# Performance
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/fe_guide/performance.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/fe_guide/performance.html)
* [Best Practices](#best-practices)
* [Realtime Components](#realtime-components)
* [Lazy Loading Images](#lazy-loading-images)
* [Animations](#animations)
* [Reducing Asset Footprint](#reducing-asset-footprint)
* [Universal code](#universal-code)
* [Page-specific JavaScript](#page-specific-javascript)
* [Important Considerations](#important-considerations)
* [Code Splitting](#code-splitting)
* [Minimizing page size](#minimizing-page-size)
* [Additional Resources](#additional-resources)
# Performance[](#performance "Permalink")
## Best Practices[](#best-practices "Permalink")
### Realtime Components[](#realtime-components "Permalink")
在为实时功能编写代码时,我们必须牢记以下几点:
1. 不要使服务器超载请求.
2. 它应该是实时的.
因此,我们必须在发送请求和实时感之间取得平衡. 创建实时解决方案时,请使用以下规则.
1. 服务器将通过在标头中发送`Poll-Interval`来告诉您要轮询多少. 使用它作为轮询间隔. 这样[,系统管理员](../../administration/polling.html)就可以[轻松更改轮询速率](../../administration/polling.html) . `Poll-Interval: -1`表示您应禁用轮询,并且必须实施轮询.
2. HTTP 状态不同于 2XX 的响应也应禁用轮询.
3. 使用公共库进行轮询.
4. 仅对活动的选项卡进行轮询. 请使用" [可见性"](https://github.com/ai/visibilityjs) .
5. 使用常规的轮询间隔,不要使用退避轮询或抖动,因为间隔将由服务器控制.
6. 后端代码很可能将使用 etags. 您不会也不应检查状态`304 Not Modified` . 浏览器将为您进行转换.
### Lazy Loading Images[](#lazy-loading-images "Permalink")
为了缩短首次渲染的时间,我们对图像使用了延迟加载. 这是通过在`data-src`属性上设置实际图像源来实现的. 渲染 HTML 并加载 JavaScript 后,如果图像在当前视口中,则`data-src`的值将自动移至`src` .
* 通过将`src`属性重命名为`data-src`并添加类`lazy`来准备 HTML 中的图像以进行延迟加载.
* 如果您使用的是 Rails `image_tag`帮助器,则默认情况下将延迟加载所有图像,除非提供了`lazy: false` .
如果要异步添加包含惰性图像的内容,则需要调用函数`gl.lazyLoader.searchLazyImages()` ,它将搜索惰性图像并在需要时加载它们. 但通常应通过延迟加载功能中的`MutationObserver`自动处理它.
### Animations[](#animations "Permalink")
仅设置动画`opacity`和`transform`属性. 其他属性(例如`top` , `left` , `margin`和`padding` )都导致重新计算 Layout,这要昂贵得多. 有关详细信息,请参见《 [高性能动画](https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/speed/high-performance-animations/) 》中的"影响布局的样式".
如果*确实*需要更改布局(例如,将主要内容压入的侧边栏),则最好使用[FLIP](https://aerotwist.com/blog/flip-your-animations/)一次更改昂贵的属性,并使用转换处理实际动画.
## Reducing Asset Footprint[](#reducing-asset-footprint "Permalink")
### Universal code[](#universal-code "Permalink")
`main.js`和`commons/index.js`中包含的代码将加载并在*所有*页面上运行. 除非*在任何地方*确实需要,否则**请勿**在这些文件中**添加**任何内容. 这些捆绑软件包括无处不在的库,例如`vue` , `axios`和`jQuery` ,以及用于主导航和侧边栏的代码. 我们应该尽可能地从这些捆绑软件中删除模块,以减少代码占用量.
### Page-specific JavaScript[](#page-specific-javascript "Permalink")
Webpack 已配置为根据`app/assets/javascripts/pages/*`的文件结构自动生成入口点捆绑包. `pages`目录中的目录对应于 Rails 控制器和操作. 这些自动生成的捆绑包将自动包含在相应的页面中.
例如,如果要访问[https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues) ,则将使用`index`操作访问`app/controllers/projects/issues_controller.rb`控制器. 如果相应的文件位于`pages/projects/issues/index/index.js` ,它将被编译成一个 webpack 包并包含在页面中.
