## Chapter 9. General Programming（通用程序设计）
### Item 59: Know and use the libraries（了解并使用库）
Suppose you want to generate random integers between zero and some upper bound. Faced with this common task, many programmers would write a little method that looks something like this:
假设你想要生成 0 到某个上界之间的随机整数。面对这个常见任务，许多程序员会编写一个类似这样的小方法：
```
// Common but deeply flawed!
static Random rnd = new Random();
static int random(int n) {
return Math.abs(rnd.nextInt()) % n;
}
```
This method may look good, but it has three flaws. The first is that if n is a small power of two, the sequence of random numbers will repeat itself after a fairly short period. The second flaw is that if n is not a power of two, some numbers will, on average, be returned more frequently than others. If n is large, this effect can be quite pronounced. This is powerfully demonstrated by the following program, which generates a million random numbers in a carefully chosen range and then prints out how many of the numbers fell in the lower half of the range:
这个方法看起来不错，但它有三个缺点。首先，如果 n 是小的平方数，随机数序列会在相当短的时间内重复。第二个缺陷是，如果 n 不是 2 的幂，那么平均而言，一些数字将比其他数字更频繁地返回。如果 n 很大，这种效果会很明显。下面的程序有力地证明了这一点，它在一个精心选择的范围内生成 100 万个随机数，然后打印出有多少个数字落在范围的下半部分：
```
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 2 * (Integer.MAX_VALUE / 3);
int low = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
if (random(n) < n/2)
low++;
System.out.println(low);
}
```
If the random method worked properly, the program would print a number close to half a million, but if you run it, you’ll find that it prints a number close to 666,666. Two-thirds of the numbers generated by the random method fall in the lower half of its range!
如果 random 方法工作正常，程序将输出一个接近 50 万的数字，但是如果运行它，你将发现它输出一个接近 666666 的数字。随机方法生成的数字中有三分之二落在其范围的下半部分！
The third flaw in the random method is that it can, on rare occasions, fail catastrophically, returning a number outside the specified range. This is so because the method attempts to map the value returned by rnd.nextInt() to a non-negative int by calling Math.abs. If nextInt() returns Integer.MIN_VALUE, Math.abs will also return Integer.MIN_VALUE, and the remainder operator (%) will return a negative number, assuming n is not a power of two. This will almost certainly cause your program to fail, and the failure may be difficult to reproduce.
random 方法的第三个缺陷是，在极少数情况下会返回超出指定范围的数字，这是灾难性的结果。这是因为该方法试图通过调用 `Math.abs` 将 `rnd.nextInt()` 返回的值映射到非负整数。如果 `nextInt()` 返回整数。`Integer.MIN_VALUE`、`Math.abs` 也将返回整数。假设 n 不是 2 的幂，那么 `Integer.MIN_VALUE` 和求模运算符 `(%)` 将返回一个负数。几乎肯定的是，这会导致你的程序失败，并且这种失败可能难以重现。
To write a version of the random method that corrects these flaws, you’d have to know a fair amount about pseudorandom number generators, number theory, and two’s complement arithmetic. Luckily, you don’t have to do this— it’s been done for you. It’s called Random.nextInt(int). You needn’t concern yourself with the details of how it does its job (although you can study the documentation or the source code if you’re curious). A senior engineer with a background in algorithms spent a good deal of time designing, implementing, and testing this method and then showed it to several experts in the field to make sure it was right. Then the library was beta tested, released, and used extensively by millions of programmers for almost two decades. No flaws have yet been found in the method, but if a flaw were to be discovered, it would be fixed in the next release. **By using a standard library, you take advantage of the knowledge of the experts who wrote it and the experience of those who used it before you.**
要编写一个 random 方法来纠正这些缺陷，你必须对伪随机数生成器、数论和 2 的补码算法有一定的了解。幸运的是，你不必这样做（这是为你而做的成果）。它被称为 `Random.nextInt(int)`。你不必关心它如何工作的（尽管如果你感兴趣，可以研究文档或源代码）。一位具有算法背景的高级工程师花了大量时间设计、实现和测试这种方法，然后将其展示给该领域的几位专家，以确保它是正确的。然后，这个库经过 beta 测试、发布，并被数百万程序员广泛使用了近 20 年。该方法还没有发现任何缺陷，但是如果发现了缺陷，将在下一个版本中进行修复。**通过使用标准库，你可以利用编写它的专家的知识和以前使用它的人的经验。**
As of Java 7, you should no longer use Random. For most uses, **the random number generator of choice is now ThreadLocalRandom.** It produces higher quality random numbers, and it’s very fast. On my machine, it is 3.6 times faster than Random. For fork join pools and parallel streams, use SplittableRandom.
