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# [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
**Source code:** [Lib/ipaddress.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ipaddress.py) \[https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/ipaddress.py\]
- - - - - -
[`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") provides the capabilities to create, manipulate and operate on IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and networks.
The functions and classes in this module make it straightforward to handle various tasks related to IP addresses, including checking whether or not two hosts are on the same subnet, iterating over all hosts in a particular subnet, checking whether or not a string represents a valid IP address or network definition, and so on.
This is the full module API reference—for an overview and introduction, see [ipaddress模块介绍](../howto/ipaddress.xhtml#ipaddress-howto).
3\.3 新版功能.
## Convenience factory functions
The [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") module provides factory functions to conveniently create IP addresses, networks and interfaces:
`ipaddress.``ip_address`(*address*)Return an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.0.1')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.ip_address('2001:db8::')
IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
```
`ipaddress.``ip_network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Return an [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. *address* is a string or integer representing the IP network. Either IPv4 or IPv6 networks may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. *strict*is passed to [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") constructor. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address, or if the network has host bits set.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_network('192.168.0.0/28')
IPv4Network('192.168.0.0/28')
```
`ipaddress.``ip_interface`(*address*)Return an [`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface") or [`IPv6Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv6Interface "ipaddress.IPv6Interface") object depending on the IP address passed as argument. *address* is a string or integer representing the IP address. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2\*\*32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *address* does not represent a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.
One downside of these convenience functions is that the need to handle both IPv4 and IPv6 formats means that error messages provide minimal information on the precise error, as the functions don't know whether the IPv4 or IPv6 format was intended. More detailed error reporting can be obtained by calling the appropriate version specific class constructors directly.
## IP Addresses
### Address objects
The [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") and [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") objects share a lot of common attributes. Some attributes that are only meaningful for IPv6 addresses are also implemented by [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") objects, in order to make it easier to write code that handles both IP versions correctly. Address objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Address`(*address*)Construct an IPv4 address. An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv4 address.
The following constitutes a valid IPv4 address:
1. A string in decimal-dot notation, consisting of four decimal integers in the inclusive range 0--255, separated by dots (e.g. `192.168.0.1`). Each integer represents an octet (byte) in the address. Leading zeroes are tolerated only for values less than 8 (as there is no ambiguity between the decimal and octal interpretations of such strings).
2. An integer that fits into 32 bits.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 4 (most significant octet first).
```
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address(3232235521)
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
>>> ipaddress.IPv4Address(b'\xC0\xA8\x00\x01')
IPv4Address('192.168.0.1')
```
`version`The appropriate version number: `4` for IPv4, `6` for IPv6.
`max_prefixlen`The total number of bits in the address representation for this version: `32` for IPv4, `128` for IPv6.
The prefix defines the number of leading bits in an address that are compared to determine whether or not an address is part of a network.
`compressed``exploded`The string representation in dotted decimal notation. Leading zeroes are never included in the representation.
As IPv4 does not define a shorthand notation for addresses with octets set to zero, these two attributes are always the same as `str(addr)`for IPv4 addresses. Exposing these attributes makes it easier to write display code that can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
`packed`The binary representation of this address - a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of the appropriate length (most significant octet first). This is 4 bytes for IPv4 and 16 bytes for IPv6.
`reverse_pointer`The name of the reverse DNS PTR record for the IP address, e.g.:
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address("127.0.0.1").reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
>>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer
'1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa'
```
This is the name that could be used for performing a PTR lookup, not the resolved hostname itself.
3\.5 新版功能.
`is_multicast``True` if the address is reserved for multicast use. See [**RFC 3171**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3171.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3171.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_private``True` if the address is allocated for private networks. See [iana-ipv4-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml\] (for IPv4) or [iana-ipv6-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml\](for IPv6).
`is_global``True` if the address is allocated for public networks. See [iana-ipv4-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml\] (for IPv4) or [iana-ipv6-special-registry](https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml) \[https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml\](for IPv6).
3\.4 新版功能.
`is_unspecified``True` if the address is unspecified. See [**RFC 5735**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5735.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5735.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_reserved``True` if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
`is_loopback``True` if this is a loopback address. See [**RFC 3330**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3330.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3330.html\] (for IPv4) or [**RFC 2373**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2373.html\] (for IPv6).
`is_link_local``True` if the address is reserved for link-local usage. See [**RFC 3927**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927.html\].
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Address`(*address*)Construct an IPv6 address. An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv6 address.