**注意:**以前我们鼓励在 haml 文件中使用`content_for :page_specific_javascripts`以及手动生成的 webpack 捆绑包. 但是,在此新系统下,您永远不需要手动将入口点添加到`webpack.config.js`文件中.**提示:**如果不确定与给定页面对应的控制器和动作,可以通过在 GitLab 内任何页面上的浏览器开发人员控制台中检查`document.body.dataset.page`来找到.
#### Important Considerations[](#important-considerations "Permalink")
* **保持精简入口点:**页面专用的 JavaScript 入口点应尽可能精简. 这些文件免于单元测试,应主要用于实例化和依赖项,这些类和方法驻留在入口点脚本之外的模块中. 只需导入,读取 DOM,实例化,仅此而已.
* **入口点可能是异步的:** *不要*假设运行入口点脚本时 DOM 已完全加载并且可用. 如果需要在 DOM 加载后运行某些代码,则应使用以下命令将事件处理程序附加到`DOMContentLoaded`事件:
```
import initMyWidget from './my_widget';
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
initMyWidget();
});
```
* **支持模块放置:**
* 如果类或模块*特定于特定路由* ,请尝试将其定位在将要使用的入口点附近. 例如,如果`my_widget.js`仅在`pages/widget/show/index.js`导入,则应将模块放在`pages/widget/show/my_widget.js` ,并使用相对路径`import initMyWidget from './my_widget';` (例如, `import initMyWidget from './my_widget';` ).
* 如果一个类或模块被*多个路由使用* ,请将其放置在最接近的公共父目录的共享目录中,以作为导入它的入口点. 例如,如果将`my_widget.js`导入到`pages/widget/show/index.js`和`pages/widget/run/index.js`两者中,则将模块放置在`pages/widget/shared/my_widget.js` ,并使用相对路径(例如`../shared/my_widget` ).
* **企业版警告:**对于 GitLab 企业版,特定于页面的入口点将覆盖具有相同名称的社区版对应点,因此,如果存在`ee/app/assets/javascripts/pages/foo/bar/index.js` ,它将具有优先权在`app/assets/javascripts/pages/foo/bar/index.js` . 如果要减少重复的代码,可以从另一个导入一个入口点. 不会自动完成此操作,以允许在覆盖功能方面具有灵活性.
### Code Splitting[](#code-splitting "Permalink")
对于不需要在页面加载后立即运行的任何代码(例如,模态,下拉列表和其他可以延迟加载的行为),您可以使用动态 import 语句将模块拆分为异步块. 这些导入返回一个 Promise,一旦脚本被加载,它将被解决:
```
import(/* webpackChunkName: 'emoji' */ '~/emoji')
.then(/* do something */)
.catch(/* report error */)
```
生成这些动态导入时,请尝试使用`webpackChunkName` ,因为它将为块提供确定性的文件名,然后可以将其缓存在 GitLab 版本中的浏览器中.
更多信息,请参见[webpack 的代码拆分文档](https://webpack.js.org/guides/code-splitting/#dynamic-imports) .
### Minimizing page size[](#minimizing-page-size "Permalink")
较小的页面大小意味着页面加载速度更快(在移动连接和连接不良时尤其重要),浏览器可以更快地解析页面,并且数据流量上限的用户使用的数据更少.
一般提示:
* 不要添加新字体.
* Prefer font formats with better compression, e.g. WOFF2 is better than WOFF, which is better than TTF.
* 尽可能压缩和缩小资产(对于 CSS / JS,Sprockets 和 webpack 可以为我们完成此工作).
* 如果可以在不添加额外库的情况下合理地实现某些功能,请避免使用它们.
* 如上所述,使用特定于页面的 JavaScript 加载仅在某些页面上需要的库.
* 尽可能使用代码拆分动态导入来延迟加载最初不需要的代码.
* [High Performance Animations](https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/speed/high-performance-animations/)
* * *
## Additional Resources[](#additional-resources "Permalink")
* [WebPage Test,](https://www.webpagetest.org)用于测试网站的加载时间和大小.
* [Google PageSpeed Insights 对](https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/)网页进行评分,并提供反馈意见以改善网页.
* [Profiling with Chrome DevTools](https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/)
* [Browser Diet](https://browserdiet.com/)是社区构建的指南,其中列出了一些实用技巧,以提高网页性能.
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