## Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects（对象的通用方法）
### Item 13: Override clone judiciously（明智地覆盖 clone 方法）
The Cloneable interface was intended as a mixin interface (Item 20) for classes to advertise that they permit cloning. Unfortunately, it fails to serve this purpose. Its primary flaw is that it lacks a clone method, and Object’s clone method is protected. You cannot, without resorting to reflection (Item 65), invoke clone on an object merely because it implements Cloneable. Even a reflective invocation may fail, because there is no guarantee that the object has an accessible clone method. Despite this flaw and many others, the facility is in reasonably wide use, so it pays to understand it. This item tells you how to implement a well-behaved clone method, discusses when it is appropriate to do so, and presents alternatives.
Cloneable 接口的目的是作为 mixin 接口（[Item-20](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-20-Prefer-interfaces-to-abstract-classes.md)），用于让类来宣称它们允许克隆。不幸的是，它没有达到这个目的。它的主要缺点是缺少 clone 方法，并且 Object 类的 clone 方法是受保护的。如果不求助于反射（[Item-65](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-65-Prefer-interfaces-to-reflection.md)），就不能仅仅因为对象实现了 Cloneable 接口就能调用 clone 方法。即使反射调用也可能失败，因为不能保证对象具有可访问的 clone 方法。尽管存在多种缺陷，但该机制的使用范围相当广泛，因此理解它是值得的。本条目将告诉你如何实现行为良好的 clone 方法，讨论什么时候应该这样做，并提供替代方案。
**译注：mixin 接口很可能是指一种带有全部实现或者部分实现的接口，其主要作用是：（1）更好的进行代码复用；（2）间接实现多重继承；（3）扩展功能。与传统接口相比，传统接口中不带实现，而 mixin 接口带有实现。**
So what does Cloneable do, given that it contains no methods? It determines the behavior of Object’s protected clone implementation: if a class implements Cloneable, Object’s clone method returns a field-byfield copy of the object; otherwise it throws CloneNotSupportedException. This is a highly atypical use of interfaces and not one to be emulated. Normally, implementing an interface says something about what a class can do for its clients. In this case, it modifies the behavior of a protected method on a superclass.
既然 Cloneable 接口不包含任何方法，用它来做什么呢？它决定了 Object 类受保护的 clone 实现的行为：如果一个类实现了 Cloneable 接口，Object 类的 clone 方法则返回该类实例的逐字段拷贝；否则它会抛出 CloneNotSupportedException。这是接口非常不典型的一种使用方式，不应该效仿。通常，类实现接口可以表明类能够为其客户端做些什么。在本例中，它修改了超类上受保护的方法的行为。
Though the specification doesn’t say it, in practice, a class implementing Cloneable is expected to provide a properly functioning public clone method. In order to achieve this, the class and all of its superclasses must obey a complex, unenforceable, thinly documented protocol. The resulting mechanism is fragile, dangerous, and extralinguistic: it creates objects without calling a constructor.
虽然规范没有说明，但是在实践中，实现 Cloneable 接口的类应该提供一个功能正常的公共 clone 方法。为了实现这一点，类及其所有超类必须遵守复杂的、不可强制执行的、文档很少的协议。产生的机制是脆弱的、危险的和非语言的：即它创建对象而不调用构造函数。
The general contract for the clone method is weak. Here it is, copied from the Object specification:
clone 方法的一般约定很薄弱。下面的内容是从 Object 规范复制过来的：
---
Creates and returns a copy of this object. The precise meaning of “copy” may depend on the class of the object. The general intent is that, for any object x,the expression
```
x.clone() != x
```
will be true, and the expression
```
x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()
```
will be true, but these are not absolute requirements. While it is typically the case that
```
x.clone().equals(x)
```
will be true, this is not an absolute requirement.
