## Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects（创建和销毁对象）
### Item 9: Prefer try-with-resources to try-finally（使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally）
The Java libraries include many resources that must be closed manually by invoking a close method. Examples include InputStream,OutputStream, and java.sql.Connection. Closing resources is often overlooked by clients, with predictably dire performance consequences. While many of these resources use finalizers as a safety net, finalizers don’t work very well (Item 8).
Java 库包含许多必须通过调用 close 方法手动关闭的资源。常见的有 InputStream、OutputStream 和 java.sql.Connection。关闭资源常常会被客户端忽略，这会导致可怕的性能后果。虽然这些资源中的许多都使用终结器作为安全网，但终结器并不能很好地工作（[Item-8](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-8-Avoid-finalizers-and-cleaners.md)）。
Historically, a try-finally statement was the best way to guarantee that a resource would be closed properly, even in the face of an exception or return:
从历史上看，try-finally 语句是确保正确关闭资源的最佳方法，即使在出现异常或返回时也是如此：
```
// try-finally - No longer the best way to close resources!
static String firstLineOfFile(String path) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
try {
return br.readLine();
} finally {
br.close();
}
}
```
This may not look bad, but it gets worse when you add a second resource:
这可能看起来不坏，但添加第二个资源时，情况会变得更糟：
```
// try-finally is ugly when used with more than one resource!
static void copy(String src, String dst) throws IOException {
InputStream in = new FileInputStream(src);
try {
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(dst);
try {
byte[] buf = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
int n;
while ((n = in.read(buf)) >= 0)
out.write(buf, 0, n);
} finally {
out.close();
}
}
finally {
in.close();
}
}
```
It may be hard to believe, but even good programmers got this wrong most of the time. For starters, I got it wrong on page 88 of Java Puzzlers [Bloch05], and no one noticed for years. In fact, two-thirds of the uses of the close method in the Java libraries were wrong in 2007.
这可能难以置信。在大多数情况下，即使是优秀的程序员也会犯这种错误。首先，我在 Java Puzzlers [Bloch05]的 88 页上做错了，多年来没有人注意到。事实上，2007 年发布的 Java 库中三分之二的 close 方法使用都是错误的。
**译注：《Java Puzzlers》的中文译本为《Java 解惑》**
Even the correct code for closing resources with try-finally statements,as illustrated in the previous two code examples, has a subtle deficiency. The code in both the try block and the finally block is capable of throwing exceptions. For example, in the firstLineOfFile method, the call to readLine could throw an exception due to a failure in the underlying physical device, and the call to close could then fail for the same reason. Under these circumstances, the second exception completely obliterates the first one. There is no record of the first exception in the exception stack trace, which can greatly complicate debugging in real systems—usually it’s the first exception that you want to see in order to diagnose the problem. While it is possible to write code to suppress the second exception in favor of the first, virtually no one did because it’s just too verbose.
使用 try-finally 语句关闭资源的正确代码（如前两个代码示例所示）也有一个细微的缺陷。try 块和 finally 块中的代码都能够抛出异常。例如，在 firstLineOfFile 方法中，由于底层物理设备发生故障，对 readLine 的调用可能会抛出异常，而关闭的调用也可能出于同样的原因而失败。在这种情况下，第二个异常将完全覆盖第一个异常。异常堆栈跟踪中没有第一个异常的记录，这可能会使实际系统中的调试变得非常复杂（而这可能是希望出现的第一个异常，以便诊断问题）。虽然可以通过编写代码来抑制第二个异常而支持第一个异常，但实际上没有人这样做，因为它太过冗长。
All of these problems were solved in one fell swoop when Java 7 introduced the try-with-resources statement [JLS, 14.20.3]. To be usable with this construct, a resource must implement the AutoCloseable interface, which consists of a single void-returning close method. Many classes and interfaces in the Java libraries and in third-party libraries now implement or extend AutoCloseable. If you write a class that represents a resource that must be closed, your class should implement AutoCloseable too.
当 Java 7 引入 try-with-resources 语句 [JLS, 14.20.3]时，所有这些问题都一次性解决了。要使用这个结构，资源必须实现 AutoCloseable 接口，它由一个单独的 void-return close 方法组成。Java 库和第三方库中的许多类和接口现在都实现或扩展了 AutoCloseable。如果你编写的类存在必须关闭的资源，那么也应该实现 AutoCloseable。
Here’s how our first example looks using try-with-resources:
下面是使用 try-with-resources 的第一个示例：
```
// try-with-resources - the the best way to close resources!
static String firstLineOfFile(String path) throws IOException {
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path))) {
return br.readLine();
}
}
```
And here’s how our second example looks using try-with-resources:
下面是使用 try-with-resources 的第二个示例：
```
// try-with-resources on multiple resources - short and sweet
static void copy(String src, String dst) throws IOException {
try (InputStream in = new FileInputStream(src);OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(dst)) {
byte[] buf = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
int n;
while ((n = in.read(buf)) >= 0)
out.write(buf, 0, n);
}
}
```
originals, but they provide far better diagnostics. Consider the firstLineOfFile method. If exceptions are thrown by both the readLine call and the (invisible) close, the latter exception is suppressed in favor of the former. In fact, multiple exceptions may be suppressed in order to preserve the exception that you actually want to see. These suppressed exceptions are not merely discarded; they are printed in the stack trace with a notation saying that they were suppressed. You can also access them programmatically with the getSuppressed method, which was added to Throwable in Java 7.