The following constitutes a valid IPv6 address:
1. A string consisting of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. The groups are separated by colons. This describes an *exploded* (longhand) notation. The string can also be *compressed* (shorthand notation) by various means. See [**RFC 4291**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291.html\] for details. For example, `"0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0abc:0007:0def"` can be compressed to `"::abc:7:def"`.
2. An integer that fits into 128 bits.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 16, big-endian.
```
>>> ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
```
`compressed`The short form of the address representation, with leading zeroes in groups omitted and the longest sequence of groups consisting entirely of zeroes collapsed to a single empty group.
This is also the value returned by `str(addr)` for IPv6 addresses.
`exploded`The long form of the address representation, with all leading zeroes and groups consisting entirely of zeroes included.
For the following attributes, see the corresponding documentation of the [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") class:
`packed``reverse_pointer``version``max_prefixlen``is_multicast``is_private``is_global``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local`3\.4 新版功能: is\_global
`is_site_local``True` if the address is reserved for site-local usage. Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by [**RFC 3879**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3879.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3879.html\]. Use [`is_private`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address.is_private "ipaddress.IPv4Address.is_private") to test if this address is in the space of unique local addresses as defined by [**RFC 4193**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193.html\].
`ipv4_mapped`For addresses that appear to be IPv4 mapped addresses (starting with `::FFFF/96`), this property will report the embedded IPv4 address. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
`sixtofour`For addresses that appear to be 6to4 addresses (starting with `2002::/16`) as defined by [**RFC 3056**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056.html\], this property will report the embedded IPv4 address. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
`teredo`For addresses that appear to be Teredo addresses (starting with `2001::/32`) as defined by [**RFC 4380**](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380.html) \[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4380.html\], this property will report the embedded `(server, client)` IP address pair. For any other address, this property will be `None`.
### Conversion to Strings and Integers
To interoperate with networking interfaces such as the socket module, addresses must be converted to strings or integers. This is handled using the [`str()`](stdtypes.xhtml#str "str") and [`int()`](functions.xhtml#int "int") builtin functions:
```
>>> str(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
'192.168.0.1'
>>> int(ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.0.1'))
3232235521
>>> str(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))
'::1'
>>> int(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))
1
```
### 运算符
Address objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Comparison operators
Address objects can be compared with the usual set of comparison operators. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') > IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
True
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') == IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
False
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') != IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
True
```
#### Arithmetic operators
Integers can be added to or subtracted from address objects. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') + 3
IPv4Address('127.0.0.5')
>>> IPv4Address('127.0.0.2') - 3
IPv4Address('126.255.255.255')
>>> IPv4Address('255.255.255.255') + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ipaddress.AddressValueError: 4294967296 (>= 2**32) is not permitted as an IPv4 address
```
## IP Network definitions
The [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") and [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects provide a mechanism for defining and inspecting IP network definitions. A network definition consists of a *mask* and a *network address*, and as such defines a range of IP addresses that equal the network address when masked (binary AND) with the mask. For example, a network definition with the mask `255.255.255.0` and the network address `192.168.1.0` consists of IP addresses in the inclusive range `192.168.1.0` to `192.168.1.255`.
### Prefix, net mask and host mask
There are several equivalent ways to specify IP network masks. A *prefix*`/<nbits>` is a notation that denotes how many high-order bits are set in the network mask. A *net mask* is an IP address with some number of high-order bits set. Thus the prefix `/24` is equivalent to the net mask `255.255.255.0` in IPv4, or `ffff:ff00::` in IPv6. In addition, a *host mask* is the logical inverse of a *net mask*, and is sometimes used (for example in Cisco access control lists) to denote a network mask. The host mask equivalent to `/24` in IPv4 is `0.0.0.255`.
### Network objects
All attributes implemented by address objects are implemented by network objects as well. In addition, network objects implement additional attributes. All of these are common between [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") and [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network"), so to avoid duplication they are only documented for [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network"). Network objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Construct an IPv4 network definition. *address* can be one of the following:
1. A string consisting of an IP address and an optional mask, separated by a slash (`/`). The IP address is the network address, and the mask can be either a single number, which means it's a *prefix*, or a string representation of an IPv4 address. If it's the latter, the mask is interpreted as a *net mask* if it starts with a non-zero field, or as a *host mask* if it starts with a zero field, with the single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a *net mask*. If no mask is provided, it's considered to be `/32`.
