urlopen") function, then it should be encoded to bytes, otherwise it would result in a [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError").
The resulting string is a series of `key=value` pairs separated by `'&'`characters, where both *key* and *value* are quoted using the *quote\_via*function. By default, [`quote_plus()`](#urllib.parse.quote_plus "urllib.parse.quote_plus") is used to quote the values, which means spaces are quoted as a `'+'` character and '/' characters are encoded as `%2F`, which follows the standard for GET requests (`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`). An alternate function that can be passed as *quote\_via* is [`quote()`](#urllib.parse.quote "urllib.parse.quote"), which will encode spaces as `%20`and not encode '/' characters. For maximum control of what is quoted, use `quote` and specify a value for *safe*.
When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the *query*argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if the optional parameter *doseq* is evaluates to `True`, individual `key=value` pairs separated by `'&'` are generated for each element of the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.
The *safe*, *encoding*, and *errors* parameters are passed down to *quote\_via* (the *encoding* and *errors* parameters are only passed when a query element is a [`str`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str")).
To reverse this encoding process, [`parse_qs()`](#urllib.parse.parse_qs "urllib.parse.parse_qs") and [`parse_qsl()`](#urllib.parse.parse_qsl "urllib.parse.parse_qsl") are provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.
Refer to [urllib examples](urllib.request.xhtml#urllib-examples) to find out how urlencode method can be used for generating query string for a URL or data for POST.
在 3.2 版更改: Query parameter supports bytes and string objects.
3\.5 新版功能: *quote\_via* parameter.
参见
[**RFC 3986**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html\] - Uniform Resource IdentifiersThis is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.
[**RFC 2732**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732.html\] - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's.This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.
[**RFC 2396**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html\] - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic SyntaxDocument describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).
[**RFC 2368**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368.html\] - The mailto URL scheme.Parsing requirements for mailto URL schemes.
[**RFC 1808**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html\] - Relative Uniform Resource LocatorsThis Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a relative URL, including a fair number of "Abnormal Examples" which govern the treatment of border cases.
[**RFC 1738**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738.html\] - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.
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Python 软件基金会是一个非盈利组织。 [请捐助。](https://www.python.org/psf/donations/)
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- Python文档内容
- Python 有什么新变化？
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- Python 教程
- 课前甜点
- 使用 Python 解释器
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- Python 的非正式介绍
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- if 语句
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- 定义函数
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- 函数定义
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- 序列类型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列类型 — str
- 二进制序列类型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合类型 — set, frozenset
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- 上下文管理器类型
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- string — 常见的字符串操作
- re — 正则表达式操作
- 模块 difflib 是一个计算差异的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 数据库
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函数
- 二进制数据服务
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 数据类型
- datetime — 基础日期/时间数据类型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器数据类型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基类
- heapq — 堆队列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作
- pprint — 数据美化输出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 数字和数学模块
- numbers — 数字的抽象基类
- math — 数学函数
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十进制定点和浮点运算
- fractions — 分数
- random — 生成伪随机数
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函数式编程模块
- itertools — 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
- functools — 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
- operator — 标准运算符替代函数
- 文件和目录访问
- pathlib — 面向对象的文件系统路径
- os.path — 常见路径操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
- pickle —— Python 对象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- zlib — 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
- gzip — 对 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法压缩
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 归档中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件读写
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服务
- hashlib — 安全哈希与消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密钥的消息验证
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系统服务
- os — 操作系统接口模块
- io — 处理流的核心工具
- time — 时间的访问和转换
- argparse — 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模块 logging — Python 的日志记录工具
- logging.config — 日志记录配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便携式密码输入工具
- curses — 终端字符单元显示的处理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函数库
- 并发执行
- threading — 基于线程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于进程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
- subprocess — 子进程管理
- sched — 事件调度器
- queue — 一个同步的队列类
- _thread — 底层多线程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模块
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模块。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 网络和进程间通信
- asyncio — 异步 I/O
- socket — 底层网络接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高级 I/O 复用库
- asyncore — 异步socket处理器
- asynchat — 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
- email — 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
- json — JSON 编码和解码器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
- binhex — 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
- binascii — 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