和使用 try-finally 的原版代码相比，try-with-resources 为开发者提供了更好的诊断方式。考虑 firstLineOfFile 方法。如果异常是由 readLine 调用和不可见的 close 抛出的，则后一个异常将被抑制，以支持前一个异常。实际上，还可能会抑制多个异常，以保留实际希望看到的异常。这些被抑制的异常不会仅仅被抛弃；它们会被打印在堆栈跟踪中，并标记它们被抑制。可以通过编程方式使用 getSuppressed 方法访问到它们，该方法是在 Java 7 中添加到 Throwable 中的。
You can put catch clauses on try-with-resources statements, just as you can on regular try-finally statements. This allows you to handle exceptions without sullying your code with another layer of nesting. As a slightly contrived example, here’s a version our firstLineOfFile method that does not throw exceptions, but takes a default value to return if it can’t open the file or read from it:
可以在带有资源的 try-with-resources 语句中放置 catch 子句，就像在常规的 try-finally 语句上一样。这允许处理异常时不必用另一层嵌套来影响代码。作为一个特指的示例，下面是我们的 firstLineOfFile 方法的一个版本，它不抛出异常，但如果无法打开文件或从中读取文件，则返回一个默认值：
```
// try-with-resources with a catch clause
static String firstLineOfFile(String path, String defaultVal) {
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path))) {
return br.readLine();
} catch (IOException e) {
return defaultVal;
}
}
```
The lesson is clear: Always use try-with-resources in preference to tryfinally when working with resources that must be closed. The resulting code is shorter and clearer, and the exceptions that it generates are more useful. The try-with-resources statement makes it easy to write correct code using resources that must be closed, which was practically impossible using tryfinally.
教训很清楚：在使用必须关闭的资源时，总是优先使用 try-with-resources，而不是 try-finally。前者的代码更短、更清晰，生成的异常更有用。使用 try-with-resources 语句可以很容易地为必须关闭的资源编写正确的代码，而使用 try-finally 几乎是不可能的。
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects（创建和销毁对象）
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors（考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数）
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters（在面对多个构造函数参数时，请考虑构建器）
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type（使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性）
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor（用私有构造函数实施不可实例化）
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources（依赖注入优于硬连接资源）
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects（避免创建不必要的对象）
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references（排除过时的对象引用）
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners（避免使用终结器和清除器）
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally（使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally）
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects（对象的通用方法）
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals（覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定）
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals（当覆盖 equals 方法时，总要覆盖 hashCode 方法）
- Item 12: Always override toString（始终覆盖 toString 方法）
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously（明智地覆盖 clone 方法）
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable（考虑实现 Comparable 接口）
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces（类和接口）
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members（尽量减少类和成员的可访问性）
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields（在公共类中，使用访问器方法，而不是公共字段）
- Item 17: Minimize mutability（减少可变性）
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance（优先选择复合而不是继承）
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it（继承要设计良好并且具有文档，否则禁止使用）
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes（接口优于抽象类）
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity（为后代设计接口）
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types（接口只用于定义类型）
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes（类层次结构优于带标签的类）
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic（静态成员类优于非静态成员类）
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class（源文件仅限有单个顶层类）
- Chapter 5. Generics（泛型）
- Item 26: Do not use raw types（不要使用原始类型）
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings（消除 unchecked 警告）
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays（list 优于数组）
- Item 29: Favor generic types（优先使用泛型）
- Item 30: Favor generic methods（优先使用泛型方法）
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility（使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性）
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously（明智地合用泛型和可变参数）
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers（考虑类型安全的异构容器）
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations（枚举和注解）
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants（用枚举类型代替 int 常量）
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals（使用实例字段替代序数）
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields（用 EnumSet 替代位字段）
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing（使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引）
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces（使用接口模拟可扩展枚举）
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns（注解优于命名模式）
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation（坚持使用 @Override 注解）
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types（使用标记接口定义类型）
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams（λ 表达式和流）
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes（λ 表达式优于匿名类）
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas（方法引用优于 λ 表达式）
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces（优先使用标准函数式接口）
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously（明智地使用流）
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams（在流中使用无副作用的函数）
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type（优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型）
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel（谨慎使用并行流）
- Chapter 8. Methods（方法）
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity（检查参数的有效性）
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed（在需要时制作防御性副本）
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully（仔细设计方法签名）
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously（明智地使用重载）
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously（明智地使用可变参数）
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls（返回空集合或数组，而不是 null）
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously（明智地的返回 Optional）
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements（为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释）
- Chapter 9. General Programming（通用程序设计）
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables（将局部变量的作用域最小化）
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops（for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环）
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries（了解并使用库）
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required（若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型）
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives（基本数据类型优于包装类）
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate（其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串）
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation（当心字符串连接引起的性能问题）
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces（通过接口引用对象）
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection（接口优于反射）
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously（明智地使用本地方法）
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously（明智地进行优化）
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions（遵守被广泛认可的命名约定）
- Chapter 10. Exceptions（异常）
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions（仅在确有异常条件下使用异常）
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors（对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常，对编程错误使用运行时异常）
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions（避免不必要地使用 checked 异常）
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions（鼓励复用标准异常）
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction（抛出能用抽象解释的异常）
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method（为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常）
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages（异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息）
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity（尽力保证故障原子性）
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions（不要忽略异常）
- Chapter 11. Concurrency（并发）
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data（对共享可变数据的同步访问）
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization（避免过度同步）
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads（Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程）
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify（并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify）
- Item 82: Document thread safety（文档应包含线程安全属性）
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously（明智地使用延迟初始化）
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler（不要依赖线程调度器）
- Chapter 12. Serialization（序列化）
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization（优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案）
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution（非常谨慎地实现 Serializable）
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form（考虑使用自定义序列化形式）
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively（防御性地编写 readObject 方法）
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve（对于实例控制，枚举类型优于 readResolve）
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances（考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例）