## Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
### Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
When many threads are runnable, the thread scheduler determines which ones get to run and for how long. Any reasonable operating system will try to make this determination fairly, but the policy can vary. Therefore, well-written programs shouldn’t depend on the details of this policy. **Any program that relies on the thread scheduler for correctness or performance is likely to be nonportable.**
当许多线程可以运行时,线程调度器决定哪些线程可以运行以及运行多长时间。任何合理的操作系统都会尝试公平地做出这个决定,但是策略可能会有所不同。因此,编写良好的程序不应该依赖于此策略的细节。**任何依赖线程调度器来保证正确性或性能的程序都可能是不可移植的。**
The best way to write a robust, responsive, portable program is to ensure that the average number of runnable threads is not significantly greater than the number of processors. This leaves the thread scheduler with little choice: it simply runs the runnable threads till they’re no longer runnable. The program’s behavior doesn’t vary too much, even under radically different thread-scheduling policies. Note that the number of runnable threads isn’t the same as the total number of threads, which can be much higher. Threads that are waiting are not runnable.
编写健壮、响应快、可移植程序的最佳方法是确保可运行线程的平均数量不显著大于处理器的数量。这使得线程调度器几乎没有选择:它只运行可运行线程,直到它们不再可运行为止。即使在完全不同的线程调度策略下,程序的行为也没有太大的变化。注意,可运行线程的数量与线程总数不相同,后者可能更高。正在等待的线程不可运行。
The main technique for keeping the number of runnable threads low is to have each thread do some useful work, and then wait for more. **Threads should not run if they aren’t doing useful work.** In terms of the Executor Framework (Item 80), this means sizing thread pools appropriately [Goetz06, 8.2] and keeping tasks short, but not too short, or dispatching overhead will harm performance.
保持可运行线程数量低的主要技术是让每个线程做一些有用的工作,然后等待更多的工作。**如果线程没有做有用的工作,它们就不应该运行。** 对于 Executor 框架([Item-80](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-80-Prefer-executors,-tasks,-and-streams-to-threads.md)),这意味着适当调整线程池的大小 [Goetz06, 8.2],并保持任务短小(但不要太短),否则分派开销依然会损害性能。
Threads should not busy-wait, repeatedly checking a shared object waiting for its state to change. Besides making the program vulnerable to the vagaries of the thread scheduler, busy-waiting greatly increases the load on the processor, reducing the amount of useful work that others can accomplish. As an extreme example of what not to do, consider this perverse reimplementation of CountDownLatch:
线程不应该处于循环检查共享对象状态变化。除了使程序容易受到线程调度器变化无常的影响之外,循环检查状态变化还大大增加了处理器的负载,还影响其他线程获取处理器进行工作。作为反面的极端例子,考虑一下 CountDownLatch 的不正确的重构实现:
```
// Awful CountDownLatch implementation - busy-waits incessantly!
public class SlowCountDownLatch {
private int count;
public SlowCountDownLatch(int count) {
if (count < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(count + " < 0");
this.count = count;
}
public void await() {
while (true) {
synchronized(this) {
if (count == 0)
return;
}
}
}
public synchronized void countDown() {
if (count != 0)
count--;
}
}
```
On my machine, SlowCountDownLatch is about ten times slower than Java’s CountDownLatch when 1,000 threads wait on a latch. While this example may seem a bit far-fetched, it’s not uncommon to see systems with one or more threads that are unnecessarily runnable. Performance and portability are likely to suffer.
在我的机器上,当 1000 个线程等待一个锁存器时,SlowCountDownLatch 的速度大约是 Java 的 CountDownLatch 的 10 倍。虽然这个例子看起来有点牵强,但是具有一个或多个不必要运行的线程的系统并不少见。性能和可移植性可能会受到影响。
When faced with a program that barely works because some threads aren’t getting enough CPU time relative to others, **resist the temptation to “fix” the program by putting in calls to Thread.yield.** You may succeed in getting the program to work after a fashion, but it will not be portable. The same yield invocations that improve performance on one JVM implementation might make it worse on a second and have no effect on a third. **Thread.yield has no testable semantics.** A better course of action is to restructure the application to reduce the number of concurrently runnable threads.
当面对一个几乎不能工作的程序时,而原因是由于某些线程相对于其他线程没有获得足够的 CPU 时间,那么 **通过调用 `Thread.yield` 来「修复」程序** 你也许能勉强让程序运行起来,但它是不可移植的。在一个 JVM 实现上提高性能的相同的 yield 调用,在一些JVM 实现上可能会使性能变差,而在其他 JVM 实现上可能没有任何影响。**`Thread.yield` 没有可测试的语义。** 更好的做法是重构应用程序,以减少并发运行线程的数量。
A related technique, to which similar caveats apply, is adjusting thread priorities. **Thread priorities are among the least portable features of Java.** It is not unreasonable to tune the responsiveness of an application by tweaking a few thread priorities, but it is rarely necessary and is not portable. It is unreasonable to attempt to solve a serious liveness problem by adjusting thread priorities. The problem is likely to return until you find and fix the underlying cause.
一个相关的技术是调整线程优先级,类似的警告也适用于此技术,即,线程优先级是 Java 中最不可移植的特性之一。通过调整线程优先级来调优应用程序的响应性并非不合理,但很少情况下是必要的,而且不可移植。试图通过调整线程优先级来解决严重的活性问题是不合理的。在找到并修复潜在原因之前,问题很可能会再次出现。
In summary, do not depend on the thread scheduler for the correctness of your program. The resulting program will be neither robust nor portable. As a corollary, do not rely on Thread.yield or thread priorities. These facilities are merely hints to the scheduler. Thread priorities may be used sparingly to improve the quality of service of an already working program, but they should never be used to “fix” a program that barely works.
总之,不要依赖线程调度器来判断程序的正确性。生成的程序既不健壮也不可移植。因此,不要依赖 `Thread.yield` 或线程优先级。这些工具只是对调度器的提示。线程优先级可以少量地用于提高已经工作的程序的服务质量,但绝不应该用于「修复」几乎不能工作的程序。
---
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- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)