For example, the following *address* specifications are equivalent: `192.168.1.0/24`, `192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0` and `192.168.1.0/0.0.0.255`.
2. An integer that fits into 32 bits. This is equivalent to a single-address network, with the network address being *address* and the mask being `/32`.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 4, big-endian. The interpretation is similar to an integer *address*.
4. A two-tuple of an address description and a netmask, where the address description is either a string, a 32-bits integer, a 4-bytes packed integer, or an existing IPv4Address object; and the netmask is either an integer representing the prefix length (e.g. `24`) or a string representing the prefix mask (e.g. `255.255.255.0`).
An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv4 address. A [`NetmaskValueError`](#ipaddress.NetmaskValueError "ipaddress.NetmaskValueError") is raised if the mask is not valid for an IPv4 address.
If *strict* is `True` and host bits are set in the supplied address, then [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised. Otherwise, the host bits are masked out to determine the appropriate network address.
Unless stated otherwise, all network methods accepting other network/address objects will raise [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") if the argument's IP version is incompatible to `self`.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the two-tuple form for the *address* constructor parameter.
`version``max_prefixlen`Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address").
`is_multicast``is_private``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local`These attributes are true for the network as a whole if they are true for both the network address and the broadcast address.
`network_address`The network address for the network. The network address and the prefix length together uniquely define a network.
`broadcast_address`The broadcast address for the network. Packets sent to the broadcast address should be received by every host on the network.
`hostmask`The host mask, as an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") object.
`netmask`The net mask, as an [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") object.
`with_prefixlen``compressed``exploded`A string representation of the network, with the mask in prefix notation.
`with_prefixlen` and `compressed` are always the same as `str(network)`. `exploded` uses the exploded form the network address.
`with_netmask`A string representation of the network, with the mask in net mask notation.
`with_hostmask`A string representation of the network, with the mask in host mask notation.
`num_addresses`The total number of addresses in the network.
`prefixlen`Length of the network prefix, in bits.
`hosts`()Returns an iterator over the usable hosts in the network. The usable hosts are all the IP addresses that belong to the network, except the network address itself and the network broadcast address. For networks with a mask length of 31, the network address and network broadcast address are also included in the result.
```
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/29').hosts()) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.2'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.3'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.4'),
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.6')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/31').hosts())
[IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'), IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')]
```
`overlaps`(*other*)`True` if this network is partly or wholly contained in *other* or *other* is wholly contained in this network.
`address_exclude`(*network*)Computes the network definitions resulting from removing the given *network* from this one. Returns an iterator of network objects. Raises [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") if *network* is not completely contained in this network.
```
>>> n1 = ip_network('192.0.2.0/28')
>>> n2 = ip_network('192.0.2.1/32')
>>> list(n1.address_exclude(n2)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.8/29'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.4/30'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.2/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32')]
```
`subnets`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)The subnets that join to make the current network definition, depending on the argument values. *prefixlen\_diff* is the amount our prefix length should be increased by. *new\_prefix* is the desired new prefix of the subnets; it must be larger than our prefix. One and only one of *prefixlen\_diff* and *new\_prefix* must be set. Returns an iterator of network objects.
```
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets())
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(prefixlen_diff=2)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=26)) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26'),
IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')]
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=23))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
raise ValueError('new prefix must be longer')
ValueError: new prefix must be longer
>>> list(ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').subnets(new_prefix=25))
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]
```
`supernet`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)The supernet containing this network definition, depending on the argument values. *prefixlen\_diff* is the amount our prefix length should be decreased by. *new\_prefix* is the desired new prefix of the supernet; it must be smaller than our prefix. One and only one of *prefixlen\_diff* and *new\_prefix* must be set. Returns a single network object.
```
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet()
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet(prefixlen_diff=2)
IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/22')
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.0/24').supernet(new_prefix=20)
IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/20')
```
`subnet_of`(*other*)Returns *True* if this network is a subnet of *other*.
```
>>> a = ip_network('192.168.1.0/24')
>>> b = ip_network('192.168.1.128/30')
>>> b.subnet_of(a)
True
```
3\.7 新版功能.
`supernet_of`(*other*)Returns *True* if this network is a supernet of *other*.
```
>>> a = ip_network('192.168.1.0/24')
>>> b = ip_network('192.168.1.128/30')
>>> a.supernet_of(b)
True
```
3\.7 新版功能.
`compare_networks`(*other*)Compare this network to *other*. In this comparison only the network addresses are considered; host bits aren't. Returns either `-1`, `0` or `1`.