从 Java 7 开始，就不应该再使用 Random。在大多数情况下，**选择的随机数生成器现在是 ThreadLocalRandom。** 它能产生更高质量的随机数，而且速度非常快。在我的机器上，它比 Random 快 3.6 倍。对于 fork 连接池和并行流，使用 SplittableRandom。
A second advantage of using the libraries is that you don’t have to waste your time writing ad hoc solutions to problems that are only marginally related to your work. If you are like most programmers, you’d rather spend your time working on your application than on the underlying plumbing.
使用这些库的第二个好处是，你不必浪费时间为那些与你的工作无关的问题编写专门的解决方案。如果你像大多数程序员一样，那么你宁愿将时间花在应用程序上，而不是底层管道上。
A third advantage of using standard libraries is that their performance tends to improve over time, with no effort on your part. Because many people use them and because they’re used in industry-standard benchmarks, the organizations that supply these libraries have a strong incentive to make them run faster. Many of the Java platform libraries have been rewritten over the years, sometimes repeatedly, resulting in dramatic performance improvements. A fourth advantage of using libraries is that they tend to gain functionality over time. If a library is missing something, the developer community will make it known, and the missing functionality may get added in a subsequent release.
使用标准库的第三个优点是，随着时间的推移，它们的性能会不断提高，而你无需付出任何努力。由于许多人使用它们，而且它们是在行业标准基准中使用的，所以提供这些库的组织有很强的动机使它们运行得更快。多年来，许多 Java 平台库都被重新编写过，有时甚至是反复编写，从而带来了显著的性能改进。使用库的第四个好处是，随着时间的推移，它们往往会获得新功能。如果一个库丢失了一些东西，开发人员社区会将其公布于众，并且丢失的功能可能会在后续版本中添加。
A final advantage of using the standard libraries is that you place your code in the mainstream. Such code is more easily readable, maintainable, and reusable by the multitude of developers.
使用标准库的最后一个好处是，可以将代码放在主干中。这样的代码更容易被开发人员阅读、维护和复用。
Given all these advantages, it seems only logical to use library facilities in preference to ad hoc implementations, yet many programmers don’t. Why not? Perhaps they don’t know the library facilities exist. **Numerous features are added to the libraries in every major release, and it pays to keep abreast of these additions.** Each time there is a major release of the Java platform, a web page is published describing its new features. These pages are well worth reading [Java8-feat, Java9-feat]. To reinforce this point, suppose you wanted to write a program to print the contents of a URL specified on the command line (which is roughly what the Linux curl command does). Prior to Java 9, this code was a bit tedious, but in Java 9 the transferTo method was added to InputStream. Here is a complete program to perform this task using this new method:
考虑到所有这些优点，使用库工具而不选择专门的实现似乎是合乎逻辑的，但许多程序员并不这样做。为什么不呢？也许他们不知道库的存在。**在每个主要版本中，都会向库中添加许多特性，了解这些新增特性是值得的。** 每次发布 Java 平台的主要版本时，都会发布一个描述其新特性的 web 页面。这些页面非常值得一读 [Java8-feat, Java9-feat]。为了强调这一点，假设你想编写一个程序来打印命令行中指定的 URL 的内容（这大致是 Linux curl 命令所做的）。在 Java 9 之前，这段代码有点乏味，但是在 Java 9 中，transferTo 方法被添加到 InputStream 中。这是一个使用这个新方法执行这项任务的完整程序：
```
// Printing the contents of a URL with transferTo, added in Java 9
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
try (InputStream in = new URL(args[0]).openStream()) {
in.transferTo(System.out);
}
}
```
The libraries are too big to study all the documentation [Java9-api], but **every programmer should be familiar with the basics of java.lang, java.util, and java.io, and their subpackages.** Knowledge of other libraries can be acquired on an as-needed basis. It is beyond the scope of this item to summarize the facilities in the libraries, which have grown immense over the years.
