ThinkChat2.0新版上线,更智能更精彩,支持会话、画图、阅读、搜索等,送10W Token,即刻开启你的AI之旅 广告
# 11.1 生成源代码和二进制包 **NOTE**:*此示例代码可以在 https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-11/recipe-01 中找到。该示例在CMake 3.6版(或更高版本)中是有效的,并且已经在GNU/Linux、macOS和Windows上进行过测试。* 如果代码是开源的,用户将能够下载项目的源代码,并使用完全定制的CMake脚本自行构建。当然,打包操作也可以使用脚本完成,但是CPack提供了更简单和可移植的替代方案。本示例将指导您创建一些包: * **源代码包**:可以将源代码直接压缩成归档文件,进行发送。用户将不必为特定的版本控制系统操心。 * **二进制包**:工具将新构建的目标以打包的方式到归档文件中。这个功能非常有用,但可能不够健壮,无法发布库和可执行程序。 * **平台原生的二进制安装**:CPack能够以许多不同的格式生成二进制安装程序,因此可以将软件发布到不同的平台。我们将展示如何生成安装程序: * 基于Debian的GNU/Linux发行版的`.deb`格式: https://manpages.debian.org/unstable/dpkg-dev/deb.5.en.html * 基于Red Hat的GNU/Linux发行版的`.rpm`格式: http://rpm.org/ * macOS包的`.dmg`格式: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/CoreFoundation/Conceptual/CFBundles/BundleTypes/BundleTypes.html * Windows的NSIS格式: http://nsis.sourceforge.net/Main_Page ## 准备工作 我们将使用第10章第3节的示例,项目树由以下目录和文件组成: ```shell . ├── cmake │ ├── coffee.icns │ ├── Info.plist.in │ └── messageConfig.cmake.in ├── CMakeCPack.cmake ├── CMakeLists.txt ├── INSTALL.md ├── LICENSE ├── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── hello-world.cpp │ ├── Message.cpp │ └── Message.hpp └── tests ├── CMakeLists.txt └── use_target ├── CMakeLists.txt └── use_message.cpp ``` 由于本示例的重点是使用CPack,所以不会讨论源码。我们只会在`CMakeCPack.cmake`中添加打包指令。此外,还添加了`INSTALL.md`和`LICENSE`文件:打包要求需要包含安装说明和项目许可信息。 ## 具体实施 让我们看看需要添加到这个项目中的打包指令。我们将在` CMakeCPack.cmake `中收集它们,并在在`CMakeLists.txt`的末尾包含这个模块`include(cmakecpackage.cmake)`: 1. 我们声明包的名称,与项目的名称相同,因此我们使用`PROJECT_NAME`的CMake变量: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME "${PROJECT_NAME}") ``` 2. 声明包的供应商: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VENDOR "CMake Cookbook") ``` 3. 打包的源代码将包括一个描述文件。这是带有安装说明的纯文本文件: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_FILE "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/INSTALL.md") ``` 4. 还添加了一个包的描述: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_SUMMARY "message: a small messaging library") ``` 5. 许可证文件也将包括在包中: ```cmake set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_LICENSE "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE") ``` 6. 从发布包中安装时,文件将放在`/opt/recipe-01`目录下: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGING_INSTALL_PREFIX "/opt/${PROJECT_NAME}") ``` 7. CPack所需的主要、次要和补丁版本: ```cmake set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR "${PROJECT_VERSION_MAJOR}") set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR "${PROJECT_VERSION_MINOR}") set(CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH "${PROJECT_VERSION_PATCH}") ``` 8. 设置了在包装的时候需要忽略的文件列表和目录: ```cmake set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR};/.git/;.gitignore") ``` 9. 列出了源代码归档的打包生成器——在我们的例子中是`ZIP`,用于生成`.ZIP`归档,`TGZ`用于`.tar.gz`归档: ```cmake set(CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR "ZIP;TGZ") ``` 10. 我们还列出了二进制存档生成器: ```cmake set(CPACK_GENERATOR "ZIP;TGZ") ``` 11. 现在也可声明平台原生二进制安装程序,从DEB和RPM包生成器开始,不过只适用于GNU/Linux: ```cmake if(UNIX) if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES Linux) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "DEB") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_MAINTAINER "robertodr") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_SECTION "devel") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_DEPENDS "uuid-dev") list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "RPM") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_RELEASE "1") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_LICENSE "MIT") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_REQUIRES "uuid-devel") endif() endif() ``` 12. 