## Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
### Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
An attribute that distinguishes expert programmers from less experienced ones is that experts strive for and usually achieve a high degree of code reuse. Exceptions are no exception to the rule that code reuse is a good thing. The Java libraries provide a set of exceptions that covers most of the exception-throwing needs of most APIs.
专家程序员与经验较少的程序员之间的一个区别是,专家力求实现高度的代码复用。代码复用是一件好事,异常也不例外。Java 库提供了一组异常,涵盖了大多数 API 的大多数异常抛出需求。
Reusing standard exceptions has several benefits. Chief among them is that it makes your API easier to learn and use because it matches the established conventions that programmers are already familiar with. A close second is that programs using your API are easier to read because they aren’t cluttered with unfamiliar exceptions. Last (and least), fewer exception classes means a smaller memory footprint and less time spent loading classes.
复用标准异常有几个好处。其中最主要的是,它使你的 API 更容易学习和使用,因为它符合程序员已经熟悉的既定约定。其次,使用你的 API 的程序更容易阅读,因为它们不会因为不熟悉的异常而混乱。最后(也是最不重要的),更少的异常类意味着更小的内存占用和更少的加载类的时间。
The most commonly reused exception type is IllegalArgumentException (Item 49). This is generally the exception to throw when the caller passes in an argument whose value is inappropriate. For example, this would be the exception to throw if the caller passed a negative number in a parameter representing the number of times some action was to be repeated.
最常见的复用异常类型是 IllegalArgumentException([Item-49](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-49-Check-parameters-for-validity.md))。这通常是调用者传入不合适的参数时抛出的异常。例如,如果调用者在表示某个操作要重复多少次的参数中传递了一个负数,则抛出这个异常。
Another commonly reused exception is IllegalStateException. This is generally the exception to throw if the invocation is illegal because of the state of the receiving object. For example, this would be the exception to throw if the caller attempted to use some object before it had been properly initialized.
另一个常被复用异常是 IllegalStateException。如果接收对象的状态导致调用非法,则通常会抛出此异常。例如,如果调用者试图在对象被正确初始化之前使用它,那么这将是抛出的异常。
Arguably, every erroneous method invocation boils down to an illegal argument or state, but other exceptions are standardly used for certain kinds of illegal arguments and states. If a caller passes null in some parameter for which null values are prohibited, convention dictates that NullPointerException be thrown rather than IllegalArgumentException. Similarly, if a caller passes an out-of-range value in a parameter representing an index into a sequence, IndexOutOfBoundsException should be thrown rather than IllegalArgumentException.
可以说,每个错误的方法调用都归结为参数非法或状态非法,但是有一些异常通常用于某些特定的参数非法和状态非法。如果调用者在禁止空值的参数中传递 null,那么按照惯例,抛出 NullPointerException 而不是 IllegalArgumentException。类似地,如果调用者将表示索引的参数中的超出范围的值传递给序列,则应该抛出 IndexOutOfBoundsException,而不是 IllegalArgumentException。
Another reusable exception is ConcurrentModificationException. It should be thrown if an object that was designed for use by a single thread (or with external synchronization) detects that it is being modified concurrently. This exception is at best a hint because it is impossible to reliably detect concurrent modification.
另一个可复用异常是 ConcurrentModificationException。如果一个对象被设计为由单个线程使用(或与外部同步),并且检测到它正在被并发地修改,则应该抛出该异常。因为不可能可靠地检测并发修改,所以该异常充其量只是一个提示。
A last standard exception of note is UnsupportedOperationException. This is the exception to throw if an object does not support an attempted operation. Its use is rare because most objects support all of their methods. This exception is used by classes that fail to implement one or more optional operations defined by an interface they implement. For example, an append-only List implementation would throw this exception if someone tried to delete an element from the list.
最后一个需要注意的标准异常是 UnsupportedOperationException。如果对象不支持尝试的操作,则抛出此异常。它很少使用,因为大多数对象都支持它们的所有方法。此异常用于一个类没有实现由其实现的接口定义的一个或多个可选操作。例如,对于只支持追加操作的 List 实现,试图从中删除元素时就会抛出这个异常。
**Do not reuse Exception, RuntimeException, Throwable, or Error directly.** Treat these classes as if they were abstract. You can't reliably test for these exceptions because they are superclasses of other exceptions that a method may throw.
**不要直接复用 Exception、RuntimeException、Throwable 或 Error。** 应当将这些类视为抽象类。你不能对这些异常进行可靠的测试,因为它们是方法可能抛出的异常的超类。
This table summarizes the most commonly reused exceptions:
此表总结了最常见的可复用异常:
| Exception | Occasion for Use |
|:-------:|:-------:|
| IllegalArgumentException | Non-null parameter value is inappropriate(非空参数值不合适) |
| IllegalStateException | Object state is inappropriate for method invocation(对象状态不适用于方法调用) |
| NullPointerException | Parameter value is null where prohibited(禁止参数为空时仍传入 null) |
| IndexOutOfBoundsException | Index parameter value is out of range(索引参数值超出范围) |
| ConcurrentModificationException | Concurrent modification of an object has been detected where it is prohibited(在禁止并发修改对象的地方检测到该动作) |
| UnsupportedOperationException | Object does not support method(对象不支持该方法调用) |
While these are by far the most commonly reused exceptions, others may be reused where circumstances warrant. For example, it would be appropriate to reuse ArithmeticException and NumberFormatException if you were implementing arithmetic objects such as complex numbers or rational numbers. If an exception fits your needs, go ahead and use it, but only if the conditions under which you would throw it are consistent with the exception’s documentation: reuse must be based on documented semantics, not just on name. Also, feel free to subclass a standard exception if you want to add more detail (Item 75), but remember that exceptions are serializable (Chapter 12). That alone is reason not to write your own exception class without good reason.
虽然到目前为止,这些是最常见的复用异常,但是在环境允许的情况下也可以复用其他异常。例如,如果你正在实现诸如复数或有理数之类的算术对象,那么复用 ArithmeticException 和 NumberFormatException 是合适的。如果一个异常符合你的需要,那么继续使用它,但前提是你抛出它的条件与异常的文档描述一致:复用必须基于文档化的语义,而不仅仅是基于名称。另外,如果你想添加更多的细节,可以随意子类化标准异常(第75项),但是请记住,异常是可序列化的(Chapter 12)。如果没有充分的理由,不要编写自己的异常类。
Choosing which exception to reuse can be tricky because the “occasions for use” in the table above do not appear to be mutually exclusive. Consider the case of an object representing a deck of cards, and suppose there were a method to deal a hand from the deck that took as an argument the size of the hand. If the caller passed a value larger than the number of cards remaining in the deck, it could be construed as an IllegalArgumentException (the handSize parameter value is too high) or an IllegalStateException (the deck contains too few cards). Under these circumstances, the rule is to throw IllegalStateException if no argument values would have worked, otherwise throw IllegalArgumentException.
选择复用哪个异常可能比较棘手,因为上表中的「使用场合」似乎并不相互排斥。考虑一个对象,表示一副牌,假设有一个方法代表发牌操作,该方法将手牌多少作为参数。如果调用者传递的值大于牌堆中剩余的牌的数量,则可以将其解释为 IllegalArgumentException (handSize 参数值太大)或 IllegalStateException(牌堆中包含的牌太少)。在这种情况下,规则是:如果没有参数值,抛出 IllegalStateException,否则抛出 IllegalArgumentException。
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)