mux - 路由 · PHP/Python/前端/Linux 等等学习笔记

[TOC] > [参考文档](https://github.com/gorilla/mux) ## 安装` `go get -u github.com/gorilla/mux ` ## 实例 ### path 解析 ``` r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/products/{key}", ProductHandler) r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/", ArticlesCategoryHandler) r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ArticleHandler) func ArticlesCategoryHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { vars := mux.Vars(r) w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) fmt.Fprintf(w, "Category: %v\n", vars["category"]) } ``` ### 链式匹配 ``` //在NewRouter 进行链式调用 r := mux.NewRouter() // Only matches if domain is "www.example.com". r.Host("www.example.com") // Matches a dynamic subdomain. r.Host("{subdomain:[a-z]+}.example.com") //在handle 中链式调用 r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler). Host("www.example.com"). Methods("GET", "POST"). Schemes("http"). Queries("key", "value") ``` ### 子路由 ``` r := mux.NewRouter() s := r.PathPrefix("/products").Subrouter() s.HandleFunc("/", ProductsHandler) s.HandleFunc("/{key}/", ProductHandler) s.HandleFunc("/{key}/details", ProductDetailsHandler) ``` ### 静态文件 ``` func main() { var dir string flag.StringVar(&dir, "dir", ".", "the directory to serve files from. Defaults to the current dir") flag.Parse() r := mux.NewRouter() // This will serve files under http://localhost:8000/static/<filename> r.PathPrefix("/static/").Handler(http.StripPrefix("/static/", http.FileServer(http.Dir(dir)))) srv := &http.Server{ Handler: r, Addr: "127.0.0.1:8000", // Good practice: enforce timeouts for servers you create! WriteTimeout: 15 * time.Second, ReadTimeout: 15 * time.Second, } log.Fatal(srv.ListenAndServe()) } ``` ### 单页面应用 <details> <summary>main.go</summary> ``` package main import ( "encoding/json" "log" "net/http" "os" "path/filepath" "time" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) type spaHandler struct { staticPath string indexPath string } func (h spaHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { path, err := filepath.Abs(r.URL.Path) if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest) return } path = filepath.Join(h.staticPath, path) _, err = os.Stat(path) if os.IsNotExist(err) { http.ServeFile(w, r, filepath.Join(h.staticPath, h.indexPath)) return } else if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } http.FileServer(http.Dir(h.staticPath)).ServeHTTP(w, r) } func main() { router := mux.NewRouter() router.HandleFunc("/api/health", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]bool{"ok": true}) }) spa := spaHandler{staticPath: "build", indexPath: "index.html"} router.PathPrefix("/").Handler(spa) srv := &http.Server{ Handler: router, Addr: "127.0.0.1:8000", WriteTimeout: 15 * time.Second, ReadTimeout: 15 * time.Second, } log.Fatal(srv.ListenAndServe()) } ``` </details> ### 生成url 实例1 ``` // 给 handle 取名为 article r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ArticleHandler). Name("article") // 生成url url, err := r.Get("article").URL("category", "technology", "id", "42") // /articles/technology/42 ``` 实例2 ``` r := mux.NewRouter() r.Host("{subdomain}.example.com"). Path("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}"). Queries("filter", "{filter}"). HandlerFunc(ArticleHandler). Name("article") // url.String() will be "http://news.example.com/articles/technology/42?filter=gorilla" url, err := r.Get("article").URL("subdomain", "news", "category", "technology", "id", "42", "filter", "gorilla") ``` ### 优雅关闭 <details> <summary>main.go</summary> ``` package main import ( "context" "flag" "log" "net/http" "os" "os/signal" "time" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) func main() { var wait time.Duration flag.DurationVar(&wait, "graceful-timeout", time.Second*15, "the duration for which the server gracefully wait for existing connections to finish - e.g. 15s or 1m") flag.Parse() r := mux.NewRouter() srv := &http.Server{ Addr: "0.0.0.0:8080", WriteTimeout: time.Second * 15, ReadTimeout: time.Second * 15, IdleTimeout: time.Second * 60, } go func() { if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil { log.Println(err) } }() c := make(chan os.Signal, 1) signal.Notify(c, os.Interrupt) <-c ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), wait) defer cancel() srv.Shutdown(ctx) log.Println("shutting down") os.Exit(0) } ``` </details> ### 中间件实例1 ``` func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // Do stuff here log.Println(r.RequestURI) // Call the next handler, which can be another middleware in the chain, or the final handler. next.ServeHTTP(w, r) }) } r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/", handler) r.Use(loggingMiddleware) ``` 