## Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
### Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
Lazy initialization is the act of delaying the initialization of a field until its value is needed. If the value is never needed, the field is never initialized. This technique is applicable to both static and instance fields. While lazy initialization is primarily an optimization, it can also be used to break harmful circularities in class and instance initialization [Bloch05, Puzzle 51].
延迟初始化是延迟字段的初始化,直到需要它的值。如果不需要该值,则不会初始化字段。这种技术既适用于静态字段,也适用于实例字段。虽然延迟初始化主要作为一种优化手段,它还可用于避免类与实例初始化中循环依赖的问题 [Bloch05, Puzzle 51]。
As is the case for most optimizations, the best advice for lazy initialization is “don’t do it unless you need to” (Item 67). Lazy initialization is a double-edged sword. It decreases the cost of initializing a class or creating an instance, at the expense of increasing the cost of accessing the lazily initialized field. Depending on what fraction of these fields eventually require initialization, how expensive it is to initialize them, and how often each one is accessed once initialized, lazy initialization can (like many “optimizations”) actually harm performance.
与大多数优化一样,延迟初始化的最佳建议是「除非需要,否则不要这样做」(第67项)。延迟初始化是一把双刃剑。它降低了初始化类或创建实例的成本,代价是增加了访问延迟初始化字段的成本。根据这些字段中最终需要初始化的部分、初始化它们的开销以及初始化后访问每个字段的频率,延迟初始化实际上会损害性能(就像许多「优化」一样)。
That said, lazy initialization has its uses. If a field is accessed only on a fraction of the instances of a class and it is costly to initialize the field, then lazy initialization may be worthwhile. The only way to know for sure is to measure the performance of the class with and without lazy initialization.
延迟初始化也有它的用途。如果一个字段只在类的一小部分实例上访问,并且初始化该字段的代价很高,那么延迟初始化可能是值得的。唯一确定的方法是以使用和不使用延迟初始化的效果对比来度量类的性能。
In the presence of multiple threads, lazy initialization is tricky. If two or more threads share a lazily initialized field, it is critical that some form of synchronization be employed, or severe bugs can result (Item 78). All of the initialization techniques discussed in this item are thread-safe.
在存在多个线程的情况下,使用延迟初始化很棘手。如果两个或多个线程共享一个延迟初始化的字段,那么必须使用某种形式的同步,否则会导致严重的错误([Item-78](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-78-Synchronize-access-to-shared-mutable-data.md))。本条目讨论的所有初始化技术都是线程安全的。
**Under most circumstances, normal initialization is preferable to lazy initialization.** Here is a typical declaration for a normally initialized instance field. Note the use of the final modifier (Item 17):
**在大多数情况下,常规初始化优于延迟初始化。** 下面是一个使用常规初始化的实例字段的典型声明。注意 final 修饰符的使用([Item-17](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-17-Minimize-mutability.md)):
```
// Normal initialization of an instance field
private final FieldType field = computeFieldValue();
```
**If you use lazy initialization to break an initialization circularity, use a synchronized accessor** because it is the simplest, clearest alternative:
**如果您使用延迟初始化来取代初始化 circularity,请使用同步访问器**,因为它是最简单、最清晰的替代方法:
```
// Lazy initialization of instance field - synchronized accessor
private FieldType field;
private synchronized FieldType getField() {
if (field == null)
field = computeFieldValue();
return field;
}
```
Both of these idioms (normal initialization and lazy initialization with a synchronized accessor) are unchanged when applied to static fields, except that you add the static modifier to the field and accessor declarations.
这两种习惯用法(使用同步访问器进行常规初始化和延迟初始化)在应用于静态字段时都没有改变,只是在字段和访问器声明中添加了 static 修饰符。
**If you need to use lazy initialization for performance on a static field, use the lazy initialization holder class idiom.** This idiom exploits the guarantee that a class will not be initialized until it is used [JLS, 12.4.1]. Here’s how it looks:
**如果需要在静态字段上使用延迟初始化来提高性能,use the lazy initialization holder class idiom.** 这个用法可保证一个类在使用之前不会被初始化 [JLS, 12.4.1]。它是这样的:
```
// Lazy initialization holder class idiom for static fields
private static class FieldHolder {
static final FieldType field = computeFieldValue();
}
private static FieldType getField() { return FieldHolder.field; }
```
When getField is invoked for the first time, it reads FieldHolder.field for the first time, causing the initialization of the FieldHolder class. The beauty of this idiom is that the getField method is not synchronized and performs only a field access, so lazy initialization adds practically nothing to the cost of access. A typical VM will synchronize field access only to initialize the class. Once the class is initialized, the VM patches the code so that subsequent access to the field does not involve any testing or synchronization.