```
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.2/32'))
-1
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.0/32'))
1
>>> ip_network('192.0.2.1/32').compare_networks(ip_network('192.0.2.1/32'))
0
```
3\.7 版后已移除: It uses the same ordering and comparison algorithm as "<", "==", and ">"
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Network`(*address*, *strict=True*)Construct an IPv6 network definition. *address* can be one of the following:
1. A string consisting of an IP address and an optional prefix length, separated by a slash (`/`). The IP address is the network address, and the prefix length must be a single number, the *prefix*. If no prefix length is provided, it's considered to be `/128`.
Note that currently expanded netmasks are not supported. That means `2001:db00::0/24` is a valid argument while `2001:db00::0/ffff:ff00::`not.
2. An integer that fits into 128 bits. This is equivalent to a single-address network, with the network address being *address* and the mask being `/128`.
3. An integer packed into a [`bytes`](stdtypes.xhtml#bytes "bytes") object of length 16, big-endian. The interpretation is similar to an integer *address*.
4. A two-tuple of an address description and a netmask, where the address description is either a string, a 128-bits integer, a 16-bytes packed integer, or an existing IPv6Address object; and the netmask is an integer representing the prefix length.
An [`AddressValueError`](#ipaddress.AddressValueError "ipaddress.AddressValueError") is raised if *address* is not a valid IPv6 address. A [`NetmaskValueError`](#ipaddress.NetmaskValueError "ipaddress.NetmaskValueError") is raised if the mask is not valid for an IPv6 address.
If *strict* is `True` and host bits are set in the supplied address, then [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised. Otherwise, the host bits are masked out to determine the appropriate network address.
在 3.5 版更改: Added the two-tuple form for the *address* constructor parameter.
`version``max_prefixlen``is_multicast``is_private``is_unspecified``is_reserved``is_loopback``is_link_local``network_address``broadcast_address``hostmask``netmask``with_prefixlen``compressed``exploded``with_netmask``with_hostmask``num_addresses``prefixlen``hosts`()Returns an iterator over the usable hosts in the network. The usable hosts are all the IP addresses that belong to the network, except the Subnet-Router anycast address. For networks with a mask length of 127, the Subnet-Router anycast address is also included in the result.
`overlaps`(*other*)`address_exclude`(*network*)`subnets`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)`supernet`(*prefixlen\_diff=1*, *new\_prefix=None*)`subnet_of`(*other*)`supernet_of`(*other*)`compare_networks`(*other*)Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network").
`is_site_local`These attribute is true for the network as a whole if it is true for both the network address and the broadcast address.
### 运算符
Network objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Logical operators
Network objects can be compared with the usual set of logical operators. Network objects are ordered first by network address, then by net mask.
#### Iteration
Network objects can be iterated to list all the addresses belonging to the network. For iteration, *all* hosts are returned, including unusable hosts (for usable hosts, use the [`hosts()`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network.hosts "ipaddress.IPv4Network.hosts") method). An example:
```
>>> for addr in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28'):
... addr
...
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.2')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.3')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.4')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.6')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.7')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.8')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.9')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.10')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.11')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.12')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.13')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.14')
IPv4Address('192.0.2.15')
```
#### Networks as containers of addresses
Network objects can act as containers of addresses. Some examples:
```
>>> IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')[0]
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')[15]
IPv4Address('192.0.2.15')
>>> IPv4Address('192.0.2.6') in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')
True
>>> IPv4Address('192.0.3.6') in IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/28')
False
```
## Interface objects
Interface objects are [hashable](../glossary.xhtml#term-hashable), so they can be used as keys in dictionaries.
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv4Interface`(*address*)Construct an IPv4 interface. The meaning of *address* is as in the constructor of [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network"), except that arbitrary host addresses are always accepted.
[`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface") is a subclass of [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address"), so it inherits all the attributes from that class. In addition, the following attributes are available:
`ip`The address ([`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address")) without network information.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.ip
IPv4Address('192.0.2.5')
```
`network`The network ([`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network")) this interface belongs to.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.network
IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
```
`with_prefixlen`A string representation of the interface with the mask in prefix notation.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_prefixlen
'192.0.2.5/24'
```
`with_netmask`A string representation of the interface with the network as a net mask.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_netmask
'192.0.2.5/255.255.255.0'
```
`with_hostmask`A string representation of the interface with the network as a host mask.