库太大，无法学习所有文档 [Java9-api]，但是 **每个程序员都应该熟悉 `java.lang`、`java.util` 和 `java.io` 的基础知识及其子包。** 其他库的知识可以根据需要获得。概述库中的工具超出了本项目的范围，这些工具多年来已经发展得非常庞大。
Several libraries bear special mention. The collections framework and the streams library (Items 45–48) should be part of every programmer’s basic toolkit, as should parts of the concurrency utilities in java.util.concurrent. This package contains both high-level utilities to simplify the task of multithreaded programming and low-level primitives to allow experts to write their own higher-level concurrent abstractions. The highlevel parts of java.util.concurrent are discussed in Items 80 and 81.
有几个图书馆值得一提。collections 框架和 streams 库（可参看 Item 45-48）应该是每个程序员的基本工具包的一部分，`java.util.concurrent` 中的并发实用程序也应该是其中的一部分。这个包既包含高级的并发工具来简化多线程的编程任务，还包含低级别的并发基本类型，允许专家们自己编写更高级的并发抽象。`java.util.concurrent` 的高级部分，在 [Item-80](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-80-Prefer-executors,-tasks,-and-streams-to-threads.md) 和 [Item-81](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-81-Prefer-concurrency-utilities-to-wait-and-notify.md) 中讨论。
Occasionally, a library facility can fail to meet your needs. The more specialized your needs, the more likely this is to happen. While your first impulse should be to use the libraries, if you’ve looked at what they have to offer in some area and it doesn’t meet your needs, then use an alternate implementation. There will always be holes in the functionality provided by any finite set of libraries. If you can’t find what you need in Java platform libraries, your next choice should be to look in high-quality third-party libraries, such as Google’s excellent, open source Guava library [Guava]. If you can’t find the functionality that you need in any appropriate library, you may have no choice but to implement it yourself.
有时，类库工具可能无法满足你的需求。你的需求越专门化，发生这种情况的可能性就越大。虽然你的第一个思路应该是使用这些库，但是如果你已经了解了它们在某些领域提供的功能，而这些功能不能满足你的需求，那么可以使用另一种实现。任何有限的库集所提供的功能总是存在漏洞。如果你在 Java 平台库中找不到你需要的东西，你的下一个选择应该是寻找高质量的第三方库，比如谷歌的优秀的开源 Guava 库 [Guava]。如果你无法在任何适当的库中找到所需的功能，你可能别无选择，只能自己实现它。
To summarize, don’t reinvent the wheel. If you need to do something that seems like it should be reasonably common, there may already be a facility in the libraries that does what you want. If there is, use it; if you don’t know, check. Generally speaking, library code is likely to be better than code that you’d write yourself and is likely to improve over time. This is no reflection on your abilities as a programmer. Economies of scale dictate that library code receives far more attention than most developers could afford to devote to the same functionality.
