# SQL Query Guidelines
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/sql.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/sql.html)
* [Using LIKE Statements](#using-like-statements)
* [LIKE & Indexes](#like--indexes)
* [Reliably referencing database columns](#reliably-referencing-database-columns)
* [Good (prefer)](#good-prefer)
* [Bad (avoid)](#bad-avoid)
* [Plucking IDs](#plucking-ids)
* [Inherit from ApplicationRecord](#inherit-from-applicationrecord)
* [Use UNIONs](#use-unions)
* [Ordering by Creation Date](#ordering-by-creation-date)
* [Use WHERE EXISTS instead of WHERE IN](#use-where-exists-instead-of-where-in)
* [`.find_or_create_by` is not atomic](#find_or_create_by-is-not-atomic)
# SQL Query Guidelines[](#sql-query-guidelines "Permalink")
本文档介绍了使用 ActiveRecord / Arel 或原始 SQL 查询编写 SQL 查询时要遵循的各种准则.
## Using LIKE Statements[](#using-like-statements "Permalink")
搜索数据的最常见方法是使用`LIKE`语句. 例如,要获取标题以" WIP:"开头的所有问题,您可以编写以下查询:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title LIKE 'WIP:%';
```
在 PostgreSQL 上, `LIKE`语句区分大小写. 要执行不区分大小写的`LIKE` ,必须改为使用`ILIKE` .
要自动处理此问题,您应该使用 Arel 而不是原始 SQL 片段使用`LIKE`查询,因为 Arel 在 PostgreSQL 上自动使用`ILIKE` .
```
Issue.where('title LIKE ?', 'WIP:%')
```
您可以这样写:
```
Issue.where(Issue.arel_table[:title].matches('WIP:%'))
```
根据所使用的数据库,此处的`matches`生成正确的`LIKE` / `ILIKE`语句.
如果您需要链接多个`OR`条件,也可以使用 Arel 进行此操作:
```
table = Issue.arel_table
Issue.where(table[:title].matches('WIP:%').or(table[:foo].matches('WIP:%')))
```
在 PostgreSQL 上,这将产生:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE (title ILIKE 'WIP:%' OR foo ILIKE 'WIP:%')
```
## LIKE & Indexes[](#like--indexes "Permalink")
在一开始使用带有通配符的`LIKE` / `ILIKE`时,PostgreSQL 将不使用任何索引. 例如,这将不使用任何索引:
```
SELECT *
FROM issues
WHERE title ILIKE '%WIP:%';
```
因为`ILIKE`的值以通配符开头,所以数据库无法使用索引,因为它不知道从何处开始扫描索引.
幸运的是,PostgreSQL *确实*提供了一种解决方案:trigram GIN 索引. 可以如下创建这些索引:
```
CREATE INDEX [CONCURRENTLY] index_name_here
ON table_name
USING GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops);
```
这里的关键是`GIN(column_name gin_trgm_ops)`部分. 这将创建一个[GIN 索引](https://s0www0postgresql0org.icopy.site/docs/current/gin.html) ,并将操作符类设置为`gin_trgm_ops` . 这些索引*可*通过使用`ILIKE` / `LIKE` ,并可能导致大大改进的性能. 这些索引的缺点之一是它们很容易变大(取决于索引的数据量).
为了使这些索引的命名保持一致,请使用以下命名模式:
```
index_TABLE_on_COLUMN_trigram
```
例如,一个`issues.title`的 GIN / `issues.title`索引将称为`index_issues_on_title_trigram` .
Due to these indexes taking quite some time to be built they should be built concurrently. This can be done by using `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY` instead of just `CREATE INDEX`. Concurrent indexes can *not* be created inside a transaction. Transactions for migrations can be disabled using the following pattern:
```
class MigrationName < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
disable_ddl_transaction!
end
```
例如:
```
class AddUsersLowerUsernameEmailIndexes < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
disable_ddl_transaction!
def up
execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_username ON users (LOWER(username));'
execute 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_on_users_lower_email ON users (LOWER(email));'
end
def down
remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_username
remove_index :users, :index_on_users_lower_email
end
end
```
## Reliably referencing database columns[](#reliably-referencing-database-columns "Permalink")
默认情况下,ActiveRecord 返回查询的数据库表中的所有列. 在某些情况下,可能需要自定义返回的行,例如:
* 仅指定几列以减少从数据库返回的数据量.
