## Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
### Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
The primary advantage of lambdas over anonymous classes is that they are more succinct. Java provides a way to generate function objects even more succinct than lambdas: method references. Here is a code snippet from a program that maintains a map from arbitrary keys to Integer values. If the value is interpreted as a count of the number of instances of the key, then the program is a multiset implementation. The function of the code snippet is to associate the number 1 with the key if it is not in the map and to increment the associated value if the key is already present:
lambda 表达式与匿名类相比,主要优势是更简洁。Java 提供了一种方法来生成比 lambda 表达式更简洁的函数对象:方法引用。下面是一个程序的代码片段,该程序维护从任意键到 Integer 类型值的映射。如果该值被解释为键实例数的计数,那么该程序就是一个多集实现。该代码段的功能是,如果数字 1 不在映射中,则将其与键关联,如果键已经存在,则将关联值递增:
```
map.merge(key, 1, (count, incr) -> count + incr);
```
Note that this code uses the merge method, which was added to the Map interface in Java 8. If no mapping is present for the given key, the method simply inserts the given value; if a mapping is already present, merge applies the given function to the current value and the given value and overwrites the current value with the result. This code represents a typical use case for the merge method.
注意,这段代码使用了 merge 方法,它是在 Java 8 中添加到 Map 接口的。如果给定键没有映射,则该方法只插入给定的值;如果已经存在映射,则 merge 将给定的函数应用于当前值和给定值,并用结果覆盖当前值。这段代码代表了 merge 方法的一个典型用例。
The code reads nicely, but there’s still some boilerplate. The parameters count and incr don’t add much value, and they take up a fair amount of space. Really, all the lambda tells you is that the function returns the sum of its two arguments. As of Java 8, Integer (and all the other boxed numerical primitive types) provides a static method sum that does exactly the same thing. We can simply pass a reference to this method and get the same result with less visual clutter:
代码读起来不错,但是仍然有一些刻板。参数计数和 incr 不会增加太多的价值,而且它们会占用相当大的空间。实际上,lambda 表达式告诉你的是函数返回两个参数的和。在 Java 8 中,Integer(和所有其他基本类型的包装类)提供了一个静态方法 sum,它的作用完全相同。我们可以简单地传递一个引用到这个方法,并得到相同的结果,同时减少视觉混乱:
```
map.merge(key, 1, Integer::sum);
```
The more parameters a method has, the more boilerplate you can eliminate with a method reference. In some lambdas, however, the parameter names you choose provide useful documentation, making the lambda more readable and maintainable than a method reference, even if the lambda is longer.
一个方法的参数越多,就可以通过一个方法引用消除越多的刻板模式。然而,在某些 lambda 表达式中,您选择的参数名提供了有用的文档,使得 lambda 表达式比方法引用更易于阅读和维护,即使 lambda 表达式更长。
There’s nothing you can do with a method reference that you can’t also do with a lambda (with one obscure exception—see JLS, 9.9-2 if you’re curious). That said, method references usually result in shorter, clearer code. They also give you an out if a lambda gets too long or complex: You can extract the code from the lambda into a new method and replace the lambda with a reference to that method. You can give the method a good name and document it to your heart’s content.
对于方法引用,没有什么是你不能对 lambda 表达式做的(只有一个模糊的例外,如果你好奇的话可参见 [JLS, 9.9-2])。也就是说,方法引用通常会产生更短、更清晰的代码。如果 lambda 表达式太长或太复杂,它们还会给出一个输出:可以将代码从 lambda 表达式提取到一个新方法中,并以对该方法的引用替换 lambda 表达式。可以为该方法起一个好名字,并将其文档化以满足需要。
If you’re programming with an IDE, it will offer to replace a lambda with a method reference wherever it can. You should usually, but not always, take the IDE up on the offer. Occasionally, a lambda will be more succinct than a method reference. This happens most often when the method is in the same class as the lambda. For example, consider this snippet, which is presumed to occur in a class named GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous:
如果你使用 IDE 编程,它将在任何可能的地方建议用方法引用替换 lambda 表达式。通常应该(但不总是)接受 IDE 的建议。有时候,lambda 表达式会比方法引用更简洁。当方法与 lambda 表达式在同一个类中时,这种情况最常见。例如,考虑这段代码片段,它假定发生在一个名为 GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous 的类中:
```
service.execute(GoshThisClassNameIsHumongous::action);
```
The lambda equivalent looks like this:
使用 lambda 表达式是这样的:
```
service.execute(() -> action());
```
The snippet using the method reference is neither shorter nor clearer than the snippet using the lambda, so prefer the latter. Along similar lines, the Function interface provides a generic static factory method to return the identity function, Function.identity(). It’s typically shorter and cleaner not to use this method but to code the equivalent lambda inline: x -> x.
使用方法引用的代码片段并不比使用 lambda 表达式的代码片段短,也不清楚,所以选择后者。类似地,函数接口提供了一个通用静态工厂方法来返回标识函数 `Function.identity()`。不使用这个方法,而是一行中编写等价的 lambda 表达式:`x -> x`,通常更短,也更简洁。
Many method references refer to static methods, but there are four kinds that do not. Two of them are bound and unbound instance method references. In bound references, the receiving object is specified in the method reference. Bound references are similar in nature to static references: the function object takes the same arguments as the referenced method. In unbound references, the receiving object is specified when the function object is applied, via an additional parameter before the method’s declared parameters. Unbound references are often used as mapping and filter functions in stream pipelines (Item 45). Finally, there are two kinds of constructor references, for classes and arrays. Constructor references serve as factory objects. All five kinds of method references are summarized in the table below:
许多方法引用引用静态方法,但是有四种方法不引用静态方法。其中两个是绑定和非绑定实例方法引用。在绑定引用中,接收对象在方法引用中指定。绑定引用在本质上与静态引用相似:函数对象接受与引用方法相同的参数。在未绑定引用中,在应用函数对象时通过方法声明参数之前的附加参数指定接收对象。在流管道中,未绑定引用通常用作映射和筛选函数([Item-45](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-45-Use-streams-judiciously.md))。最后,对于类和数组,有两种构造函数引用。构造函数引用用作工厂对象。五种方法参考文献汇总如下表:
| Method Ref Type | Example | Lambda Equivalent |
|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|
| Static | `Integer::parseInt` | `str ->` |
| Bound | `Instant.now()::isAfter` | `Instant then =Instant.now(); t ->then.isAfter(t)` |
| Unbound | `String::toLowerCase` | `str ->str.toLowerCase()` |
| Class Constructor | `TreeMap<K,V>::new` | `() -> new TreeMap<K,V>` |
| Array Constructor | `int[]::new` | `len -> new int[len]` |
In summary, method references often provide a more succinct alternative to lambdas. **Where method references are shorter and clearer, use them; where they aren’t, stick with lambdas.**
总之,方法引用通常为 lambda 表达式提供了一种更简洁的选择。**如果方法引用更短、更清晰,则使用它们;如果没有,仍然使用 lambda 表达式。**
---
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- **Previous Item(上一条目):[Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-42-Prefer-lambdas-to-anonymous-classes.md)**
- **Next Item(下一条目):[Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)](/Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-44-Favor-the-use-of-standard-functional-interfaces.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)