如果我们在Windows上,我们会想要生成一个NSIS安装程序: ```cmake if(WIN32 OR MINGW) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "NSIS") set(CPACK_NSIS_PACKAGE_NAME "message") set(CPACK_NSIS_CONTACT "robertdr") set(CPACK_NSIS_ENABLE_UNINSTALL_BEFORE_INSTALL ON) endif() ``` 13. 另一方面,在macOS上,bundle包是我们的安装程序的选择: ```cmake if(APPLE) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "Bundle") set(CPACK_BUNDLE_NAME "message") configure_file(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/Info.plist.in Info.plist @ONLY) set(CPACK_BUNDLE_PLIST ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/Info.plist) set(CPACK_BUNDLE_ICON ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/coffee.icns) endif() ``` 14. 我们在现有系统的包装生成器上,向用户打印一条信息: ```cmake message(STATUS "CPack generators: ${CPACK_GENERATOR}") ``` 15. 最后,我们包括了`CPack.cmake`标准模块。这将向构建系统添加一个包和一个`package_source`目标: ```cmake include(CPack) ``` 现在来配置这个项目: ```shell $ mkdir -p build $ cd build $ cmake .. ``` 使用下面的命令,我们可以列出可用的目标(示例输出是在使用Unix Makefile作为生成器的GNU/Linux系统上获得的): ```shell $ cmake --build . --target help The following are some of the valid targets for this Makefile: ... all (the default if no target is provided) ... clean ... depend ... install/strip ... install ... package_source ... package ... install/local ... test ... list_install_components ... edit_cache ... rebuild_cache ... hello- world ... message ``` 我们可以看到`package`和`package_source`目标是可用的。可以使用以下命令生成源包: ```shell $ cmake --build . --target package_source Run CPack packaging tool for source... CPack: Create package using ZIP CPack: Install projects CPack: - Install directory: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter-11/recipe-01/cxx-example CPack: Create package CPack: - package: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter- 11/recipe-01/cxx-example/build/recipe-01-1.0.0-Source.zip generated. CPack: Create package using TGZ CPack: Install projects CPack: - Install directory: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter- 11/recipe-01/cxx-example CPack: Create package CPack: - package: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter-11/recipe-01/cxx-example/build/recipe-01- 1.0.0-Source.tar.gz generated. ``` 同样,也可以构建二进制包: ```shell $ cmake --build . --target package message-1.0.0-Linux.deb ``` 例子中,最后得到了以下二进制包: ```shell message-1.0.0-Linux.rpm message-1.0.0-Linux.tar.gz message-1.0.0-Linux.zip ``` ## 工作原理 CPack可用于生成用于分发的包。生成构建系统时,我们在`CMakeCPack.cmake`中列出了CPack指令,用于在构建目录下生成` CPackConfig.cmake`。当运行以`package`或`package_source`目标的CMake命令时,CPack会自动调用,参数是自动生成的配置文件。实际上,这两个新目标是对CPack简单规则的使用。与CMake一样,CPack也有生成器的概念。CMake上下文中的生成器是用于生成本地构建脚本的工具,例如Unix Makefile或Visual Studio项目文件,而CPack上下文中的生成器是用于打包的工具。我们列出了这些变量,并对不同的平台进行了特别的关注,为源包和二进制包定义了`CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR`和`CPACK_GENERATOR`变量。因此,`DEB`包生成器将调用`Debian`打包实用程序,而`TGZ`生成器将调用给定平台上的归档工具。我们可以直接在`build`目录中调用CPack,并选择要与`-G`命令行选项一起使用的生成器。