- html — 超文本标记语言支持
- html.parser — 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般实体的定义
- XML处理模块
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 处理模块
- urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模块
- http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服务器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 读写 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 读写WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推测图像类型
- sndhdr — 推测声音文件的类型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 国际化
- gettext — 多语种国际化服务
- locale — 国际化服务
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龟绘图
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解释器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滚动文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
- typing — 类型标注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 单元测试框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 测量小代码片段的执行时间
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 软件打包和分发
- distutils — 构建和安装 Python 模块
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 创建虚拟环境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python运行时服务
- sys — 系统相关的参数和函数
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 内建对象
- main — 顶层脚本环境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 数据类
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基类
- atexit — 退出处理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 语句定义
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 检查对象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 导入模块
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找脚本使用的模块
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 语言服务
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象语法树
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
- token — 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
- keyword — 检验Python关键字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊缩进检测
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字节码反汇编器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系统相关模块
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注册表访问
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 专有服务
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用户密码数据库
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 终端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 平台特定模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 推荐的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具创建扩展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
- 自定义扩展类型：教程
- 定义扩展类型：已分类主题
- 构建C/C++扩展
- 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展
- 在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 代码标准
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 对象、类型和引用计数
- 异常
- 嵌入Python
- 调试构建
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- Printing and clearing
- 抛出异常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 标准异常
- 标准警告类别
- 工具
- 操作系统实用程序
- 系统功能
- 过程控制
- 导入模块
- Data marshalling support
- 语句解释及变量编译
- 字符串转换与格式化
- 反射
- 编解码器注册与支持功能
- 抽象对象层
- Object Protocol
- 数字协议
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器协议
- 缓冲协议
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具体的对象层
- 基本对象
- 数值对象
- 序列对象
- 容器对象
- 函数对象
- 其他对象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置变量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 概述
- 原始内存接口
- Memory Interface
- 对象分配器
- 默认内存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 对象实现支持
- 在堆中分配对象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 对象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 开源许可与协作
- 安装工具
- 阅读指南
- 我该如何...？
- ...为我的项目选择一个名字？
- ...创建和分发二进制扩展？
- 安装 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 基本使用
- 我应如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安装 pip ？
- ... 只为当前用户安装软件包？
- ... 安装科学计算类 Python 软件包？
- ... 使用并行安装的多个 Python 版本？
- 常见的安装问题
- 在 Linux 的系统 Python 版本上安装
- 未安装 pip
- 安装二进制编译扩展
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- 条件编译
- 对象API的更改
- 模块初始化和状态
- CObject 替换为 Capsule
- 其他选项
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 实现描述器
- 摘要
- 定义和简介
- 描述器协议
- 发起调用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函数和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函数式编程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表达式和列表推导式
- 生成器
- 内置函数
- itertools 模块
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文献
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基础教程
- 进阶日志教程
- 日志级别
- 有用的处理程序
- 记录日志中引发的异常
- 使用任意对象作为消息
- 优化
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 概述
- 简单模式
- 使用正则表达式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常见问题
- 反馈
- 套接字编程指南
- 套接字
- 创建套接字
- 使用一个套接字
- 断开连接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 关键函数
- Operator 模块函数
- 升序和降序
- 排序稳定性和排序复杂度
- 使用装饰-排序-去装饰的旧方法
- 使用 cmp 参数的旧方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 处理异常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 脚注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基础
- 位置参数介绍
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模块介绍
- 创建 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- 审查 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- Network 作为 Address 列表
- 比较
- 将IP地址与其他模块一起使用
- 实例创建失败时获取更多详细信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 一般信息
- 现实世界中的 Python
- 编程常见问题
- 一般问题
- 核心语言
- 数字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元组/列表）
- 对象
- 模块
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代码库问题
- 通用任务
- 线程相关
- 输入输出
- 网络 / Internet 编程
- 数据库
- 数学和数字
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 我怎样在Windows下运行一个Python程序？
- 我怎么让 Python 脚本可执行？
- 为什么有时候 Python 程序会启动缓慢？
- 我怎样使用Python脚本制作可执行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同吗？
- 我怎样将Python嵌入一个Windows程序？
- 如何让编辑器不要在我的 Python 源代码中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情况下检查按键？
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- 图形界面常见问题
- Python 是否有平台无关的图形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某个平台专用的？
- 有关Tkinter的问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？
- 我能删除 Python 吗？
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- Python 文档贡献者
- 解决 Bug
- 文档错误
- 使用 Python 的错误追踪系统
- 开始为 Python 贡献您的知识
- 版权
- 历史和许可证
- 软件历史
- 访问Python或以其他方式使用Python的条款和条件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 许可协议
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 许可协议
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 许可协议
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 许可协议
- 集成软件的许可和认可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- SipHash24
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
- libmpdec