实例2 ``` // Define our struct type authenticationMiddleware struct { tokenUsers map[string]string } // Initialize it somewhere func (amw *authenticationMiddleware) Populate() { amw.tokenUsers["00000000"] = "user0" amw.tokenUsers["aaaaaaaa"] = "userA" amw.tokenUsers["05f717e5"] = "randomUser" amw.tokenUsers["deadbeef"] = "user0" } // Middleware function, which will be called for each request func (amw *authenticationMiddleware) Middleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { token := r.Header.Get("X-Session-Token") if user, found := amw.tokenUsers[token]; found { // We found the token in our map log.Printf("Authenticated user %s\n", user) // Pass down the request to the next middleware (or final handler) next.ServeHTTP(w, r) } else { // Write an error and stop the handler chain http.Error(w, "Forbidden", http.StatusForbidden) } }) } r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/", handler) amw := authenticationMiddleware{} amw.Populate() r.Use(amw.Middleware) ``` ### 跨域请求 CORS Requests <details> <summary>main.go</summary> ``` package main import ( "net/http" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() // IMPORTANT: you must specify an OPTIONS method matcher for the middleware to set CORS headers r.HandleFunc("/foo", fooHandler).Methods(http.MethodGet, http.MethodPut, http.MethodPatch, http.MethodOptions) r.Use(mux.CORSMethodMiddleware(r)) http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r) } func fooHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*") if r.Method == http.MethodOptions { return } w.Write([]byte("foo")) } ``` </details> ### handle 测试测试1 <details> <summary>endpoints.go</summary> ``` package main func HealthCheckHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // A very simple health check. w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) // In the future we could report back on the status of our DB, or our cache // (e.g. Redis) by performing a simple PING, and include them in the response. io.WriteString(w, `{"alive": true}`) } func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/health", HealthCheckHandler) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8080", r)) } ``` </details> <details> <summary>endpoints_test.go</summary> ``` package main import ( "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "testing" ) func TestHealthCheckHandler(t *testing.T) { // Create a request to pass to our handler. We don't have any query parameters for now, so we'll // pass 'nil' as the third parameter. req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "/health", nil) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } // We create a ResponseRecorder (which satisfies http.ResponseWriter) to record the response. rr := httptest.NewRecorder() handler := http.HandlerFunc(HealthCheckHandler) // Our handlers satisfy http.Handler, so we can call their ServeHTTP method // directly and pass in our Request and ResponseRecorder. handler.ServeHTTP(rr, req) // Check the status code is what we expect. if status := rr.Code; status != http.StatusOK { t.Errorf("handler returned wrong status code: got %v want %v", status, http.StatusOK) } // Check the response body is what we expect. expected := `{"alive": true}` if rr.Body.String() != expected { t.Errorf("handler returned unexpected body: got %v want %v", rr.Body.String(), expected) } } ``` </details> 测试2 <details> <summary>endpoints.go </summary> ``` func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() // A route with a route variable: r.HandleFunc("/metrics/{type}", MetricsHandler) log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8080", r)) } ``` </details> <details> <summary>endpoints_test.go </summary> ``` func TestMetricsHandler(t *testing.T) { tt := []struct{ routeVariable string shouldPass bool }{ {"goroutines", true}, {"heap", true}, {"counters", true}, {"queries", true}, {"adhadaeqm3k", false}, } for _, tc := range tt { path := fmt.Sprintf("/metrics/%s", tc.routeVariable) req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", path, nil) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } rr := httptest.NewRecorder() // Need to create a router that we can pass the request through so that the vars will be added to the context router := mux.NewRouter() router.HandleFunc("/metrics/{type}", MetricsHandler) router.ServeHTTP(rr, req) // In this case, our MetricsHandler returns a non-200 response // for a route variable it doesn't know about. if rr.Code == http.StatusOK && !tc.shouldPass { t.Errorf("handler should have failed on routeVariable %s: got %v want %v", tc.routeVariable, rr.Code, http.StatusOK) } } } ``` </details>