# What requires downtime?
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/what_requires_downtime.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/what_requires_downtime.html)
* [Dropping Columns](#dropping-columns)
* [Step 1: Ignoring the column (release M)](#step-1-ignoring-the-column-release-m)
* [Step 2: Dropping the column (release M+1)](#step-2-dropping-the-column-release-m1)
* [Step 3: Removing the ignore rule (release M+2)](#step-3-removing-the-ignore-rule-release-m2)
* [Renaming Columns](#renaming-columns)
* [Step 1: Add The Regular Migration](#step-1-add-the-regular-migration)
* [Step 2: Add A Post-Deployment Migration](#step-2-add-a-post-deployment-migration)
* [Changing Column Constraints](#changing-column-constraints)
* [Changing Column Types](#changing-column-types)
* [Step 1: Create A Regular Migration](#step-1-create-a-regular-migration)
* [Step 2: Create A Post Deployment Migration](#step-2-create-a-post-deployment-migration)
* [Casting data to a new type](#casting-data-to-a-new-type)
* [Changing The Schema For Large Tables](#changing-the-schema-for-large-tables)
* [Adding Indexes](#adding-indexes)
* [Dropping Indexes](#dropping-indexes)
* [Adding Tables](#adding-tables)
* [Dropping Tables](#dropping-tables)
* [Renaming Tables](#renaming-tables)
* [Adding Foreign Keys](#adding-foreign-keys)
* [Removing Foreign Keys](#removing-foreign-keys)
* [Data Migrations](#data-migrations)
# What requires downtime?[](#what-requires-downtime "Permalink")
使用数据库时,可以在不使 GitLab 脱机的情况下执行某些操作,其他操作确实需要停机时间. 本指南介绍了各种操作,其影响以及如何在不停机的情况下执行这些操作.
## Dropping Columns[](#dropping-columns "Permalink")
删除列很棘手,因为正在运行的 GitLab 进程可能仍在使用这些列. 为了安全地解决此问题,您需要在三个版本中执行三个步骤:
1. 忽略列(版本 M)
2. 删除列(版本 M + 1)
3. 删除忽略规则(版本 M + 2)
之所以将其分布在三个发行版中,是因为删除列是一种破坏性操作,不易回滚.
遵循此过程可帮助我们确保没有部署到 GitLab.com 并升级将这些步骤集中在一起的自我管理安装的过程.
### Step 1: Ignoring the column (release M)[](#step-1-ignoring-the-column-release-m "Permalink")
第一步是忽略应用程序代码中的列. 这是必要的,因为 Rails 缓存列并在各个地方重复使用此缓存. 这可以通过定义要忽略的列来完成. 例如,要忽略用户模型中的`updated_at` ,请使用以下命令:
```
class User < ApplicationRecord
include IgnorableColumns
ignore_column :updated_at, remove_with: '12.7', remove_after: '2019-12-22'
end
```
多列也可以忽略:
```
ignore_columns %i[updated_at created_at], remove_with: '12.7', remove_after: '2019-12-22'
```
我们要求通过以下方式指示何时可以安全地删除列忽略:
* `remove_with` :设置为 GitLab 版本,通常在添加列忽略后两个版本(M + 2).
* `remove_after` :设置为一个日期,在该日期之后,我们认为通常可以在 M + 2 版本的开发周期内删除列忽略项.
这些信息使我们能够更好地推理列忽略,并确保对于常规发行版和部署到 GitLab.com 而言,我们都不会过早删除列忽略. 例如,这避免了我们部署大量更改的情况,其中包括同时忽略列的更改和随后删除列忽略的更改(这将导致停机).
在此示例中,忽略列的更改在 12.5 版中进行.
### Step 2: Dropping the column (release M+1)[](#step-2-dropping-the-column-release-m1 "Permalink")
继续我们的示例,删除该列将进入版本 12.6 中*的部署后*迁移:
```
remove_column :user, :updated_at
```
### Step 3: Removing the ignore rule (release M+2)[](#step-3-removing-the-ignore-rule-release-m2 "Permalink")
在下一个版本中,在此示例 12.7 中,我们设置了另一个合并请求以删除忽略规则. 这将删除`ignore_column`行,并且如果不再需要,还将`IgnoreableColumns` .
只有在`remove_after`日期过去之后,才应将其与`remove_with`指示的发行版合并.
## Renaming Columns[](#renaming-columns "Permalink")
重命名列通常需要停机,因为在数据库迁移期间/之后,应用程序可能会继续使用旧的列名称. 要在不停机的情况下重命名列,我们需要两个迁移:常规迁移和部署后迁移. 这些迁移都可以在同一版本中进行.