---
clone 方法创建并返回对象的副本。「副本」的确切含义可能取决于对象的类别。通常，对于任何对象 x，表达式 `x.clone() != x`、`x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()` 以及 `x.clone().equals(x)` 的值都将为 true，但都不是绝对的。
**译注：以上情况的 equals 方法应覆盖默认实现，改为比较对象中的字段才能得到 true。默认实现是比较两个引用类型的内存地址，结果必然为 false**
By convention, the object returned by this method should be obtained by calling super.clone. If a class and all of its superclasses (except Object) obey this convention, it will be the case that
```
x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass().
```
按照约定，clone 方法返回的对象应该通过调用 super.clone() 来获得。如果一个类和它的所有超类（Object 类除外）都遵守这个约定，在这种情况下，表达式 `x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()` 则为 true
By convention, the returned object should be independent of the object being cloned. To achieve this independence, it may be necessary to modify one or more fields of the object returned by super.clone before returning it.
按照约定，返回的对象应该独立于被克隆的对象。为了实现这种独立性，可能需要在 super.clone() 返回前，修改对象的一个或多个字段。
This mechanism is vaguely similar to constructor chaining, except that it isn’t enforced: if a class’s clone method returns an instance that is not obtained by calling super.clone but by calling a constructor, the compiler won’t complain, but if a subclass of that class calls super.clone, the resulting object will have the wrong class, preventing the subclass from clone method from working properly. If a class that overrides clone is final, this convention may be safely ignored, as there are no subclasses to worry about. But if a final class has a clone method that does not invoke super.clone, there is no reason for the class to implement Cloneable, as it doesn’t rely on the behavior of Object’s clone implementation.
这种机制有点类似于构造方法链，只是没有强制执行：
- （1）如果一个类的 clone 方法返回的实例不是通过调用 super.clone() 而是通过调用构造函数获得的，编译器不会报错，但是如果这个类的一个子类调用 super.clone()，由此产生的对象类型将是错误的，影响子类 clone 方法正常工作。
- （2）如果覆盖 clone 方法的类是 final 修饰的，那么可以安全地忽略这个约定，因为没有子类需要担心。
- （3）如果一个 final 修饰的类不调用 super.clone() 的 clone 方法。类没有理由实现 Cloneable 接口，因为它不依赖于 Object 类的 clone 实现的行为。
**译注：本段描述（1）的例子如下，表达式 `x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()` 值为 false**
```
class Base {
@Override protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return new Base(); // ①
}
}
class BasePro extends Base implements Cloneable {
@Override protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
BasePro basePro = new BasePro();
System.out.println(basePro.clone().getClass()); // 输出 class com.example.demo.Base
System.out.println(basePro.getClass()); // 输出 class com.example.demo.BasePro
}
}
```
可采用两种方式修复
- ① 处改用 super.clone()
- 移除 Base 类整个 clone() 实现
Suppose you want to implement Cloneable in a class whose superclass provides a well-behaved clone method. First call super.clone. The object you get back will be a fully functional replica of the original. Any fields declared in your class will have values identical to those of the original. If every field contains a primitive value or a reference to an immutable object, the returned object may be exactly what you need, in which case no further processing is necessary. This is the case, for example, for the PhoneNumber class in Item 11, but note that **immutable classes should never provide a clone method** because it would merely encourage wasteful copying. With that caveat, here’s how a clone method for PhoneNumber would look:
假设你希望在一个类中实现 Cloneable 接口，该类的超类提供了一个表现良好的 clone 方法。首先调用 super.clone()。返回的对象将是原始对象的完整功能副本。类中声明的任何字段都具有与原始字段相同的值。如果每个字段都包含一个基本类型或对不可变对象的引用，那么返回的对象可能正是你所需要的，在这种情况下不需要进一步的处理。例如，对于[Item-11](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-11-Always-override-hashCode-when-you-override-equals.md)中的 PhoneNumber 类就是这样，但是要注意，**不可变类永远不应该提供 clone 方法**，because it would merely encourage wasteful copying. 有了这个警告，以下是 PhoneNumber 类的 clone 方法概貌：
```
// Clone method for class with no references to mutable state
@Override public PhoneNumber clone() {
try {
return (PhoneNumber) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError(); // Can't happen
}
}
```
In order for this method to work, the class declaration for PhoneNumber would have to be modified to indicate that it implements Cloneable. Though Object’s clone method returns Object, this clone method returns PhoneNumber. It is legal and desirable to do this because Java supports covariant return types. In other words, an overriding method’s return type can be a subclass of the overridden method’s return type. This eliminates the need for casting in the client. We must cast the result of super.clone from Object to PhoneNumber before returning it, but the cast is guaranteed to succeed.
