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# XML XML虽然比JSON复杂,在Web中应用也不如以前多了,不过仍有很多地方在用,所以,有必要了解如何操作XML。 ## DOM vs SAX 操作XML有两种方法:DOM和SAX。DOM会把整个XML读入内存,解析为树,因此占用内存大,解析慢,优点是可以任意遍历树的节点。SAX是流模式,边读边解析,占用内存小,解析快,缺点是我们需要自己处理事件。 正常情况下,优先考虑SAX,因为DOM实在太占内存。 在Python中使用SAX解析XML非常简洁,通常我们关心的事件是`start_element`,`end_element`和`char_data`,准备好这3个函数,然后就可以解析xml了。 举个例子,当SAX解析器读到一个节点时: ``` <a href="/">python</a> ``` 会产生3个事件: 1. start_element事件,在读取`&lt;a href="/"&gt;`时; 2. char_data事件,在读取`python`时; 3. end_element事件,在读取`&lt;/a&gt;`时。 用代码实验一下: ``` from xml.parsers.expat import ParserCreate class DefaultSaxHandler(object): def start_element(self, name, attrs): print('sax:start_element: %s, attrs: %s' % (name, str(attrs))) def end_element(self, name): print('sax:end_element: %s' % name) def char_data(self, text): print('sax:char_data: %s' % text) xml = r'''<?xml version="1.0"?> <ol> <li><a href="/python">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/ruby">Ruby</a></li> </ol> ''' handler = DefaultSaxHandler() parser = ParserCreate() parser.StartElementHandler = handler.start_element parser.EndElementHandler = handler.end_element parser.CharacterDataHandler = handler.char_data parser.Parse(xml) ``` 需要注意的是读取一大段字符串时,`CharacterDataHandler`可能被多次调用,所以需要自己保存起来,在`EndElementHandler`里面再合并。 除了解析XML外,如何生成XML呢?99%的情况下需要生成的XML结构都是非常简单的,因此,最简单也是最有效的生成XML的方法是拼接字符串: ``` L = [] L.append(r'<?xml version="1.0"?>') L.append(r'<root>') L.append(encode('some & data')) L.append(r'</root>') return ''.join(L) ``` 如果要生成复杂的XML呢?建议你不要用XML,改成JSON。 ## 小结 解析XML时,注意找出自己感兴趣的节点,响应事件时,把节点数据保存起来。解析完毕后,就可以处理数据。 ## 练习 请利用SAX编写程序解析Yahoo的XML格式的天气预报,获取当天和第二天的天气: [http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss?u=c&w=2151330](http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss?u=c&w=2151330) 参数`w`是城市代码,要查询某个城市代码,可以在[weather.yahoo.com](https://weather.yahoo.com/)搜索城市,浏览器地址栏的URL就包含城市代码。 ``` # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from xml.parsers.expat import ParserCreate class WeatherSaxHandler(object): pass def parse_weather(xml): return { 'city': 'Beijing', 'country': 'China', 'today': { 'text': 'Partly Cloudy', 'low': 20, 'high': 33 }, 'tomorrow': { 'text': 'Sunny', 'low': 21, 'high': 34 } } # 测试: data = r'''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes" ?> <rss version="2.0" xmlns:yweather="http://xml.weather.yahoo.com/ns/rss/1.0" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"> <channel> <title>Yahoo! Weather - Beijing, CN</title> <lastBuildDate>Wed, 27 May 2015 11:00 am CST</lastBuildDate> <yweather:location city="Beijing" region="" country="China"/> <yweather:units temperature="C" distance="km" pressure="mb" speed="km/h"/> <yweather:wind chill="28" direction="180" speed="14.48" /> <yweather:atmosphere humidity="53" visibility="2.61" pressure="1006.1" rising="0" /> <yweather:astronomy sunrise="4:51 am" sunset="7:32 pm"/> <item> <geo:lat>39.91</geo:lat> <geo:long>116.39</geo:long> <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2015 11:00 am CST</pubDate> <yweather:condition text="Haze" code="21" temp="28" date="Wed, 27 May 2015 11:00 am CST" /> <yweather:forecast day="Wed" date="27 May 2015" low="20" high="33" text="Partly Cloudy" code="30" /> <yweather:forecast day="Thu" date="28 May 2015" low="21" high="34" text="Sunny" code="32" /> <yweather:forecast day="Fri" date="29 May 2015" low="18" high="25" text="AM Showers" code="39" /> <yweather:forecast day="Sat" date="30 May 2015" low="18" high="32" text="Sunny" code="32" /> <yweather:forecast day="Sun" date="31 May 2015" low="20" high="37" text="Sunny" code="32" /> </item> </channel> </rss> ''' weather = parse_weather(data) assert weather['city'] == 'Beijing', weather['city'] assert weather['country'] == 'China', weather['country'] assert weather['today']['text'] == 'Partly Cloudy', weather['today']['text'] assert weather['today']['low'] == 20, weather['today']['low'] assert weather['today']['high'] == 33, weather['today']['high'] assert weather['tomorrow']['text'] == 'Sunny', weather['tomorrow']['text'] assert weather['tomorrow']['low'] == 21, weather['tomorrow']['low'] assert weather['tomorrow']['high'] == 34, weather['tomorrow']['high'] print('Weather:', str(weather)) ``` ## 参考源码 [use_sax.py](https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python3/blob/master/samples/commonlib/use_sax.py)