```
>>> interface = IPv4Interface('192.0.2.5/24')
>>> interface.with_hostmask
'192.0.2.5/0.0.0.255'
```
*class* `ipaddress.``IPv6Interface`(*address*)Construct an IPv6 interface. The meaning of *address* is as in the constructor of [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network"), except that arbitrary host addresses are always accepted.
[`IPv6Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv6Interface "ipaddress.IPv6Interface") is a subclass of [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address"), so it inherits all the attributes from that class. In addition, the following attributes are available:
`ip``network``with_prefixlen``with_netmask``with_hostmask`Refer to the corresponding attribute documentation in [`IPv4Interface`](#ipaddress.IPv4Interface "ipaddress.IPv4Interface").
### 运算符
Interface objects support some operators. Unless stated otherwise, operators can only be applied between compatible objects (i.e. IPv4 with IPv4, IPv6 with IPv6).
#### Logical operators
Interface objects can be compared with the usual set of logical operators.
For equality comparison (`==` and `!=`), both the IP address and network must be the same for the objects to be equal. An interface will not compare equal to any address or network object.
For ordering (`<`, `>`, etc) the rules are different. Interface and address objects with the same IP version can be compared, and the address objects will always sort before the interface objects. Two interface objects are first compared by their networks and, if those are the same, then by their IP addresses.
## Other Module Level Functions
The module also provides the following module level functions:
`ipaddress.``v4_int_to_packed`(*address*)Represent an address as 4 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. *address* is an integer representation of an IPv4 IP address. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if the integer is negative or too large to be an IPv4 IP address.
```
>>> ipaddress.ip_address(3221225985)
IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
>>> ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed(3221225985)
b'\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
```
`ipaddress.``v6_int_to_packed`(*address*)Represent an address as 16 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. *address* is an integer representation of an IPv6 IP address. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if the integer is negative or too large to be an IPv6 IP address.
`ipaddress.``summarize_address_range`(*first*, *last*)Return an iterator of the summarized network range given the first and last IP addresses. *first* is the first [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address") or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") in the range and *last* is the last [`IPv4Address`](#ipaddress.IPv4Address "ipaddress.IPv4Address")or [`IPv6Address`](#ipaddress.IPv6Address "ipaddress.IPv6Address") in the range. A [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised if *first* or *last* are not IP addresses or are not of the same version. A [`ValueError`](exceptions.xhtml#ValueError "ValueError") is raised if *last* is not greater than *first* or if *first* address version is not 4 or 6.
```
>>> [ipaddr for ipaddr in ipaddress.summarize_address_range(
... ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),
... ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.130'))]
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]
```
`ipaddress.``collapse_addresses`(*addresses*)Return an iterator of the collapsed [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects. *addresses* is an iterator of [`IPv4Network`](#ipaddress.IPv4Network "ipaddress.IPv4Network") or [`IPv6Network`](#ipaddress.IPv6Network "ipaddress.IPv6Network") objects. A [`TypeError`](exceptions.xhtml#TypeError "TypeError") is raised if *addresses* contains mixed version objects.
```
>>> [ipaddr for ipaddr in
... ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'),
... ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')])]
[IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
```
`ipaddress.``get_mixed_type_key`(*obj*)Return a key suitable for sorting between networks and addresses. Address and Network objects are not sortable by default; they're fundamentally different, so the expression:
```
IPv4Address('192.0.2.0') <= IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
```
doesn't make sense. There are some times however, where you may wish to have [`ipaddress`](#module-ipaddress "ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.") sort these anyway. If you need to do this, you can use this function as the *key* argument to [`sorted()`](functions.xhtml#sorted "sorted").
*obj* is either a network or address object.
## Custom Exceptions
To support more specific error reporting from class constructors, the module defines the following exceptions:
*exception* `ipaddress.``AddressValueError`(*ValueError*)Any value error related to the address.
*exception* `ipaddress.``NetmaskValueError`(*ValueError*)Any value error related to the net mask.