为了让这个方法工作，必须修改 PhoneNumber 类的声明，使之实现 Cloneable 接口。虽然 Object 的 clone 方法返回 Object 类型，但是这个 clone 方法返回 PhoneNumber 类型。这样做是合法的，也是可取的，因为 Java 的返回值类型支持协变。换句话说，覆盖方法的返回类型可以是被覆盖方法的返回类型的子类。这样就不需要在客户端中进行强制转换。我们必须把源自 Object 类的 super.clone() 方法在返回前将结果转换为 PhoneNumber 类型，这类强制转换肯定会成功。
The call to super.clone is contained in a try-catch block. This is because Object declares its clone method to throw CloneNotSupportedException, which is a checked exception. Because PhoneNumber implements Cloneable, we know the call to super.clone will succeed. The need for this boilerplate indicates that CloneNotSupportedException should have been unchecked (Item 71).
将 super.clone() 包含在 try-catch 块中。这是因为 Object 类声明的 clone 方法会抛出 CloneNotSupportedException，这是一种 checked exception。因为 PhoneNumber 类实现了 Cloneable 接口，所以我们知道对 super.clone() 的调用将会成功。这个样板文件的需求表明 CloneNotSupportedException 应该是 unchecked exception（[Item-71](/Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-71-Avoid-unnecessary-use-of-checked-exceptions.md)）。
If an object contains fields that refer to mutable objects, the simple clone implementation shown earlier can be disastrous. For example, consider the Stack class in Item 7:
如果对象的字段包含可变对象的引用，前面所示 clone 方法的这种简易实现可能引发灾难。例如，考虑 [Item-7](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-7-Eliminate-obsolete-object-references.md) 中的 Stack 类：
```
public class Stack {
private Object[] elements;
private int size = 0;
private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
public Stack() {
this.elements = new Object[DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY];
}
public void push(Object e) {
ensureCapacity();
elements[size++] = e;
}
public Object pop() {
if (size == 0)
throw new EmptyStackException();
Object result = elements[--size];
elements[size] = null; // Eliminate obsolete reference
return result;
}
// Ensure space for at least one more element.
private void ensureCapacity() {
if (elements.length == size)
elements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, 2 * size + 1);
}
}
```
Suppose you want to make this class cloneable. If the clone method merely returns super.clone(), the resulting Stack instance will have the correct value in its size field, but its elements field will refer to the same array as the original Stack instance. Modifying the original will destroy the invariants in the clone and vice versa. You will quickly find that your program produces nonsensical results or throws a NullPointerException.