* 包括`JOIN`关系中的列.
* 执行计算( `SUM` , `COUNT` ).
在此示例中,我们指定列,但不指定其表:
* `projects`表的`path`
* `merge_requests`表中的`user_id`
查询:
```
# bad, avoid
Project.select("path, user_id").joins(:merge_requests) # SELECT path, user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
稍后,一项新功能将一个额外的列添加到`projects`表: `user_id` . 在部署期间,可能会在很短的时间范围内执行数据库迁移,但是尚未部署新版本的应用程序代码. 当上述查询在此期间执行时,查询将失败,并显示以下错误消息: `PG::AmbiguousColumn: ERROR: column reference "user_id" is ambiguous`
问题是由从数据库中选择属性的方式引起的. 的`user_id`列存在于两个`users`和`merge_requests`表. 查询计划者无法确定在查找`user_id`列时要使用哪个表.
在编写自定义的`SELECT`语句时,最好**使用表名明确指定列** .
### Good (prefer)[](#good-prefer "Permalink")
```
Project.select(:path, 'merge_requests.user_id').joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", merge_requests.user_id as user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
```
Project.select(:path, :'merge_requests.user_id').joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "merge_requests"."id" as user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
使用 Arel( `arel_table` )的示例:
```
Project.select(:path, MergeRequest.arel_table[:user_id]).joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "merge_requests"."user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
编写原始 SQL 查询时:
```
SELECT projects.path, merge_requests.user_id FROM "projects"...
```
When the raw SQL query is parameterized (needs escaping):
```
include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Quoting
"""
SELECT #{quote_table_name('projects')}.#{quote_column_name('path')}, #{quote_table_name('merge_requests')}.#{quote_column_name('user_id')} FROM ...
"""
```
### Bad (avoid)[](#bad-avoid "Permalink")
```
Project.select('id, path, user_id').joins(:merge_requests).to_sql
# SELECT id, path, user_id FROM "projects" ...
```
```
Project.select("path", "user_id").joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
# or
Project.select(:path, :user_id).joins(:merge_requests)
# SELECT "projects"."path", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
给定列列表后,ActiveRecord 尝试将参数与`projects`表中定义的列进行匹配,并自动在表名前添加前缀. 在这种情况下, `id`列不会有问题,但是`user_id`列可能返回意外数据:
```
Project.select(:id, :user_id).joins(:merge_requests)
# Before deployment (user_id is taken from the merge_requests table):
# SELECT "projects"."id", "user_id" FROM "projects" ...
# After deployment (user_id is taken from the projects table):
# SELECT "projects"."id", "projects"."user_id" FROM "projects" ...
```
## Plucking IDs[](#plucking-ids "Permalink")
这还不够强调: **永远不要**使用 ActiveRecord 的`pluck`将一组值插入内存中,而只是将它们用作另一个查询的参数. 例如,这将使数据库**非常**悲伤:
```
projects = Project.all.pluck(:id)
MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: projects)
```
相反,您可以只使用性能更好的子查询:
```
MergeRequest.where(source_project_id: Project.all.select(:id))
```
*唯一*应该使用`pluck`时间是您实际上需要对 Ruby 本身中的值进行操作(例如,将它们写入文件中)时. 在几乎所有其他情况下,您都应该问自己"我不仅可以使用子查询吗?".
根据我们的`CodeReuse/ActiveRecord`缔约方会议,您应仅在模型代码中使用诸如`pluck(:id)`或`pluck(:user_id)`之类的形式. 在前一种情况下,可以改用`ApplicationRecord` `.pluck_primary_key`帮助器方法. 在后者中,您应该在相关模型中添加一个小的辅助方法.