### 导航
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- 特殊方法名称
- 协程
- 执行模型
- 程序的结构
- 命名与绑定
- 异常
- 导入系统
- importlib
- 包
- 搜索
- 加载
- 基于路径的查找器
- 替换标准导入系统
- Package Relative Imports
- 有关 main 的特殊事项
- 开放问题项
- 参考文献
- 表达式
- 算术转换
- 原子
- 原型
- await 表达式
- 幂运算符
- 一元算术和位运算
- 二元算术运算符
- 移位运算
- 二元位运算
- 比较运算
- 布尔运算
- 条件表达式
- lambda 表达式
- 表达式列表
- 求值顺序
- 运算符优先级
- 简单语句
- 表达式语句
- 赋值语句
- assert 语句
- pass 语句
- del 语句
- return 语句
- yield 语句
- raise 语句
- break 语句
- continue 语句
- import 语句
- global 语句
- nonlocal 语句
- 复合语句
- if 语句
- while 语句
- for 语句
- try 语句
- with 语句
- 函数定义
- 类定义
- 协程
- 最高层级组件
- 完整的 Python 程序
- 文件输入
- 交互式输入
- 表达式输入
- 完整的语法规范
- Python 标准库
- 概述
- 可用性注释
- 内置函数
- 内置常量
- 由 site 模块添加的常量
- 内置类型
- 逻辑值检测
- 布尔运算 — and, or, not
- 比较
- 数字类型 — int, float, complex
- 迭代器类型
- 序列类型 — list, tuple, range
- 文本序列类型 — str
- 二进制序列类型 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
- 集合类型 — set, frozenset
- 映射类型 — dict
- 上下文管理器类型
- 其他内置类型
- 特殊属性
- 内置异常
- 基类
- 具体异常
- 警告
- 异常层次结构
- 文本处理服务
- string — 常见的字符串操作
- re — 正则表达式操作
- 模块 difflib 是一个计算差异的助手
- textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- unicodedata — Unicode 数据库
- stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- readline — GNU readline interface
- rlcompleter — GNU readline的完成函数
- 二进制数据服务
- struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
- codecs — Codec registry and base classes
- 数据类型
- datetime — 基础日期/时间数据类型
- calendar — General calendar-related functions
- collections — 容器数据类型
- collections.abc — 容器的抽象基类
- heapq — 堆队列算法
- bisect — Array bisection algorithm
- array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- weakref — 弱引用
- types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
- copy — 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作
- pprint — 数据美化输出
- reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
- enum — Support for enumerations
- 数字和数学模块
- numbers — 数字的抽象基类
- math — 数学函数
- cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- decimal — 十进制定点和浮点运算
- fractions — 分数
- random — 生成伪随机数
- statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
- 函数式编程模块
- itertools — 为高效循环而创建迭代器的函数
- functools — 高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作
- operator — 标准运算符替代函数
- 文件和目录访问
- pathlib — 面向对象的文件系统路径
- os.path — 常见路径操作
- fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- stat — Interpreting stat() results
- filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
- tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- linecache — Random access to text lines
- shutil — High-level file operations
- macpath — Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
- pickle —— Python 对象序列化
- copyreg — Register pickle support functions
- shelve — Python object persistence
- marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
- sqlite3 — SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- zlib — 与 gzip 兼容的压缩
- gzip — 对 gzip 格式的支持
- bz2 — 对 bzip2 压缩算法的支持
- lzma — 用 LZMA 算法压缩
- zipfile — 在 ZIP 归档中工作
- tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
- 文件格式
- csv — CSV 文件读写
- configparser — Configuration file parser
- netrc — netrc file processing
- xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
- plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
- 加密服务
- hashlib — 安全哈希与消息摘要
- hmac — 基于密钥的消息验证
- secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
- 通用操作系统服务
- os — 操作系统接口模块
- io — 处理流的核心工具
- time — 时间的访问和转换
- argparse — 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器
- getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 模块 logging — Python 的日志记录工具
- logging.config — 日志记录配置
- logging.handlers — Logging handlers
- getpass — 便携式密码输入工具
- curses — 终端字符单元显示的处理
- curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
- curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
- platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data
- errno — Standard errno system symbols
- ctypes — Python 的外部函数库
- 并发执行
- threading — 基于线程的并行
- multiprocessing — 基于进程的并行
- concurrent 包
- concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
- subprocess — 子进程管理
- sched — 事件调度器
- queue — 一个同步的队列类
- _thread — 底层多线程 API
- _dummy_thread — _thread 的替代模块
- dummy_threading — 可直接替代 threading 模块。
- contextvars — Context Variables
- Context Variables
- Manual Context Management
- asyncio support
- 网络和进程间通信
- asyncio — 异步 I/O
- socket — 底层网络接口
- ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- select — Waiting for I/O completion
- selectors — 高级 I/O 复用库
- asyncore — 异步socket处理器
- asynchat — 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
- mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
- email — 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包
- json — JSON 编码和解码器
- mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
- base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码
- binhex — 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码
- binascii — 二进制和 ASCII 码互转
- quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
- html — 超文本标记语言支持
- html.parser — 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器