假设你想让这个类可克隆。如果 clone 方法只返回 super.clone()，得到的 Stack 实例在其 size 字段中会有正确的值，但其 elements 字段将引用与原始 Stack 实例相同的数组。修改初始值将破坏克隆的不变性，反之亦然。你将很快发现你的程序产生了无意义的结果或抛出 NullPointerException。
This situation could never occur as a result of calling the sole constructor in the Stack class. In effect, the clone method functions as a constructor; you must ensure that it does no harm to the original object and that it properly establishes invariants on the clone. In order for the clone method on Stack to work properly, it must copy the internals of the stack. The easiest way to do this is to call clone recursively on the elements array:
调用 Stack 类中唯一构造函数的情况永远不会发生。实际上，clone 方法将充当构造函数；你必须确保它不会对原始对象造成伤害，并且 clone 方法正确地实现了不变性。为了使 Stack 类上的 clone 方法正常工作，它必须复制 Stack 类实例的内部。最简单的做法是在 elements 字段对应的数组递归调用 clone 方法：
```
// Clone method for class with references to mutable state
@Override
public Stack clone() {
try {
Stack result = (Stack) super.clone();
result.elements = elements.clone();
return result;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
```
Note that we do not have to cast the result of elements.clone to Object[]. Calling clone on an array returns an array whose runtime and compile-time types are identical to those of the array being cloned. This is the preferred idiom to duplicate an array. In fact, arrays are the sole compelling use of the clone facility.
注意，我们不需要将 `elements.clone` 的结果强制转换到 `Object[]`。在数组上调用 clone 方法将返回一个数组，该数组的运行时和编译时类型与被克隆的数组相同。这是复制数组的首选习惯用法。实际上，复制数组是 clone 机制唯一令人信服的使用场景。
Note also that the earlier solution would not work if the elements field were final because clone would be prohibited from assigning a new value to the field. This is a fundamental problem: like serialization, the Cloneable architecture is incompatible with normal use of final fields referring to mutable objects, except in cases where the mutable objects may be safely shared between an object and its clone. In order to make a class cloneable, it may be necessary to remove final modifiers from some fields.
还要注意，如果 elements 字段是 final 修饰的，上述解决方案就无法工作，因为 clone 方法将被禁止为字段分配新值。这是一个基础问题：与序列化一样，可克隆体系结构与使用 final 修饰可变对象引用的常用方式不兼容，除非在对象与其克隆对象之间可以安全地共享可变对象。为了使类可克隆，可能需要从某些字段中删除 final 修饰符。
It is not always sufficient merely to call clone recursively. For example,suppose you are writing a clone method for a hash table whose internals consist of an array of buckets, each of which references the first entry in a linked list of key-value pairs. For performance, the class implements its own lightweight singly linked list instead of using java.util.LinkedList internally:
仅仅递归调用 clone 方法并不总是足够的。例如，假设你正在为 HashTable 编写一个 clone 方法，HashTable 的内部由一组 bucket 组成，每个 bucket 引用键-值对链表中的第一个条目。为了提高性能，类实现了自己的轻量级单链表，而不是在内部使用 `java.util.LinkedList`：
```
public class HashTable implements Cloneable {
private Entry[] buckets = ...;
private static class Entry {
final Object key;
Object value;
Entry next;
Entry(Object key, Object value, Entry next) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
} ... // Remainder omitted
}
```
Suppose you merely clone the bucket array recursively, as we did for Stack:
假设你只是像对 Stack 所做的那样，递归克隆 bucket 数组，如下所示：
```
// Broken clone method - results in shared mutable state!
