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# 13.2 交叉编译hello world示例 **NOTE**:*此示例代码可以在 https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-13/recipe-01 中找到,其中包含一个C++示例。该示例在CMake 3.5版(或更高版本)中是有效的,并且已经在GNU/Linux、macOS和Windows上进行过测试。* 这个示例中,我们将重用“Hello World”示例,并将代码从Linux或macOS交叉编译到Windows。换句话说,我们将在Linux或macOS上配置和编译代码,并生成Windows平台的可执行文件 ## 准备工作 我们从`hello world`示例(`hello-world.cpp`)开始: ```c++ #include <iostream> #include <omp.h> #include <string> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { std::cout << "number of available processors: " << omp_get_num_procs() << std::endl; std::cout << "number of threads: " << omp_get_max_threads() << std::endl; auto n = std::stol(argv[1]); std::cout << "we will form sum of numbers from 1 to " << n << std::endl; // start timer auto t0 = omp_get_wtime(); auto s = 0LL; #pragma omp parallel for reduction(+ : s) for (auto i = 1; i <= n; i++) { s += i; } // stop timer auto t1 = omp_get_wtime(); std::cout << "sum: " << s << std::endl; std::cout << "elapsed wall clock time: " << t1 - t0 << " seconds" << std::endl; return 0; } ``` 我们还将使用与前一个示例相同的`CMakeLists.txt`: ```cmake # set minimum cmake version cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5 FATAL_ERROR) # project name and language project(recipe-01 LANGUAGES CXX) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11) set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF) set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON) include(GNUInstallDirs) set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}) set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}) # define executable and its source file add_executable(hello-world hello-world.cpp) # we will print the system name in the code target_compile_definitions(hello-world PUBLIC "SYSTEM_NAME=\"${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}\"" ) install( TARGETS hello-world DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR} ) ``` 为了交叉编译源代码,我们需要安装一个C++交叉编译器,也可以为C和Fortran安装一个交叉编译器。可以使用打包的MinGW编译器,作为打包的交叉编译器的替代方案。还可以使用MXE (M cross environment)从源代码构建一套交叉编译器:http://mxe.cc ## 具体实施 我们将按照以下步骤,在这个交叉编译的“hello world”示例中创建三个文件: 1. 创建一个文件夹,其中包括`hello-world.cpp`和`CMakeLists.txt`。 2. 再创建一个`toolchain.cmake`文件,其内容为: ```cmake # the name of the target operating system set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Windows) # which compilers to use set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER i686-w64-mingw32-g++) # adjust the default behaviour of the find commands: # search headers and libraries in the target environment set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY) set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY) # search programs in the host environment set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER) ``` 3. 将`CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER`设置为对应的编译器(路径)。 4. 然后,通过将`CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE`指向工具链文件,从而配置代码(本例中,使用了从源代码构建的MXE编译器): ```shell $ mkdir -p build $ cd build $ cmake -D CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=toolchain.cmake .. -- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 5.4.0 -- Check for working CXX compiler: /home/user/mxe/usr/bin/i686-w64-mingw32.static-g++ -- Check for working CXX compiler: /home/user/mxe/usr/bin/i686-w64-mingw32.static-g++ -- works -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done -- Detecting CXX compile features -- Detecting CXX compile features - done -- Configuring done -- Generating done -- Build files have been written to: /home/user/cmake-recipes/chapter-13/recipe-01/cxx-example/build ``` 5. 现在,构建可执行文件: ```shell $ cmake --build . Scanning dependencies of target hello-world [ 50%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/hello-world.dir/hello-world.cpp.obj [100%] Linking CXX executable bin/hello-world.exe [100%] Built target hello-world ``` 6. 注意,我们已经在Linux上获得`hello-world.exe`。将二进制文件复制到Windows上。 7. 在WIndows上可以看到如下的输出: ```shell Hello from Windows ``` 8. 如你所见,这个二进制可以在Windows下工作。 ## 工作原理 由于与目标环境(Windows)不同的主机环境(在本例中是GNU/Linux或macOS)上配置和构建代码,所以我们需要向CMake提供关于目标环境的信息,这些信息记录在`toolchain.cmake`文件中( https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.html#cross-compiling )。 首先,提供目标操作系统的名称: ```cmake set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Windows) ``` 然后,指定编译器: ```cmake set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER i686-w64-mingw32-gcc) set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER i686-w64-mingw32-g++) set(CMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER i686-w64-mingw32-gfortran) ``` 这个例子中,我们不需要检测任何库或头文件。如果必要的话,我们将使用以下命令指定根路径: ```cmake set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH /path/to/target/environment) ``` 例如,提供MXE编译器的安装路径。 最后,调整`find`命令的默认行为。我们指示CMake在目标环境中查找头文件和库文件: ```cmake set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY) set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY) ``` 在主机环境中的搜索程序: ```cmake set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER) ``` ## 更多信息 有关各种选项的更详细讨论,请参见: https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.html#cross-compiling