`RPM`包可以通过以下步骤生成: ```shell $ cd build $ cpack -G RPM CPack: Create package using RPM CPack: Install projects CPack: - Run preinstall target for: recipe-01 CPack: - Install project: recipe-01 CPack: Create package CPackRPM: Will use GENERATED spec file: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter-11/recipe-01/cxx-example/build/_CPack_Packages/Linux/RPM/SPECS/recipe-01.spec CPack: - package: /home/user/cmake-cookbook/chapter-11/recipe-01/cxx-example/build/recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux.rpm generated. ``` 对于任何发行版,无论是源代码还是二进制文件,我们只需要打包用户需要的内容,因此整个构建目录和其他与版本控制相关的文件,都必须从要打包的文件列表中排除。我们的例子中,排除列表使用下面的命令声明: ```cmake set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES "${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR};/.git/;.gitignore") ``` 我们还需要指定包的基本信息,例如:名称、简短描述和版本。这个信息是通过CMake变量设置的,当包含相应的模块时,CMake变量被传递给CPack。 **NOTE**:*由于CMake 3.9中的`project()`命令接受`DESCRIPTION`字段,该字段带有一个描述项目的短字符串。CMake将设置一个`PROJECT_DESCRIPTION`,可以用它来重置`CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_SUMMARY`。* 让我们详细看看,可以为示例项目生成的不同类型包的说明。 ### 打包源码 我们的示例中,决定对源存档使用`TGZ`和`ZIP`生成器。这些文件将分别生成`.tar.gz`和`.zip`压缩文件。我们可以检查生成的`.tar.gz`文件的内容: ```shell $ tar tzf recipe-01-1.0.0-Source.tar.gz recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/cmake/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/cmake/coffee.icns recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/cmake/Info.plist.in recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/cmake/messageConfig.cmake.in recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/CMakeLists.txt recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/src/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/src/Message.hpp recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/src/CMakeLists.txt recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/src/Message.cpp recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/src/hello-world.cpp recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/LICENSE recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/tests/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/tests/CMakeLists.txt recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/tests/use_target/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/tests/use_target/CMakeLists.txt recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/tests/use_target/use_message.cpp recipe-01-1.0.0-Source/opt/recipe-01/INSTALL.md ``` 与预期相同,只包含源码树的内容。注意`INSTALL.md `和`LICENSE`文件也包括在内,可以通过`CPACK_PACKAGE_DESCRIPTION_FILE`和`CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_LICENSE`变量指定。 **NOTE**:*Visual Studio生成器无法解析`package_source`目标:https://gitlab.kitware.com/cmake/cmake/issues/13058。* ### 二进制包 创建二进制存档时,CPack将打包`CMakeCPack.cmake`中描述的目标的内容。因此,在我们的示例中,hello-world可执行文件、消息动态库以及相应的头文件都将以`.tar.gz`和`.zip`的格式打包。此外,还将打包CMake配置文件。这对于需要链接到我们的库的其他项目非常有用。包中使用的安装目录可能与从构建树中安装项目时使用的前缀不同,可以使用`CPACK_PACKAGING_INSTALL_PREFIX`变量来实现这一点。我们的示例中,我们将它设置为系统上的特定位置:`/opt/recipe-01`。 ```shell $ tar tzf recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux.tar.gz recipe-01- 1.0.0-Linux/opt/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe-01/ recipe-01-1.0.0- Linux/opt/recipe-01/bin/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe-01/bin/hello- world recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe-01/share/ recipe-01-1.0.0- Linux/opt/recipe-01/share/cmake/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/share/cmake/recipe-01/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/share/cmake/recipe-01/messageConfig.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0- Linux/opt/recipe-01/share/cmake/recipe-01/messageTargets-hello- world.