@Override
public HashTable clone() {
try {
HashTable result = (HashTable) super.clone();
result.buckets = buckets.clone();
return result;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
```
Though the clone has its own bucket array, this array references the same linked lists as the original, which can easily cause nondeterministic behavior in both the clone and the original. To fix this problem, you’ll have to copy the linked list that comprises each bucket. Here is one common approach:
尽管 clone 方法有自己的 bucket 数组，但该数组引用的链接列表与原始链表相同，这很容易导致克隆和原始的不确定性行为。要解决这个问题，你必须复制包含每个 bucket 的链表。这里有一个常见的方法：
```
// Recursive clone method for class with complex mutable state
public class HashTable implements Cloneable {
private Entry[] buckets = ...;
private static class Entry {
final Object key;
Object value;
Entry next;
Entry(Object key, Object value, Entry next) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
// Recursively copy the linked list headed by this Entry
Entry deepCopy() {
return new Entry(key, value,next == null ? null : next.deepCopy());
}
}
@Override
public HashTable clone() {
try {
HashTable result = (HashTable) super.clone();
result.buckets = new Entry[buckets.length];
for (int i = 0; i < buckets.length; i++)
if (buckets[i] != null)
result.buckets[i] = buckets[i].deepCopy();
return result;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
} ... // Remainder omitted
}
```
The private class HashTable.Entry has been augmented to support a “deep copy” method. The clone method on HashTable allocates a new buckets array of the proper size and iterates over the original buckets array,deep-copying each nonempty bucket. The deepCopy method on Entry invokes itself recursively to copy the entire linked list headed by the entry. While this technique is cute and works fine if the buckets aren’t too long, it is not a good way to clone a linked list because it consumes one stack frame for each element in the list. If the list is long, this could easily cause a stack overflow. To prevent this from happening, you can replace the recursion in deepCopy with iteration:
私有内部类 HashTable.Entry 已经被增强，它提供了进行「深拷贝」的方法。HashTable 上的 clone 方法分配一个大小合适的新 buckets 数组，并遍历原始 buckets 数组，对每个非空 buckets 元素进行深拷贝。Entry 类的 deepCopy() 方法会被递归调用直至复制完整个链表（该链表以 Entry 类的实例作为头节点）。这种方法虽然很灵活，而且在 buckets 不太长的情况下可以很好地工作，但是克隆链表并不是一个好方法，因为它为链表中的每个元素消耗一个堆栈帧。如果列表很长，很容易导致堆栈溢出。为了防止这种情况的发生，你可以用迭代替换 deepCopy() 方法的递归调用：
```
// Iteratively copy the linked list headed by this Entry
Entry deepCopy() {
Entry result = new Entry(key, value, next);
for (Entry p = result; p.next != null; p = p.next)
p.next = new Entry(p.next.key, p.next.value, p.next.next);
return result;
}
```
A final approach to cloning complex mutable objects is to call super.clone, set all of the fields in the resulting object to their initial state,and then call higher-level methods to regenerate the state of the original object. In the case of our HashTable example, the buckets field would be initialized to a new bucket array, and the put(key, value) method (not shown) would be invoked for each key-value mapping in the hash table being cloned. This approach typically yields a simple, reasonably elegant clone method that does not run as quickly as one that directly manipulates the innards of the clone. While this approach is clean, it is antithetical to the whole Cloneable architecture because it blindly overwrites the field-by-field object copy that forms the basis of the architecture.
克隆复杂可变对象的最后一种方法是调用 super.clone()，将结果对象中的所有字段设置为初始状态，然后调用更高级别的方法重新生成原始对象的状态。在我们的 HashTable 示例中，buckets 字段将初始化为一个新的 bucket 数组，并且对于克隆的 hash 表中的每个键值映射将调用 put(key, value) 方法（未显示）。这种方法通常产生一个简单、相当优雅的 clone 方法，它的运行速度不如直接操作克隆的内部的方法快。虽然这种方法很简洁，但它与整个可克隆体系结构是对立的，因为它盲目地覆盖了构成体系结构基础的逐字段对象副本。
Like a constructor, a clone method must never invoke an overridable method on the clone under construction (Item 19). If clone invokes a method that is overridden in a subclass, this method will execute before the subclass has had a chance to fix its state in the clone, quite possibly leading to corruption in the clone and the original. Therefore, the put(key, value) method discussed in the previous paragraph should be either final or private. (If it is private, it is presumably the “helper method” for a nonfinal public method.)
与构造函数一样，clone 方法绝不能在正在构建的克隆上调用可覆盖方法（[Item-19](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-19-Design-and-document-for-inheritance-or-else-prohibit-it.md)）。如果 clone 调用一个在子类中被重写的方法，这个方法将在子类有机会修复其在克隆中的状态之前执行，很可能导致克隆和原始的破坏。因此，前一段中讨论的 put(key, value) 方法应该是 final 修饰或 private 修饰的方法。（如果它是私有的，那么它可能是没有 final 修饰的公共「助手方法」。)
Object’s clone method is declared to throw CloneNotSupportedException, but overriding methods need not. **Public clone methods should omit the throws clause,** as methods that don’t throw checked exceptions are easier to use (Item 71).
