## Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
### Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
The float and double types are designed primarily for scientific and engineering calculations. They perform binary floating-point arithmetic, which was carefully designed to furnish accurate approximations quickly over a broad range of magnitudes. They do not, however, provide exact results and should not be used where exact results are required. **The float and double types are particularly ill-suited for monetary calculations** because it is impossible to represent 0.1 (or any other negative power of ten) as a float or double exactly.
float 和 double 类型主要用于科学计算和工程计算。它们执行二进制浮点运算,该算法经过精心设计,能够在很大范围内快速提供精确的近似值。但是,它们不能提供准确的结果,也不应该在需要精确结果的地方使用。**float 和 double 类型特别不适合进行货币计算**,因为不可能将 0.1(或 10 的任意负次幂)精确地表示为 float 或 double。
For example, suppose you have $1.03 in your pocket, and you spend 42¢. How much money do you have left? Here’s a naive program fragment that attempts to answer this question:
例如,假设你口袋里有 1.03 美元,你消费了 42 美分。你还剩下多少钱?下面是一个简单的程序片段,试图回答这个问题:
```
System.out.println(1.03 - 0.42);
```
Unfortunately, it prints out 0.6100000000000001. This is not an isolated case. Suppose you have a dollar in your pocket, and you buy nine washers priced at ten cents each. How much change do you get?
不幸的是,它输出了 0.6100000000000001。这不是一个特例。假设你口袋里有一美元,你买了 9 台洗衣机,每台 10 美分。你能得到多少零钱?
```
System.out.println(1.00 - 9 * 0.10);
```
According to this program fragment, you get $0.09999999999999998.
根据这个程序片段,可以得到 0.0999999999999999998 美元。
You might think that the problem could be solved merely by rounding results prior to printing, but unfortunately this does not always work. For example, suppose you have a dollar in your pocket, and you see a shelf with a row of delicious candies priced at 10¢, 20¢, 30¢, and so forth, up to a dollar. You buy one of each candy, starting with the one that costs 10¢, until you can’t afford to buy the next candy on the shelf. How many candies do you buy, and how much change do you get? Here’s a naive program designed to solve this problem:
你可能认为,只需在打印之前将结果四舍五入就可以解决这个问题,但不幸的是,这种方法并不总是有效。例如,假设你口袋里有一美元,你看到一个架子上有一排好吃的糖果,它们的价格仅仅是 10 美分,20 美分,30 美分,以此类推,直到 1 美元。你每买一颗糖,从 10 美分的那颗开始,直到你买不起货架上的下一颗糖。你买了多少糖果,换了多少零钱?这里有一个简单的程序来解决这个问题:
```
// Broken - uses floating point for monetary calculation!
public static void main(String[] args) {
double funds = 1.00;
int itemsBought = 0;
for (double price = 0.10; funds >= price; price += 0.10) {
funds -= price;
itemsBought++;
}
System.out.println(itemsBought +"items bought.");
System.out.println("Change: $" + funds);
}
```
If you run the program, you’ll find that you can afford three pieces of candy, and you have $0.3999999999999999 left. This is the wrong answer! The right way to solve this problem is to **use BigDecimal, int, or long for monetary calculations.**
如果你运行这个程序,你会发现你可以买得起三块糖,你还有 0.399999999999999999 美元。这是错误的答案!解决这个问题的正确方法是 **使用 BigDecimal、int 或 long 进行货币计算。**
Here’s a straightforward transformation of the previous program to use the BigDecimal type in place of double. Note that BigDecimal’s String constructor is used rather than its double constructor. This is required in order to avoid introducing inaccurate values into the computation [Bloch05, Puzzle 2]:
这里是前一个程序的一个简单改版,使用 BigDecimal 类型代替 double。注意,使用 BigDecimal 的 String 构造函数而不是它的 double 构造函数。这是为了避免在计算中引入不准确的值 [Bloch05, Puzzle 2]:
```
public static void main(String[] args) {
final BigDecimal TEN_CENTS = new BigDecimal(".10");
int itemsBought = 0;
BigDecimal funds = new BigDecimal("1.00");
for (BigDecimal price = TEN_CENTS;funds.compareTo(price) >= 0;price = price.add(TEN_CENTS)) {
funds = funds.subtract(price);
itemsBought++;
}
System.out.println(itemsBought +"items bought.");
System.out.println("Money left over: $" + funds);
}
```
If you run the revised program, you’ll find that you can afford four pieces of candy, with $0.00 left over. This is the correct answer.
如果你运行修改后的程序,你会发现你可以买四颗糖,最终剩下 0 美元。这是正确答案。
There are, however, two disadvantages to using BigDecimal: it’s a lot less convenient than using a primitive arithmetic type, and it’s a lot slower. The latter disadvantage is irrelevant if you’re solving a single short problem, but the former may annoy you.
然而,使用 BigDecimal 有两个缺点:它与原始算术类型相比很不方便,而且速度要慢得多。如果你只解决一个简单的问题,后一种缺点是无关紧要的,但前者可能会让你烦恼。
An alternative to using BigDecimal is to use int or long, depending on the amounts involved, and to keep track of the decimal point yourself. In this example, the obvious approach is to do all computation in cents instead of dollars. Here’s a straightforward transformation that takes this approach:
除了使用 BigDecimal,另一种方法是使用 int 或 long,这取决于涉及的数值大小,还要自己处理十进制小数点。在这个例子中,最明显的方法是用美分而不是美元来计算。下面是一个采用这种方法的简单改版:
```
public static void main(String[] args) {
int itemsBought = 0;
int funds = 100;
for (int price = 10; funds >= price; price += 10) {
funds -= price;
itemsBought++;
}
System.out.println(itemsBought +"items bought.");
System.out.println("Cash left over: " + funds + " cents");
}
```
In summary, don’t use float or double for any calculations that require an exact answer. Use BigDecimal if you want the system to keep track of the decimal point and you don’t mind the inconvenience and cost of not using a primitive type. Using BigDecimal has the added advantage that it gives you full control over rounding, letting you select from eight rounding modes whenever an operation that entails rounding is performed. This comes in handy if you’re performing business calculations with legally mandated rounding behavior. If performance is of the essence, you don’t mind keeping track of the decimal point yourself, and the quantities aren’t too big, use int or long. If the quantities don’t exceed nine decimal digits, you can use int; if they don’t exceed eighteen digits, you can use long. If the quantities might exceed eighteen digits, use BigDecimal.
总之,对于任何需要精确答案的计算,不要使用 float 或 double 类型。如果希望系统来处理十进制小数点,并且不介意不使用基本类型带来的不便和成本,请使用 BigDecimal。使用 BigDecimal 的另一个好处是,它可以完全控制舍入,当执行需要舍入的操作时,可以从八种舍入模式中进行选择。如果你使用合法的舍入行为执行业务计算,这将非常方便。如果性能是最重要的,那么你不介意自己处理十进制小数点,而且数值不是太大,可以使用 int 或 long。如果数值不超过 9 位小数,可以使用 int;如果不超过 18 位,可以使用 long。如果数量可能超过 18 位,则使用 BigDecimal。
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章节目录)](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item(上一条目):[Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-59-Know-and-use-the-libraries.md)**
- **Next Item(下一条目):[Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-61-Prefer-primitive-types-to-boxed-primitives.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)