- html.entities — HTML 一般实体的定义
- XML处理模块
- xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
- xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
- xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
- xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
- xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
- xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
- xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
- xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
- webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
- cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
- cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- urllib — URL 处理模块
- urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
- urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
- urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
- urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- http — HTTP 模块
- http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- ftplib — FTP protocol client
- poplib — POP3 protocol client
- imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
- nntplib — NNTP protocol client
- smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
- smtpd — SMTP Server
- telnetlib — Telnet client
- uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- socketserver — A framework for network servers
- http.server — HTTP 服务器
- http.cookies — HTTP state management
- http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
- xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
- xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
- ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- sunau — 读写 Sun AU 文件
- wave — 读写WAV格式文件
- chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- imghdr — 推测图像类型
- sndhdr — 推测声音文件的类型
- ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 国际化
- gettext — 多语种国际化服务
- locale — 国际化服务
- 程序框架
- turtle — 海龟绘图
- cmd — 支持面向行的命令解释器
- shlex — Simple lexical analysis
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- tkinter — Tcl/Tk的Python接口
- tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
- tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
- tkinter.scrolledtext — 滚动文字控件
- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
- typing — 类型标注支持
- pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- doctest — Test interactive Python examples
- unittest — 单元测试框架
- unittest.mock — mock object library
- unittest.mock 上手指南
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- test — Regression tests package for Python
- test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
- test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- bdb — Debugger framework
- faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
- pdb — The Python Debugger
- The Python Profilers
- timeit — 测量小代码片段的执行时间
- trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
- tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
- 软件打包和分发
- distutils — 构建和安装 Python 模块
- ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
- venv — 创建虚拟环境
- zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives
- Python运行时服务
- sys — 系统相关的参数和函数
- sysconfig — Provide access to Python's configuration information
- builtins — 内建对象
- main — 顶层脚本环境
- warnings — Warning control
- dataclasses — 数据类
- contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- abc — 抽象基类
- atexit — 退出处理器
- traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- future — Future 语句定义
- gc — 垃圾回收器接口
- inspect — 检查对象
- site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- code — Interpreter base classes
- codeop — Compile Python code
- 导入模块
- zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
- pkgutil — Package extension utility
- modulefinder — 查找脚本使用的模块
- runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- importlib — The implementation of import
- Python 语言服务
- parser — Access Python parse trees
- ast — 抽象语法树
- symtable — Access to the compiler's symbol tables
- symbol — 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量
- token — 与Python解析树一起使用的常量
- keyword — 检验Python关键字
- tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- tabnanny — 模糊缩进检测
- pyclbr — Python class browser support
- py_compile — Compile Python source files
- compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
- dis — Python 字节码反汇编器
- pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- formatter — Generic output formatting
- Windows系统相关模块
- msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- winreg — Windows 注册表访问
- winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- Unix 专有服务
- posix — The most common POSIX system calls
- pwd — 用户密码数据库
- spwd — The shadow password database
- grp — The group database
- crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- termios — POSIX style tty control
- tty — 终端控制功能
- pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
- pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
- resource — Resource usage information
- nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