对象的 clone 方法被声明为抛出 CloneNotSupportedException，但是重写方法不需要。**公共克隆方法应该省略 throw 子句，** 作为不抛出受控异常的方法更容易使用（[Item-71](/Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-71-Avoid-unnecessary-use-of-checked-exceptions.md)）。
You have two choices when designing a class for inheritance (Item 19), but whichever one you choose, the class should not implement Cloneable. You may choose to mimic the behavior of Object by implementing a properly functioning protected clone method that is declared to throw CloneNotSupportedException. This gives subclasses the freedom to implement Cloneable or not, just as if they extended Object directly.Alternatively, you may choose not to implement a working clone method, and to prevent subclasses from implementing one, by providing the following degenerate clone implementation:
用继承（[Item-19](/Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-19-Design-and-document-for-inheritance-or-else-prohibit-it.md)）方式设计一个类时，你有两种选择，但是无论你选择哪一种，都不应该实现 Cloneable 接口。你可以选择通过实现一个功能正常的受保护克隆方法来模拟 Object 的行为，该方法声明为抛出 CloneNotSupportedException。这给子类实现 Cloneable 或不实现 Cloneable 的自由，就像它们直接扩展对象一样。或者，你可以选择不实现一个有效的克隆方法，并通过提供以下退化的克隆实现来防止子类实现它：
```
// clone method for extendable class not supporting Cloneable
@Override
protected final Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
}
```
There is one more detail that bears noting. If you write a thread-safe class that implements Cloneable, remember that its clone method must be properly synchronized, just like any other method (Item 78). Object’s clone method is not synchronized, so even if its implementation is otherwise satisfactory, you may have to write a synchronized clone method that returns super.clone().
还有一个细节需要注意。如果你编写了一个实现了 Cloneable 接口的线程安全类，请记住它的 clone 方法必须正确同步，就像其他任何方法一样（[Item-78](/Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-78-Synchronize-access-to-shared-mutable-data.md)）。Object 类的 clone 方法不是同步的，因此即使它的实现在其他方面是令人满意的，你也可能需要编写一个返回 super.clone() 的同步 clone 方法。
To recap, all classes that implement Cloneable should override clone with a public method whose return type is the class itself. This method should first call super.clone, then fix any fields that need fixing. Typically, this means copying any mutable objects that comprise the internal “deep structure” of the object and replacing the clone’s references to these objects with references to their copies. While these internal copies can usually be made by calling clone recursively, this is not always the best approach. If the class contains only primitive fields or references to immutable objects, then it is likely the case that no fields need to be fixed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, a field representing a serial number or other unique ID will need to be fixed even if it is primitive or immutable.