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe-01/share/cmake/recipe- 01/messageConfigVersion.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/share/cmake/recipe-01/messageTargets-hello-world- release.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe-01/share/cmake/recipe- 01/messageTargets-release.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/share/cmake/recipe-01/messageTargets.cmake recipe-01-1.0.0- Linux/opt/recipe-01/include/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/include/message/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/include/message/Message.hpp recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/include/message/messageExport.h recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/lib64/ recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/lib64/libmessage.so recipe-01-1.0.0-Linux/opt/recipe- 01/lib64/libmessage.so.1` ``` ### 平台原生的二进制安装 我们希望每个平台原生二进制安装程序的配置略有不同。可以在单个`CMakeCPack.cmake`中使用CPack管理这些差异,就像例子中做的那样。 对于GNU/Linux系统,配置了`DEB`和`RPM`生成器: ```cmake if(UNIX) if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES Linux) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "DEB") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_MAINTAINER "robertodr") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_SECTION "devel") set(CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_DEPENDS "uuid-dev") list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "RPM") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_RELEASE "1") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_LICENSE "MIT") set(CPACK_RPM_PACKAGE_REQUIRES "uuid-devel") endif() endif() ``` 我们的示例依赖于UUID库,`CPACK_DEBIAN_PACKAGE_DEPENDS`和`cpack_rpm_package_require`选项允许指定,包和数据库中对其他包的依赖关系。可以使用dpkg和rpm程序分别分析生成的`.deb`和`.rpm`包的内容。 注意,`CPACK_PACKAGING_INSTALL_PREFIX`也会影响这些包生成器:我们的包将安装到`/opt/recipe-01`。 CMake真正提供了跨平台和可移植构建系统的支持。下面将使用Nullsoft脚本安装系统(NSIS)创建一个安装程序: ```cmake if(WIN32 OR MINGW) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "NSIS") set(CPACK_NSIS_PACKAGE_NAME "message") set(CPACK_NSIS_CONTACT "robertdr") set(CPACK_NSIS_ENABLE_UNINSTALL_BEFORE_INSTALL ON) endif() ``` 如果在macOS上构建项目,将启用`Bundle packager`: ```cmake if(APPLE) list(APPEND CPACK_GENERATOR "Bundle") set(CPACK_BUNDLE_NAME "message") configure_file(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/Info.plist.in Info.plist @ONLY) set(CPACK_BUNDLE_PLIST ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/Info.plist) set(CPACK_BUNDLE_ICON ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/coffee.icns) endif() ``` macOS的示例中,需要为包配置属性列表文件,这是通过`configure_file`实现的。`Info.plist`的位置和包的图标,这些都可以通过CPack的变量进行设置。 **NOTE**:*可以在这里阅读,关于属性列表格式的更多信息:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_list* ## 更多信息 对` CMakeCPack.cmake `进行设置,要比列出CPack的配置选项简单的多,我们可以将`CPACK_*`变量的每个生成器设置放在单独的文件中,比如`CMakeCPackOptions.cmake`,并将这些设置包含到`CMakeCPack.cmake`使用`set(CPACK_PROJECT_CONFIG_FILE "${PROJECT_SOUsRCE_DIR}/CMakeCPackOptions.cmake")`将设置包含入` CMakeCPack.cmake`中。还可以在CMake时配置该文件,然后在CPack时包含该文件,这为配置多格式包生成器提供了一种简洁的方法(参见https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.6/module/CPack.html )。 与CMake中的所有工具一样,CPack功能强大、功能多样,并且提供了更多的灵活性和选项。感兴趣的读者应该看官方文档的命令行界面CPack (https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.6/manual/cpack.1.html )手册页,如何使用CPack生成器打包相关项目的更多细节(https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.6/module/CPack.html )。