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# 多人协作 当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的`master`分支和远程的`master`分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是`origin`。 要查看远程库的信息,用`git remote`: ``` $ git remote origin ``` 或者,用`git remote -v`显示更详细的信息: ``` $ git remote -v origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch) origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (push) ``` 上面显示了可以抓取和推送的`origin`的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。 ## 推送分支 推送分支,就是把该分支上的所有本地提交推送到远程库。推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上: ``` $ git push origin master ``` 如果要推送其他分支,比如`dev`,就改成: ``` $ git push origin dev ``` 但是,并不是一定要把本地分支往远程推送,那么,哪些分支需要推送,哪些不需要呢? * `master`分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步; * `dev`分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步; * bug分支只用于在本地修复bug,就没必要推到远程了,除非老板要看看你每周到底修复了几个bug; * feature分支是否推到远程,取决于你是否和你的小伙伴合作在上面开发。 总之,就是在Git中,分支完全可以在本地自己藏着玩,是否推送,视你的心情而定! http://michaelliao.gitcafe.io/video/git-push-origin.mp4 ## 抓取分支 多人协作时,大家都会往`master`和`dev`分支上推送各自的修改。 现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆: ``` $ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git Cloning into 'learngit'... remote: Counting objects: 46, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (26/26), done. remote: Total 46 (delta 16), reused 45 (delta 15) Receiving objects: 100% (46/46), 15.69 KiB | 6 KiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (16/16), done. ``` 当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时,默认情况下,你的小伙伴只能看到本地的`master`分支。不信可以用`git branch`命令看看: ``` $ git branch * master ``` 现在,你的小伙伴要在`dev`分支上开发,就必须创建远程`origin`的`dev`分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地`dev`分支: ``` $ git checkout -b dev origin/dev ``` 现在,他就可以在`dev`上继续修改,然后,时不时地把`dev`分支`push`到远程: ``` $ git commit -m "add /usr/bin/env" [dev 291bea8] add /usr/bin/env 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ git push origin dev Counting objects: 5, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 349 bytes, done. Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git fc38031..291bea8 dev -> dev ``` http://michaelliao.gitcafe.io/video/git-push-by-xiaohuoban.mp4 你的小伙伴已经向`origin/dev`分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送: ``` $ git add hello.py $ git commit -m "add coding: utf-8" [dev bd6ae48] add coding: utf-8 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) $ git push origin dev To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git ! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git' hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull') hint: before pushing again. hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details. ``` 推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用`git pull`把最新的提交从`origin/dev`抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送: ``` $ git pull remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0) Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done. From github.com:michaelliao/learngit fc38031..291bea8 dev -> origin/dev There is no tracking information for the current branch. Please specify which branch you want to merge with. See git-pull(1) for details git pull <remote> <branch> If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with: git branch --set-upstream dev origin/<branch> ``` `git pull`也失败了,原因是没有指定本地`dev`分支与远程`origin/dev`分支的链接,根据提示,设置`dev`和`origin/dev`的链接: ``` $ git branch --set-upstream dev origin/dev Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin. ``` 再pull: ``` $ git pull Auto-merging hello.py CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.py Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. ``` 这回`git pull`成功,但是合并有冲突,需要手动解决,解决的方法和分支管理中的[解决冲突](http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000/001375840202368c74be33fbd884e71b570f2cc3c0d1dcf000)完全一样。解决后,提交,再push: ``` $ git commit -m "merge & fix hello.py" [dev adca45d] merge & fix hello.py $ git push origin dev Counting objects: 10, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done. Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 747 bytes, done. Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git 291bea8..adca45d dev -> dev ``` http://michaelliao.gitcafe.io/video/git-pull-push-fix.mp4 因此,多人协作的工作模式通常是这样: 1. 首先,可以试图用`git push origin branch-name`推送自己的修改; 2. 如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用`git pull`试图合并; 3. 如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交; 4. 没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用`git push origin branch-name`推送就能成功! 如果`git pull`提示“no tracking information”,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令`git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name`。 这就是多人协作的工作模式,一旦熟悉了,就非常简单。 ## 小结 * 查看远程库信息,使用`git remote -v`; * 本地新建的分支如果不推送到远程,对其他人就是不可见的; * 从本地推送分支,使用`git push origin branch-name`,如果推送失败,先用`git pull`抓取远程的新提交; * 在本地创建和远程分支对应的分支,使用`git checkout -b branch-name origin/branch-name`,本地和远程分支的名称最好一致; * 建立本地分支和远程分支的关联,使用`git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name`; * 从远程抓取分支,使用`git pull`,如果有冲突,要先处理冲突。