第一次调用 getField 时,它执行 FieldHolder.field,导致初始化 FieldHolder 类。这个习惯用法的优点是 getField 方法不是同步的,只执行字段访问,所以延迟初始化实际上不会增加访问成本。典型的 VM 只会同步字段访问来初始化类。初始化类之后,VM 会对代码进行修补,这样对字段的后续访问就不会涉及任何测试或同步。
**If you need to use lazy initialization for performance on an instance field, use the double-check idiom.** This idiom avoids the cost of locking when accessing the field after initialization (Item 79). The idea behind the idiom is to check the value of the field twice (hence the name double-check): once without locking and then, if the field appears to be uninitialized, a second time with locking. Only if the second check indicates that the field is uninitialized does the call initialize the field. Because there is no locking once the field is initialized, it is critical that the field be declared volatile (Item 78). Here is the idiom:
如果需要使用延迟初始化来提高实例字段的性能,请使用双重检查模式。这个模式避免了初始化后访问字段时的锁定成本([Item-79](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-79-Avoid-excessive-synchronization.md))。这个模式背后的思想是两次检查字段的值(因此得名 double check):一次没有锁定,然后,如果字段没有初始化,第二次使用锁定。只有当第二次检查指示字段未初始化时,调用才初始化字段。由于初始化字段后没有锁定,因此将字段声明为 volatile 非常重要([Item-78](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-78-Synchronize-access-to-shared-mutable-data.md))。下面是这个模式的示例:
```
// Double-check idiom for lazy initialization of instance fields
private volatile FieldType field;
private FieldType getField() {
FieldType result = field;
if (result == null) { // First check (no locking)
synchronized(this) {
if (field == null) // Second check (with locking)
field = result = computeFieldValue();
}
}
return result;
}
```
This code may appear a bit convoluted. In particular, the need for the local variable (result) may be unclear. What this variable does is to ensure that field is read only once in the common case where it’s already initialized.
这段代码可能看起来有点复杂。特别是不清楚是否需要局部变量(result)。该变量的作用是确保 field 在已经初始化的情况下只读取一次。
While not strictly necessary, this may improve performance and is more elegant by the standards applied to low-level concurrent programming. On my machine, the method above is about 1.4 times as fast as the obvious version without a local variable. While you can apply the double-check idiom to static fields as well, there is no reason to do so: the lazy initialization holder class idiom is a better choice.
虽然不是严格必需的,但这可能会提高性能,而且与低级并发编程相比,这更优雅。在我的机器上,上述方法的速度大约是没有局部变量版本的 1.4 倍。虽然您也可以将双重检查模式应用于静态字段,但是没有理由这样做:the lazy initialization holder class idiom is a better choice.
Two variants of the double-check idiom bear noting. Occasionally, you may need to lazily initialize an instance field that can tolerate repeated initialization. If you find yourself in this situation, you can use a variant of the double-check idiom that dispenses with the second check. It is, not surprisingly, known as the single-check idiom. Here is how it looks. Note that field is still declared volatile:
双重检查模式的两个变体值得注意。有时候,您可能需要延迟初始化一个实例字段,该字段可以容忍重复初始化。如果您发现自己处于这种情况,您可以使用双重检查模式的变体来避免第二个检查。毫无疑问,这就是所谓的「单检查」模式。它是这样的。注意,field 仍然声明为 volatile:
```
// Single-check idiom - can cause repeated initialization!
private volatile FieldType field;
private FieldType getField() {
FieldType result = field;
if (result == null)
field = result = computeFieldValue();
return result;
}
```
All of the initialization techniques discussed in this item apply to primitive fields as well as object reference fields. When the double-check or single-check idiom is applied to a numerical primitive field, the field’s value is checked against 0 (the default value for numerical primitive variables) rather than null.
本条目中讨论的所有初始化技术都适用于基本字段和对象引用字段。当双检查或单检查模式应用于数值基本类型字段时,将根据 0(数值基本类型变量的默认值)而不是 null 检查字段的值。
If you don’t care whether every thread recalculates the value of a field, and the type of the field is a primitive other than long or double, then you may choose to remove the volatile modifier from the field declaration in the single-check idiom. This variant is known as the racy single-check idiom. It speeds up field access on some architectures, at the expense of additional initializations (up to one per thread that accesses the field). This is definitely an exotic technique, not for everyday use.
如果您不关心每个线程是否都会重新计算字段的值,并且字段的类型是 long 或 double 之外的基本类型,那么您可以选择在单检查模式中从字段声明中删除 volatile 修饰符。这种变体称为原生单检查模式。它加快了某些架构上的字段访问速度,代价是需要额外的初始化(每个访问该字段的线程最多需要一个初始化)。这绝对是一种奇特的技术,不是日常使用的。
In summary, you should initialize most fields normally, not lazily. If you must initialize a field lazily in order to achieve your performance goals or to break a harmful initialization circularity, then use the appropriate lazy initialization technique. For instance fields, it is the double-check idiom; for static fields, the lazy initialization holder class idiom. For instance fields that can tolerate repeated initialization, you may also consider the single-check idiom.
总之,您应该正常初始化大多数字段,而不是延迟初始化。如果必须延迟初始化字段以实现性能目标或 break a harmful initialization circularity,则使用适当的延迟初始化技术。对于字段,使用双重检查模式;对于静态字段,the lazy initialization holder class idiom. 例如,可以容忍重复初始化的实例字段,您还可以考虑单检查模式。
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章节目录)](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item(上一条目):[Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-82-Document-thread-safety.md)**
- **Next Item(下一条目):[Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-84-Don’t-depend-on-the-thread-scheduler.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)