- optparse — Parser for command line options
- imp — Access the import internals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 平台特定模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- 推荐的第三方工具
- 不使用第三方工具创建扩展
- 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python
- 自定义扩展类型：教程
- 定义扩展类型：已分类主题
- 构建C/C++扩展
- 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展
- 在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时
- Embedding Python in Another Application
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 代码标准
- 包含文件
- 有用的宏
- 对象、类型和引用计数
- 异常
- 嵌入Python
- 调试构建
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- Printing and clearing
- 抛出异常
- Issuing warnings
- Querying the error indicator
- Signal Handling
- Exception Classes
- Exception Objects
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- 标准异常
- 标准警告类别
- 工具
- 操作系统实用程序
- 系统功能
- 过程控制
- 导入模块
- Data marshalling support
- 语句解释及变量编译
- 字符串转换与格式化
- 反射
- 编解码器注册与支持功能
- 抽象对象层
- Object Protocol
- 数字协议
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- 迭代器协议
- 缓冲协议
- Old Buffer Protocol
- 具体的对象层
- 基本对象
- 数值对象
- 序列对象
- 容器对象
- 函数对象
- 其他对象
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 在Python初始化之前
- 全局配置变量
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 概述
- 原始内存接口
- Memory Interface
- 对象分配器
- 默认内存分配器
- Customize Memory Allocators
- The pymalloc allocator
- tracemalloc C API
- 示例
- 对象实现支持
- 在堆中分配对象
- Common Object Structures
- Type 对象
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Async Object Structures
- 使对象类型支持循环垃圾回收
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 开源许可与协作
- 安装工具
- 阅读指南
- 我该如何...？
- ...为我的项目选择一个名字？
- ...创建和分发二进制扩展？
- 安装 Python 模块
- 关键术语
- 基本使用
- 我应如何 ...？
- ... 在 Python 3.4 之前的 Python 版本中安装 pip ？
- ... 只为当前用户安装软件包？
- ... 安装科学计算类 Python 软件包？
- ... 使用并行安装的多个 Python 版本？
- 常见的安装问题
- 在 Linux 的系统 Python 版本上安装
- 未安装 pip
- 安装二进制编译扩展
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- 条件编译
- 对象API的更改
- 模块初始化和状态
- CObject 替换为 Capsule
- 其他选项
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- User Input
- For More Information
- 实现描述器
- 摘要
- 定义和简介
- 描述器协议
- 发起调用描述符
- 描述符示例
- Properties
- 函数和方法
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- 函数式编程指引
- 概述
- 迭代器
- 生成器表达式和列表推导式
- 生成器
- 内置函数
- itertools 模块
- The functools module
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- 引用文献
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志基础教程
- 进阶日志教程
- 日志级别
- 有用的处理程序
- 记录日志中引发的异常
- 使用任意对象作为消息
- 优化
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing LogRecord
- Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with dictConfig()
- Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with dictConfig()
- Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 概述
- 简单模式
- 使用正则表达式
- 更多模式能力
- 修改字符串
- 常见问题
- 反馈
- 套接字编程指南
- 套接字
- 创建套接字
- 使用一个套接字
- 断开连接
- 非阻塞的套接字
- 排序指南
- 基本排序
- 关键函数
- Operator 模块函数
- 升序和降序
- 排序稳定性和排序复杂度
- 使用装饰-排序-去装饰的旧方法
- 使用 cmp 参数的旧方法
- 其它
- Unicode 指南
- Unicode 概述
- Python's Unicode Support
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Acknowledgements
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- 概述
- Fetching URLs
- 处理异常
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- 脚注
- Argparse 教程
- 概念
- 基础
- 位置参数介绍
- Introducing Optional arguments
- Combining Positional and Optional arguments
- Getting a little more advanced
- Conclusion
- ipaddress模块介绍
- 创建 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- 审查 Address/Network/Interface 对象
- Network 作为 Address 列表
- 比较
- 将IP地址与其他模块一起使用
- 实例创建失败时获取更多详细信息
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- Enabling the static markers
- Static DTrace probes
- Static SystemTap markers
- Available static markers
- SystemTap Tapsets
- 示例
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 一般信息
- 现实世界中的 Python
- 编程常见问题
- 一般问题
- 核心语言
- 数字和字符串
- 性能
- 序列（元组/列表）
- 对象
- 模块
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 通用的代码库问题
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- 网络 / Internet 编程
- 数据库
- 数学和数字
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 我怎样在Windows下运行一个Python程序？
- 我怎么让 Python 脚本可执行？
- 为什么有时候 Python 程序会启动缓慢？
- 我怎样使用Python脚本制作可执行文件？
- *.pyd 文件和DLL文件相同吗？
- 我怎样将Python嵌入一个Windows程序？
- 如何让编辑器不要在我的 Python 源代码中插入 tab ？
- 如何在不阻塞的情况下检查按键？
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- 图形界面常见问题
- Python 是否有平台无关的图形界面工具包？
- 有哪些Python的GUI工具是某个平台专用的？
- 有关Tkinter的问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 什么是Python？
- 为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？
- 我能删除 Python 吗？
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
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- 版权
- 历史和许可证
- 软件历史
- 访问Python或以其他方式使用Python的条款和条件
- Python 3.7.3 的 PSF 许可协议
- Python 2.0 的 BeOpen.com 许可协议
- Python 1.6.1 的 CNRI 许可协议
- Python 0.9.0 至 1.2 的 CWI 许可协议
- 集成软件的许可和认可
- Mersenne Twister
- 套接字
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
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- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
- cfuhash
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