总而言之，不要白费力气重新发明轮子。如果你需要做一些看起来相当常见的事情，那么库中可能已经有一个工具可以做你想做的事情。如果有，使用它；如果你不知道，检查一下。一般来说，库代码可能比你自己编写的代码更好，并且随着时间的推移可能会得到改进。这并不反映你作为一个程序员的能力。规模经济决定了库代码得到的关注要远远超过大多数开发人员所能承担的相同功能。
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter（返回章节目录）](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item（上一条目）：[Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops（for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环）](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-58-Prefer-for-each-loops-to-traditional-for-loops.md)**
- **Next Item（下一条目）：[Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required（若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型）](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-60-Avoid-float-and-double-if-exact-answers-are-required.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects（创建和销毁对象）
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors（考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数）
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters（在面对多个构造函数参数时，请考虑构建器）
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type（使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性）
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor（用私有构造函数实施不可实例化）
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources（依赖注入优于硬连接资源）
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects（避免创建不必要的对象）
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references（排除过时的对象引用）
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners（避免使用终结器和清除器）
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally（使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally）
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects（对象的通用方法）
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals（覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定）
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals（当覆盖 equals 方法时，总要覆盖 hashCode 方法）
- Item 12: Always override toString（始终覆盖 toString 方法）
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously（明智地覆盖 clone 方法）
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable（考虑实现 Comparable 接口）
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces（类和接口）
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members（尽量减少类和成员的可访问性）
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields（在公共类中，使用访问器方法，而不是公共字段）
- Item 17: Minimize mutability（减少可变性）
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance（优先选择复合而不是继承）
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it（继承要设计良好并且具有文档，否则禁止使用）
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes（接口优于抽象类）
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity（为后代设计接口）
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types（接口只用于定义类型）
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes（类层次结构优于带标签的类）
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic（静态成员类优于非静态成员类）
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class（源文件仅限有单个顶层类）
- Chapter 5. Generics（泛型）
- Item 26: Do not use raw types（不要使用原始类型）
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings（消除 unchecked 警告）
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays（list 优于数组）
- Item 29: Favor generic types（优先使用泛型）
- Item 30: Favor generic methods（优先使用泛型方法）
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility（使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性）
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously（明智地合用泛型和可变参数）
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers（考虑类型安全的异构容器）
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations（枚举和注解）
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants（用枚举类型代替 int 常量）
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals（使用实例字段替代序数）
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields（用 EnumSet 替代位字段）
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing（使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引）
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces（使用接口模拟可扩展枚举）
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns（注解优于命名模式）
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation（坚持使用 @Override 注解）
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types（使用标记接口定义类型）
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams（λ 表达式和流）
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes（λ 表达式优于匿名类）
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas（方法引用优于 λ 表达式）
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces（优先使用标准函数式接口）
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously（明智地使用流）
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams（在流中使用无副作用的函数）
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type（优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型）
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel（谨慎使用并行流）
- Chapter 8. Methods（方法）
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity（检查参数的有效性）
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed（在需要时制作防御性副本）
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully（仔细设计方法签名）
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously（明智地使用重载）
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously（明智地使用可变参数）
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls（返回空集合或数组，而不是 null）
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously（明智地的返回 Optional）
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements（为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释）
- Chapter 9. General Programming（通用程序设计）
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables（将局部变量的作用域最小化）
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops（for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环）
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries（了解并使用库）
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required（若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型）
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives（基本数据类型优于包装类）
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate（其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串）
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation（当心字符串连接引起的性能问题）
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces（通过接口引用对象）
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection（接口优于反射）
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously（明智地使用本地方法）
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously（明智地进行优化）
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions（遵守被广泛认可的命名约定）
- Chapter 10. Exceptions（异常）
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions（仅在确有异常条件下使用异常）
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors（对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常，对编程错误使用运行时异常）
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions（避免不必要地使用 checked 异常）
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions（鼓励复用标准异常）
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction（抛出能用抽象解释的异常）
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method（为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常）
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages（异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息）
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity（尽力保证故障原子性）
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions（不要忽略异常）
- Chapter 11. Concurrency（并发）
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data（对共享可变数据的同步访问）
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization（避免过度同步）
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads（Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程）
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify（并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify）
- Item 82: Document thread safety（文档应包含线程安全属性）
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously（明智地使用延迟初始化）
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler（不要依赖线程调度器）
- Chapter 12. Serialization（序列化）
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization（优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案）
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution（非常谨慎地实现 Serializable）
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form（考虑使用自定义序列化形式）
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively（防御性地编写 readObject 方法）
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve（对于实例控制，枚举类型优于 readResolve）
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances（考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例）