## Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
### Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
A description of the exceptions thrown by a method is an important part of the documentation required to use the method properly. Therefore, it is critically important that you take the time to carefully document all of the exceptions thrown by each method (Item 56).
描述方法抛出的异常,是该方法文档的重要部分。因此,花时间仔细记录每个方法抛出的所有异常是非常重要的([Item-56](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-56-Write-doc-comments-for-all-exposed-API-elements.md))。
**Always declare checked exceptions individually, and document precisely the conditions under which each one is thrown** using the Javadoc @throws tag. Don’t take the shortcut of declaring that a method throws some superclass of multiple exception classes that it can throw. As an extreme example, don’t declare that a public method throws Exception or, worse, throws Throwable. In addition to denying any guidance to the method’s user concerning the exceptions it is capable of throwing, such a declaration greatly hinders the use of the method because it effectively obscures any other exception that may be thrown in the same context. One exception to this advice is the main method, which can safely be declared to throw Exception because it is called only by VM.
**始终单独声明 checked 异常,并使用 Javadoc 的 `@throw` 标记精确记录每次抛出异常的条件**。如果一个方法抛出多个异常,不要使用快捷方式声明这些异常的超类。作为一个极端的例子,即不要在公共方法声明 `throws Exception`,或者更糟,甚至 `throws Throwable`。除了不能向方法的用户提供会抛出哪些异常的任何消息之外,这样的声明还极大地阻碍了方法的使用,因为它掩盖了在相同上下文中可能抛出的任何其他异常。这个建议的一个特例是 main 方法,它可以安全地声明 `throw Exception`,因为它只被 VM 调用。
While the language does not require programmers to declare the unchecked exceptions that a method is capable of throwing, it is wise to document them as carefully as the checked exceptions. Unchecked exceptions generally represent programming errors (Item 70), and familiarizing programmers with all of the errors they can make helps them avoid making these errors. A well-documented list of the unchecked exceptions that a method can throw effectively describes the preconditions for its successful execution. It is essential that every public method’s documentation describe its preconditions (Item 56), and documenting its unchecked exceptions is the best way to satisfy this requirement.
虽然 Java 不要求程序员为方法声明会抛出的 unchecked 异常,但明智的做法是,应该像 checked 异常一样仔细地记录它们。unchecked 异常通常表示编程错误([Item-70](/Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-70-Use-checked-exceptions-for-recoverable-conditions-and-runtime-exceptions-for-programming-errors.md)),让程序员熟悉他们可能犯的所有错误可以帮助他们避免犯这些错误。将方法可以抛出的 unchecked 异常形成良好文档,可以有效描述方法成功执行的先决条件。每个公共方法的文档都必须描述它的先决条件([Item-56](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-56-Write-doc-comments-for-all-exposed-API-elements.md)),记录它的 unchecked 异常是满足这个需求的最佳方法。
It is particularly important that methods in interfaces document the unchecked exceptions they may throw. This documentation forms a part of the interface’s general contract and enables common behavior among multiple implementations of the interface.
特别重要的是,接口中的方法要记录它们可能抛出的 unchecked 异常。此文档构成接口通用约定的一部分,并指明接口的多个实现之间应该遵守的公共行为。
**Use the Javadoc @throws tag to document each exception that a method can throw, but do not use the throws keyword on unchecked exceptions.** It is important that programmers using your API are aware of which exceptions are checked and which are unchecked because the programmers’ responsibilities differ in these two cases. The documentation generated by the Javadoc @throws tag without a corresponding throws clause in the method declaration provides a strong visual cue to the programmer that an exception is unchecked.
**使用 Javadoc 的 `@throw` 标记记录方法会抛出的每个异常,但是不要对 unchecked 异常使用 throws 关键字。** 让使用你的 API 的程序员知道哪些异常是 checked 异常,哪些是 unchecked 异常是很重要的,因为程序员在这两种情况下的职责是不同的。Javadoc 的 `@throw` 标记生成的文档在方法声明中没有对应的 throws 子句,这向程序员提供了一个强烈的视觉提示,这是 unchecked 异常。
It should be noted that documenting all of the unchecked exceptions that each method can throw is an ideal, not always achievable in the real world. When a class undergoes revision, it is not a violation of source or binary compatibility if an exported method is modified to throw additional unchecked exceptions. Suppose a class invokes a method from another, independently written class. The authors of the former class may carefully document all of the unchecked exceptions that each method throws, but if the latter class is revised to throw additional unchecked exceptions, it is quite likely that the former class (which has not undergone revision) will propagate the new unchecked exceptions even though it does not document them.
应该注意的是,记录每个方法会抛出的所有 unchecked 异常是理想的,但在实际中并不总是可以做到。当类进行修订时,如果将导出的方法修改,使其抛出额外的 unchecked 异常,这并不违反源代码或二进制兼容性。假设一个类 A 从另一个独立的类 B 中调用一个方法。A 类的作者可能会仔细记录每个方法抛出的 unchecked 异常,如果 B 类被修改了,使其抛出额外的 unchecked 异常,很可能 A 类(未经修改)将传播新的 unchecked 异常,尽管它没有在文档中声明。
**If an exception is thrown by many methods in a class for the same reason, you can document the exception in the class’s documentation comment** rather than documenting it individually for each method. A common example is NullPointerException. It is fine for a class’s documentation comment to say, “All methods in this class throw a NullPointerException if a null object reference is passed in any parameter,” or words to that effect.
**如果一个类中的许多方法都因为相同的原因抛出异常,你可以在类的文档注释中记录异常,** 而不是为每个方法单独记录异常。一个常见的例子是 NullPointerException。类的文档注释可以这样描述:「如果在任何参数中传递了 null 对象引用,该类中的所有方法都会抛出 NullPointerException」,或者类似意思的话。
In summary, document every exception that can be thrown by each method that you write. This is true for unchecked as well as checked exceptions, and for abstract as well as concrete methods. This documentation should take the form of @throws tags in doc comments. Declare each checked exception individually in a method’s throws clause, but do not declare unchecked exceptions. If you fail to document the exceptions that your methods can throw, it will be difficult or impossible for others to make effective use of your classes and interfaces.
总之,记录你所编写的每个方法可能引发的每个异常。对于 unchecked 异常、checked 异常、抽象方法、实例方法都是如此。应该在文档注释中采用 `@throw` 标记的形式。在方法的 throws 子句中分别声明每个 checked 异常,但不要声明 unchecked 异常。如果你不记录方法可能抛出的异常,其他人将很难或不可能有效地使用你的类和接口。
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)