### Step 1: Add The Regular Migration[](#step-1-add-the-regular-migration "Permalink")
首先,我们需要创建常规迁移. 此迁移应当前使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#rename_column_concurrently`来执行重命名. 例如
```
# A regular migration in db/migrate
class RenameUsersUpdatedAtToUpdatedAtTimestamp < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
rename_column_concurrently :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
def down
undo_rename_column_concurrently :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
end
```
这将负责重命名列,确保数据保持同步,通过索引和外键进行复制等.
**注意:**如果一列包含 1 个或多个不包含原始列名称的索引,则上述过程将失败. 在这种情况下,您首先需要重命名这些索引.
### Step 2: Add A Post-Deployment Migration[](#step-2-add-a-post-deployment-migration "Permalink")
重命名过程需要在部署后迁移中进行一些清理. 我们可以使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#cleanup_concurrent_column_rename`来执行此清理:
```
# A post-deployment migration in db/post_migrate
class CleanupUsersUpdatedAtRename < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
cleanup_concurrent_column_rename :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
def down
undo_cleanup_concurrent_column_rename :users, :updated_at, :updated_at_timestamp
end
end
```
**注意:**如果要重命名[大表](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/rubocop/rubocop-migrations.yml#L3) ,请仔细考虑第一次迁移已运行但第二次清理迁移尚未运行的状态. 使用[Canary](https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/library/canary/) ,系统可能会在此状态下运行大量时间.
## Changing Column Constraints[](#changing-column-constraints "Permalink")
通常,无需停机即可添加或删除`NOT NULL`子句(或其他约束). 但是,这确实需要*首先*部署所有应用程序更改. 因此,在部署后的迁移中应该发生更改列约束的情况.
避免使用`change_column`因为它会产生无效查询,因为它会重新定义整个列类型.
您可以针对每个特定用例查看以下指南:
* [Adding foreign-key constraints](migration_style_guide.html#adding-foreign-key-constraints)
* [Adding `NOT NULL` constraints](database/not_null_constraints.html)
* [Adding limits to text columns](database/strings_and_the_text_data_type.html)
## Changing Column Types[](#changing-column-types "Permalink")
可以使用`Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#change_column_type_concurrently`来更改列的类型. 此方法的工作方式与`rename_column_concurrently`类似. 例如,假设我们要将`users.username`的类型从`string`更改为`text` .
### Step 1: Create A Regular Migration[](#step-1-create-a-regular-migration "Permalink")
常规迁移用于创建具有临时名称的新列,并设置一些触发器以使数据保持同步. 这样的迁移如下所示:
```
# A regular migration in db/migrate
class ChangeUsersUsernameStringToText < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :username, :text
end
def down
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change :users, :username
end
end
```
### Step 2: Create A Post Deployment Migration[](#step-2-create-a-post-deployment-migration "Permalink")
接下来,我们需要使用部署后迁移来清理更改:
```
# A post-deployment migration in db/post_migrate
class ChangeUsersUsernameStringToTextCleanup < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change :users, :username
end
def down
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :username, :string
end
end
```
就是这样,我们完成了!
### Casting data to a new type[](#casting-data-to-a-new-type "Permalink")
某些类型更改需要将数据转换为新类型. 例如,从`text`更改为`jsonb` . 在这种情况下,请使用`type_cast_function`选项. 确保没有不良数据,并且投射将始终成功. 您还可以提供一个自定义函数来处理转换错误.
迁移示例:
```
def up
change_column_type_concurrently :users, :settings, :jsonb, type_cast_function: 'jsonb'
end
```
## Changing The Schema For Large Tables[](#changing-the-schema-for-large-tables "Permalink")
虽然`change_column_type_concurrently`和`rename_column_concurrently`可以用于在`rename_column_concurrently`机的情况下更改表的架构,但对于大型表来说,效果并不理想. 由于所有工作都是按顺序进行的,因此迁移可能需要很长时间才能完成,从而阻止了部署的进行. 由于数据库按顺序快速更新许多行,因此它们也可能给数据库带来很大压力.
为减轻数据库压力,在迁移大表中的列时(例如`issues` ),应改用`change_column_type_using_background_migration`或`rename_column_using_background_migration` . 这些方法的工作方式与并发的类似,但是使用后台迁移将工作/负载分散在更长的时间段内,而不会减慢部署速度.
