## Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
### Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
Item 51 says that you should use interfaces rather than classes as parameter types. More generally, you should favor the use of interfaces over classes to refer to objects. **If appropriate interface types exist, then parameters, return values, variables, and fields should all be declared using interface types.** The only time you really need to refer to an object’s class is when you’re creating it with a constructor. To make this concrete, consider the case of LinkedHashSet, which is an implementation of the Set interface. Get in the habit of typing this:
[Item-51](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-51-Design-method-signatures-carefully.md) 指出,应该使用接口而不是类作为参数类型。更一般地说,你应该优先使用接口而不是类来引用对象。**如果存在合适的接口类型,那么应该使用接口类型声明参数、返回值、变量和字段。** 惟一真正需要引用对象的类的时候是使用构造函数创建它的时候。为了具体说明这一点,考虑 LinkedHashSet 的情况,它是 Set 接口的一个实现。声明时应养成这样的习惯:
```
// Good - uses interface as type
Set<Son> sonSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();
```
not this:
而不是这样:
```
// Bad - uses class as type!
LinkedHashSet<Son> sonSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();
```
**If you get into the habit of using interfaces as types, your program will be much more flexible.** If you decide that you want to switch implementations, all you have to do is change the class name in the constructor (or use a different static factory). For example, the first declaration could be changed to read:
**如果你养成了使用接口作为类型的习惯,那么你的程序将更加灵活。** 如果你决定要切换实现,只需在构造函数中更改类名(或使用不同的静态工厂)。例如,第一个声明可以改为:
```
Set<Son> sonSet = new HashSet<>();
```
and all of the surrounding code would continue to work. The surrounding code was unaware of the old implementation type, so it would be oblivious to the change.
所有的代码都会继续工作。周围的代码不知道旧的实现类型,所以它不会在意更改。
There is one caveat: if the original implementation offered some special functionality not required by the general contract of the interface and the code depended on that functionality, then it is critical that the new implementation provide the same functionality. For example, if the code surrounding the first declaration depended on LinkedHashSet’s ordering policy, then it would be incorrect to substitute HashSet for LinkedHashSet in the declaration, because HashSet makes no guarantee concerning iteration order.
有一点值得注意:如果原实现提供了接口的通用约定不需要的一些特殊功能,并且代码依赖于该功能,那么新实现提供相同的功能就非常重要。例如,如果围绕第一个声明的代码依赖于 LinkedHashSet 的排序策略,那么在声明中将 HashSet 替换为 LinkedHashSet 将是不正确的,因为 HashSet 不保证迭代顺序。
So why would you want to change an implementation type? Because the second implementation offers better performance than the original, or because it offers desirable functionality that the original implementation lacks. For example, suppose a field contains a HashMap instance. Changing it to an EnumMap will provide better performance and iteration order consistent with the natural order of the keys, but you can only use an EnumMap if the key type is an enum type. Changing the HashMap to a LinkedHashMap will provide predictable iteration order with performance comparable to that of HashMap, without making any special demands on the key type.
那么,为什么要更改实现类型呢?因为第二个实现比原来的实现提供了更好的性能,或者因为它提供了原来的实现所缺乏的理想功能。例如,假设一个字段包含一个 HashMap 实例。将其更改为 EnumMap 将为迭代提供更好的性能和与键的自然顺序,但是你只能在键类型为 enum 类型的情况下使用 EnumMap。将 HashMap 更改为 LinkedHashMap 将提供可预测的迭代顺序,性能与 HashMap 相当,而不需要对键类型作出任何特殊要求。
You might think it’s OK to declare a variable using its implementation type, because you can change the declaration type and the implementation type at the same time, but there is no guarantee that this change will result in a program that compiles. If the client code used methods on the original implementation type that are not also present on its replacement or if the client code passed the instance to a method that requires the original implementation type, then the code will no longer compile after making this change. Declaring the variable with the interface type keeps you honest.
你可能认为使用变量的实现类型声明变量是可以的,因为你可以同时更改声明类型和实现类型,但是不能保证这种更改会正确编译程序。如果客户端代码对原实现类型使用了替换时不存在的方法,或者客户端代码将实例传递给需要原实现类型的方法,那么在进行此更改之后,代码将不再编译。使用接口类型声明变量可以保持一致。
**It is entirely appropriate to refer to an object by a class rather than an interface if no appropriate interface exists.** For example, consider value classes, such as String and BigInteger. Value classes are rarely written with multiple implementations in mind. They are often final and rarely have corresponding interfaces. It is perfectly appropriate to use such a value class as a parameter, variable, field, or return type.
**如果没有合适的接口存在,那么用类引用对象是完全合适的。** 例如,考虑值类,如 String 和 BigInteger。值类很少在编写时考虑到多个实现。它们通常是 final 的,很少有相应的接口。使用这样的值类作为参数、变量、字段或返回类型非常合适。
A second case in which there is no appropriate interface type is that of objects belonging to a framework whose fundamental types are classes rather than interfaces. If an object belongs to such a class-based framework, it is preferable to refer to it by the relevant base class, which is often abstract, rather than by its implementation class. Many java.io classes such as OutputStream fall into this category.
没有合适接口类型的第二种情况是属于框架的对象,框架的基本类型是类而不是接口。如果一个对象属于这样一个基于类的框架,那么最好使用相关的基类来引用它,这通常是抽象的,而不是使用它的实现类。在 java.io 类中许多诸如 OutputStream 之类的就属于这种情况。
A final case in which there is no appropriate interface type is that of classes that implement an interface but also provide extra methods not found in the interface—for example, PriorityQueue has a comparator method that is not present on the Queue interface. Such a class should be used to refer to its instances only if the program relies on the extra methods, and this should be very rare.
没有合适接口类型的最后一种情况是,实现接口但同时提供接口中不存在的额外方法的类,例如,PriorityQueue 有一个在 Queue 接口上不存在的比较器方法。只有当程序依赖于额外的方法时,才应该使用这样的类来引用它的实例,这种情况应该非常少见。
These three cases are not meant to be exhaustive but merely to convey the flavor of situations where it is appropriate to refer to an object by its class. In practice, it should be apparent whether a given object has an appropriate interface. If it does, your program will be more flexible and stylish if you use the interface to refer to the object. **If there is no appropriate interface, just use the least specific class in the class hierarchy that provides the required functionality.**
这三种情况并不是面面俱到的,而仅仅是为了传达适合通过类引用对象的情况。在实际应用中,给定对象是否具有适当的接口应该是显而易见的。如果是这样,如果使用接口引用对象,程序将更加灵活和流行。**如果没有合适的接口,就使用类层次结构中提供所需功能的最底层的类**
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)