## Inherit from ApplicationRecord[](#inherit-from-applicationrecord "Permalink")
GitLab 代码库中的大多数模型应继承自`ApplicationRecord` ,而不是`ActiveRecord::Base` . 这样可以轻松添加辅助方法.
在数据库迁移中创建的模型存在此规则的例外. 由于这些应与应用程序代码隔离,因此它们应继续从`ActiveRecord::Base`继承子类.
## Use UNIONs[](#use-unions "Permalink")
UNION 在大多数 Rails 应用程序中并不是很常用,但是它们非常强大且有用. 在大多数应用程序中,查询倾向于使用大量 JOIN 来获取相关数据或基于特定条件的数据,但是 JOIN 性能会随着所涉及数据的增长而迅速恶化.
例如,如果要获取名称包含值*或*名称空间名称包含值的项目列表,大多数人会编写以下查询:
```
SELECT *
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'
OR namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';
```
使用大型数据库,此查询可能很容易花费大约 800 毫秒来运行. 使用 UNION,我们改为编写以下内容:
```
SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
WHERE projects.name ILIKE '%gitlab%'
UNION
SELECT projects.*
FROM projects
JOIN namespaces ON namespaces.id = projects.namespace_id
WHERE namespaces.name ILIKE '%gitlab%';
```
反过来,此查询只需要 15 毫秒即可完成,同时返回完全相同的记录.
这并不意味着您应该在所有地方开始使用 UNION,但是在查询中使用大量 JOIN 并根据联接的数据过滤掉记录时要牢记这一点.
GitLab 带有一个`Gitlab::SQL::Union`类,可用于构建多个`ActiveRecord::Relation`对象的 UNION. 您可以按如下方式使用此类:
```
union = Gitlab::SQL::Union.new([projects, more_projects, ...])
Project.from("(#{union.to_sql}) projects")
```
## Ordering by Creation Date[](#ordering-by-creation-date "Permalink")
根据记录的创建时间对记录进行排序时,只需按`id`列进行排序即可,而不必按`created_at`进行排序. 因为 ID 始终是唯一的,并且按照创建行的顺序递增,所以这将产生完全相同的结果. 这也意味着,由于默认情况下已经对`id`进行了索引,因此无需在`created_at`上添加索引以确保一致的性能.
## Use WHERE EXISTS instead of WHERE IN[](#use-where-exists-instead-of-where-in "Permalink")
虽然可以使用`WHERE IN`和`WHERE EXISTS`来生成相同的数据,但建议尽可能使用`WHERE EXISTS` . 尽管在许多情况下 PostgreSQL 可以很好地优化`WHERE IN`但在许多情况下`WHERE EXISTS`会好得多.
在 Rails 中,您必须通过创建 SQL 片段来使用它:
```
Project.where('EXISTS (?)', User.select(1).where('projects.creator_id = users.id AND users.foo = X'))
```
然后,将按照以下内容生成查询:
```
SELECT *
FROM projects
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM users
WHERE projects.creator_id = users.id
AND users.foo = X
)
```
## `.find_or_create_by` is not atomic[](#find_or_create_by-is-not-atomic "Permalink")
`.find_or_create_by`和`.first_or_create`等方法的固有模式是它们不是原子的. 这意味着,它首先运行`SELECT` ,如果没有结果,则执行`INSERT` . 考虑到并发过程,因此存在竞争条件,这可能导致尝试插入两个相似的记录. 例如,这可能是不希望的,或者可能由于约束冲突而导致查询之一失败.
使用事务不能解决此问题.
为了解决这个问题,我们添加了`ApplicationRecord.safe_find_or_create_by` .
可以像平常的`find_or_create_by`一样使用此方法,但是它将调用包装在*新*事务中,如果由于`ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique`错误而失败,则将重试.
为了能够使用此方法,请确保要在其上使用的模型继承自`ApplicationRecord` .
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