例如,要使用后台迁移来更改列类型:
```
class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
disable_ddl_transaction!
class Issue < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'issues'
include EachBatch
def self.to_migrate
where('closed_at IS NOT NULL')
end
end
def up
change_column_type_using_background_migration(
Issue.to_migrate,
:closed_at,
:datetime_with_timezone
)
end
def down
change_column_type_using_background_migration(
Issue.to_migrate,
:closed_at,
:datetime
)
end
end
```
这将将`issues.closed_at`的类型更改为`timestamp with time zone` .
请记住,传递给`change_column_type_using_background_migration`的关系*必须*包含`EachBatch` ,否则将引发`TypeError` .
然后,此迁移需要在单独的发行版( *而不是*补丁程序发行版)中进行清除迁移,该清除迁移应从队列中窃取并处理所有剩余的行. 例如:
```
class MigrateRemainingIssuesClosedAt < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
include Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers
DOWNTIME = false
disable_ddl_transaction!
class Issue < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'issues'
include EachBatch
end
def up
Gitlab::BackgroundMigration.steal('CopyColumn')
Gitlab::BackgroundMigration.steal('CleanupConcurrentTypeChange')
migrate_remaining_rows if migrate_column_type?
end
def down
# Previous migrations already revert the changes made here.
end
def migrate_remaining_rows
Issue.where('closed_at_for_type_change IS NULL AND closed_at IS NOT NULL').each_batch do |batch|
batch.update_all('closed_at_for_type_change = closed_at')
end
cleanup_concurrent_column_type_change(:issues, :closed_at)
end
def migrate_column_type?
# Some environments may have already executed the previous version of this
# migration, thus we don't need to migrate those environments again.
column_for('issues', 'closed_at').type == :datetime # rubocop:disable Migration/Datetime
end
end
```
这同样适用于`rename_column_using_background_migration` :
1. 使用帮助程序创建迁移,该迁移将安排后台迁移以将写入分散在更长的时间范围内.
2. 在下一个每月发行版中,创建清理迁移以从 Sidekiq 队列中窃取,迁移所有丢失的行并清理重命名. 如果该列已被重命名,则此迁移应在从 Sidekiq 队列中窃取后跳过步骤.
有关更多信息,请参阅[有关清理后台迁移的文档](background_migrations.html#cleaning-up) .
## Adding Indexes[](#adding-indexes "Permalink")
使用`add_concurrent_index`时,添加索引不需要停机.
另请参阅《 [迁移样式指南》](migration_style_guide.html#adding-indexes) .
## Dropping Indexes[](#dropping-indexes "Permalink")
删除索引不需要停机.
## Adding Tables[](#adding-tables "Permalink")
此操作是安全的,因为还没有使用该表的代码.
## Dropping Tables[](#dropping-tables "Permalink")
使用部署后迁移可以安全地完成删除表的操作,但前提是应用程序不再使用该表.
## Renaming Tables[](#renaming-tables "Permalink")
重命名表需要停机,因为在数据库迁移期间/之后,应用程序可能会继续使用旧表名.
## Adding Foreign Keys[](#adding-foreign-keys "Permalink")
添加外键通常需要 3 个步骤:
1. 开始交易
2. 运行`ALTER TABLE`添加约束
3. 检查所有现有数据
因为`ALTER TABLE`通常会在事务结束之前获取独占锁,所以这意味着该方法将需要停机.
GitLab allows you to work around this by using `Gitlab::Database::MigrationHelpers#add_concurrent_foreign_key`. This method ensures that no downtime is needed.
## Removing Foreign Keys[](#removing-foreign-keys "Permalink")
此操作不需要停机.
## Data Migrations[](#data-migrations "Permalink")
数据迁移可能很棘手. 迁移数据的通常方法是采取 3 个步骤:
1. 迁移初始数据
2. 部署应用程序代码
3. 迁移所有剩余数据
通常这有效,但并非总是如此. 例如,如果要将字段的格式从 JSON 更改为其他格式,我们会遇到一些问题. 如果我们在部署应用程序代码之前更改现有数据,则很可能会遇到错误. 另一方面,如果我们在部署应用程序代码后进行迁移,则可能会遇到相同的问题.
如果您只需要更正一些无效数据,则部署后迁移通常就足够了. 如果您需要更改数据格式(例如,从 JSON 更改为其他格式),通常最好为新数据格式添加一个新列,然后让应用程序使用该列. 在这种情况下,程序将是:
1. 以新格式添加新列
2. 将现有数据复制到此新列
3. 部署应用程序代码
4. In a post-deployment migration, copy over any remaining data
通常,没有一个万能的解决方案,因此最好在合并请求中讨论此类迁移,以确保以最佳方式实现它们.
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