回顾一下，所有实现 Cloneable 接口的类都应该使用一个返回类型为类本身的公共方法覆盖 clone。这个方法应该首先调用 super.clone()，然后「修复」任何需要「修复」的字段。通常，这意味着复制任何包含对象内部「深层结构」的可变对象，并将克隆对象对这些对象的引用替换为对其副本的引用。虽然这些内部副本通常可以通过递归调用 clone 来实现，但这并不总是最好的方法。如果类只包含基本数据类型的字段或对不可变对象的引用，那么很可能不需要修复任何字段。这条规则也有例外。例如，表示序列号或其他唯一 ID 的字段需要修复，即使它是基本数据类型或不可变的。
Is all this complexity really necessary? Rarely. If you extend a class that already implements Cloneable, you have little choice but to implement a well-behaved clone method. Otherwise, you are usually better off providing an alternative means of object copying. A better approach to object copying is to provide a copy constructor or copy factory. A copy constructor is simply a constructor that takes a single argument whose type is the class containing the constructor, for example,
搞这么复杂真的有必要吗？答案是否定的。如果你扩展了一个已经实现了 Cloneable 接口的类，那么除了实现行为良好的 clone 方法之外，你别无选择。否则，最好提供对象复制的替代方法。一个更好的对象复制方法是提供一个复制构造函数或复制工厂。复制构造函数是一个简单的构造函数，它接受单个参数，其类型是包含构造函数的类，例如
```
// Copy constructor
public Yum(Yum yum) { ... };
```
A copy factory is the static factory (Item 1) analogue of a copy constructor:
复制工厂与复制构造函数的静态工厂（[Item-1](/Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-1-Consider-static-factory-methods-instead-of-constructors.md)）类似：
```
// Copy factory
public static Yum newInstance(Yum yum) { ... };
```
The copy constructor approach and its static factory variant have many advantages over Cloneable/clone: they don’t rely on a risk-prone extralinguistic object creation mechanism; they don’t demand unenforceable adherence to thinly documented conventions; they don’t conflict with the proper use of final fields; they don’t throw unnecessary checked exceptions; and they don’t require casts.
复制构造函数方法及其静态工厂变体与克隆/克隆相比有许多优点：它们不依赖于易发生风险的语言外对象创建机制；他们不要求无法强制执行的约定；它们与最终字段的正确使用不冲突；它们不会抛出不必要的检查异常；而且不需要强制类型转换。
Furthermore, a copy constructor or factory can take an argument whose type is an interface implemented by the class. For example, by convention all generalpurpose collection implementations provide a constructor whose argument is of type Collection or Map. Interface-based copy constructors and factories,more properly known as conversion constructors and conversion factories, allow the client to choose the implementation type of the copy rather than forcing the client to accept the implementation type of the original. For example, suppose you have a HashSet, s, and you want to copy it as a TreeSet. The clone method can’t offer this functionality, but it’s easy with a conversion constructor:new TreeSet<>(s).
此外，复制构造函数或工厂可以接受类型为类实现的接口的参数。例如，按照约定，所有通用集合实现都提供一个构造函数，其参数为 collection 或 Map 类型。基于接口的复制构造函数和工厂（更确切地称为转换构造函数和转换工厂）允许客户端选择副本的实现类型，而不是强迫客户端接受原始的实现类型。例如，假设你有一个 HashSet s，并且希望将它复制为 TreeSet。克隆方法不能提供这种功能，但是使用转换构造函数很容易：new TreeSet<>(s)。
Given all the problems associated with Cloneable, new interfaces should not extend it, and new extendable classes should not implement it. While it’s less harmful for final classes to implement Cloneable, this should be viewed as a performance optimization, reserved for the rare cases where it is justified (Item 67). As a rule, copy functionality is best provided by constructors or factories. A notable exception to this rule is arrays, which are best copied with the clone method.
考虑到与 Cloneable 相关的所有问题，新的接口不应该扩展它，新的可扩展类不应该实现它。虽然 final 类实现 Cloneable 接口的危害要小一些，但这应该被视为一种性能优化，仅在极少数情况下（[Item-67](/Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-67-Optimize-judiciously.md)）是合理的。通常，复制功能最好由构造函数或工厂提供。这个规则的一个明显的例外是数组，最好使用 clone 方法来复制数组。
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter（返回章节目录）](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item（上一条目）：[Item 12: Always override toString（始终覆盖 toString 方法）](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-12-Always-override-toString.md)**
- **Next Item（下一条目）：[Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable（考虑实现 Comparable 接口）](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-14-Consider-implementing-Comparable.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects（创建和销毁对象）
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors（考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数）
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters（在面对多个构造函数参数时，请考虑构建器）
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type（使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性）
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor（用私有构造函数实施不可实例化）
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources（依赖注入优于硬连接资源）
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects（避免创建不必要的对象）
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references（排除过时的对象引用）
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners（避免使用终结器和清除器）
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally（使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally）
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects（对象的通用方法）
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals（覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定）
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals（当覆盖 equals 方法时，总要覆盖 hashCode 方法）
- Item 12: Always override toString（始终覆盖 toString 方法）
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously（明智地覆盖 clone 方法）
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable（考虑实现 Comparable 接口）
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces（类和接口）
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members（尽量减少类和成员的可访问性）
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields（在公共类中，使用访问器方法，而不是公共字段）
- Item 17: Minimize mutability（减少可变性）
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance（优先选择复合而不是继承）
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it（继承要设计良好并且具有文档，否则禁止使用）
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes（接口优于抽象类）
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity（为后代设计接口）
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types（接口只用于定义类型）
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes（类层次结构优于带标签的类）
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic（静态成员类优于非静态成员类）
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class（源文件仅限有单个顶层类）
- Chapter 5. Generics（泛型）
- Item 26: Do not use raw types（不要使用原始类型）
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings（消除 unchecked 警告）
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays（list 优于数组）
- Item 29: Favor generic types（优先使用泛型）
- Item 30: Favor generic methods（优先使用泛型方法）
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility（使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性）
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously（明智地合用泛型和可变参数）
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers（考虑类型安全的异构容器）
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations（枚举和注解）
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants（用枚举类型代替 int 常量）
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals（使用实例字段替代序数）
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields（用 EnumSet 替代位字段）
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing（使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引）
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces（使用接口模拟可扩展枚举）
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns（注解优于命名模式）
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation（坚持使用 @Override 注解）
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types（使用标记接口定义类型）
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams（λ 表达式和流）
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes（λ 表达式优于匿名类）
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas（方法引用优于 λ 表达式）
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces（优先使用标准函数式接口）
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously（明智地使用流）
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams（在流中使用无副作用的函数）
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type（优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型）
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel（谨慎使用并行流）
- Chapter 8. Methods（方法）
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity（检查参数的有效性）
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed（在需要时制作防御性副本）
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully（仔细设计方法签名）
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously（明智地使用重载）
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously（明智地使用可变参数）
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls（返回空集合或数组，而不是 null）
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously（明智地的返回 Optional）
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements（为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释）
- Chapter 9. General Programming（通用程序设计）
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables（将局部变量的作用域最小化）
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops（for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环）
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries（了解并使用库）
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required（若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型）
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives（基本数据类型优于包装类）
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate（其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串）
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation（当心字符串连接引起的性能问题）
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces（通过接口引用对象）
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection（接口优于反射）
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously（明智地使用本地方法）
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously（明智地进行优化）
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions（遵守被广泛认可的命名约定）
- Chapter 10. Exceptions（异常）
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions（仅在确有异常条件下使用异常）
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors（对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常，对编程错误使用运行时异常）
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions（避免不必要地使用 checked 异常）
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions（鼓励复用标准异常）
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction（抛出能用抽象解释的异常）
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method（为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常）
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages（异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息）
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity（尽力保证故障原子性）
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions（不要忽略异常）
- Chapter 11. Concurrency（并发）
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data（对共享可变数据的同步访问）
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization（避免过度同步）
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads（Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程）
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify（并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify）
- Item 82: Document thread safety（文档应包含线程安全属性）
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously（明智地使用延迟初始化）
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler（不要依赖线程调度器）
- Chapter 12. Serialization（序列化）
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization（优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案）
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution（非常谨慎地实现 Serializable）
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form（考虑使用自定义序列化形式）
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively（防御性地编写 readObject 方法）
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve（对于实例控制，枚举类型优于 readResolve）
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances（考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例）